完全性肺静脉异位引流基因学研究进展

完全性肺静脉异位引流(Total Anomalous PulmonaryVenous Connecting,TAPVC)是一种罕见的先天性心脏病,其发病机制相当复杂,与遗传因素有密切的关系。近年来,随着分子遗传学技术在先天性心脏病领域的应用与发展,人类对TAPVC临床特征、胚胎发育、遗传学角度的认识有了显著的提高。     

单心室合并完全性肺静脉异位引流的外科治疗

目的:总结单心室合并完全性肺静脉异位引流(TAPVC)的外科治疗效果。方法:入选2008-09至2016-03期间,我院手术治疗的单心室合并TAPVC患儿25例,年龄5天~14岁,体重3.3~49.5kg,心上型TAPVC 22例,心下型TAPVC 1例,混合型TAPVC 2例;合并完全性房室间隔缺损17例,三尖瓣闭锁2例,二尖瓣闭锁2例;中度以上房室瓣反流4例,肺动脉闭锁5例,肺静脉梗阻9例。结果:院内早期死亡5例,死亡率20%(5/25),死亡原因均为低心排血量综合征。存活20例患儿随访1~65个月,7例再次手术,其中5例完成二期改良Fontan术,1例因重度房室瓣反流行房室瓣置换术,另1例因肺静脉梗阻及重度房室瓣反流行肺静脉狭窄矫治+房室瓣成形术;余13例患儿未再次手术。20例出院患者随访期间3例死亡,死亡原因分别为低心排血量综合征、蛋白丢失性肠病和神经系统损伤。余存活患儿一般情况好,未发现残余肺静脉梗阻。结论:单心室合并TAPVC常合并右心房异构,心内畸形复杂,手术治疗仍具有较高死亡率。     

完全性肺静脉异位引流诊断中超声心动图的应用

目的探讨超声心动图在完全型肺静脉异位引流（TAPVC）诊断中的应用价值。方法22例TAPVC患儿,均经手术证实诊断,术前均行超声心动图检查,比较超声心动图检查结果与手术诊断TAPVC的符合率。结果手术确诊TAPVC为心上型12例、心内型5例、心下型2例、混合型4例。超声心动图检查诊断TAPVC为中心上型12例、心内型5例、心下型2例、混合型3例。超声心动图检查对TAPVC的正确诊断率为100％,回流途径准确诊断率90．9％（1例超声心动图诊断为心内型TAPVC,共同肺静脉通过冠状静脉窦引流入右房,手术结果为心上合并心内型TAPVC。1例超声提示心上型TAPVC,垂直静脉经无名静脉入上腔静脉,术中见双侧垂直静脉汇入上腔静脉）。结论超声心动图可以正确地诊断和评估TAPVC。     

单心室合并完全性肺静脉异位引流的外科治疗

目的:探讨单心室合并完全性肺静脉异位引流(TAPVC)的外科治疗效果。方法:2009-05至2011-09,我科共收治单心室合并TAPVC患儿11例,年龄(30.1±21.4)个月,体重(11.0±3.2)kg。例2行改良B-T分流术,例1、3～6、8、9、11行一侧或双侧双向腔肺分流术,例7、10行一期改良Fontan术。例1、6～9、11同期行TAPVC矫治术。结果:例6、10围术期死亡(18.2%,2/11),死亡原因分别为中枢神经系统感染和多器官功能衰竭。存活的患儿随访1～29个月,例4死亡,余患儿氧饱和度改善,未发现残余肺静脉梗阻,例5行二期改良Fontan术并顺利出院。结论:单心室合并TAPVC患儿仍具有较高早期死亡率,术前明确诊断TAPVC并制定合理的个体化治疗方案是提高手术疗效的关键。     

小儿混合性完全型肺静脉异位引流的超声诊断经验

目的总结经胸超声心动图(TTE)在小儿混合型完全性肺静脉异位引流(TAPVC)术前诊断、术后随访的价值和经验。方法选择自2010年1月-2016年12月在中国医学科学院北京阜外医院小儿中心经手术证实为混合型TAPVC的22例患者,将术前术后超声资料与CT检查及手术结果对照进行回顾性研究。结果本组混合型TAPVC约占总体TAPVC的5.4%。22例患儿均成功接受了手术矫治,其中包括:心上型+心内型19例,心上型+心下型3例;其中合并肺静脉回流梗阻7例(含单侧肺静脉发育不良1例),共占约31.8%。超声术前准确探查全部回流途径的病例占(13/22)59.1%,误判为心上型TAPVC 2例,误判为心内型TAPVC 5例,术前漏诊1例为法鲁氏四联症合并肺静脉发育不良患儿。超声对肺静脉回流途径梗阻部位的诊断率为(8/13)61.5%。术前共12例患儿(54.5%)接受了增强螺旋CT检查,CT对各支肺静脉回流途径均判断准确,对肺静脉回流梗部位检出率约38.5%。所有患儿术后6个月内均接受至少一次超声复查,中位随访时间为4个月。截止最后一次超声随访资料显示有5例患儿术后仍存在肺动脉高压,其中3例出现肺静脉与左房吻合口或分支狭窄,发生于术后2个月-4个月。结论超声心动图可为儿童混合型TAPVC提供重要的诊断线索和随访信息,熟悉本病不同类型、了解少见的变异情况有助于提高超声诊断水平,有利于评估患儿手术风险及预后。     

完全性肺静脉异位引流术后心律失常的远期随访

心脏直视术后心律失常可能与原有的心脏畸形和手术操作有关。本文报道25例完全性肺静脉异位引流(TAPVC)患儿术后24小时心电图(ECG)监测心律失常的情况。对象和方法 1973年12月至1989年4月期间,在 Wessex 心胸中心索斯安普敦医院进行手术的25例1岁以内 TAPVC 患儿。19例存活,16例获得随访。男10例,女     

完全性肺静脉异位引流矫治术后肺静脉梗阻的治疗探讨

目的:总结完全性肺静脉异位引流(TAPVC)矫治术后肺静脉梗阻的治疗经验。方法:回顾性分析2011-01至2015-12于青岛市妇女儿童医院心脏中心施行TAPVC矫治术后发生肺静脉梗阻16例患儿的临床资料,其中男性10例。所有患儿均出院前、术后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月、24个月回院复诊,包括经胸心脏超声多普勒、心电图、X线胸部正侧位片。以经胸心脏超声多普勒检查肺静脉流速2 m/s为梗阻标准,诊断肺静脉梗阻。结合患儿临床表现(反复心力衰竭、生长发育迟缓)确定二次手术时机。二次手术采用sutureless缝合技术和常规补片扩大技术。结果:术后发生肺静脉狭窄16例患儿无失访,其中7例吻合口周围狭窄(混合型1例,心下型3例,心上型2例,心内型1例);7例单支肺静脉狭窄,2例双支肺静脉狭窄,无三支及以上肺静脉狭窄。按术前Darling类型分:混合型2例,心下型5例,心上型5例,心内型4例。11例(68.8%)术后肺静脉狭窄流速增快发生在术后3~6个月。5例二次手术患儿中,4例采用sutureless缝合技术,1例采用常规补片扩大技术,均为吻合口周围梗阻狭窄,2例死亡,3例患儿随访中。结论:TAPVC矫治术后吻合口周围狭窄为主要二次手术适应证,并且需早期即行手术。     

完全性肺静脉异位引流术后肺静脉狭窄的外科治疗

目的:回顾总结完全性肺静脉异位引流(TAPVC)术后肺静脉狭窄(PPVS)的外科治疗经验,探讨PPVS的发病机制及手术方式。方法:2013年1月至2016年12月,5例PPVS患儿行手术治疗。男性2例,女性3例。心下型3例,心上型2例。初次手术年龄1~26d,平均(12.2±5.3)d;体质量3.1~4.0kg,平均(3.4±1.2)kg。再次手术年龄2月~3岁,两次手术间隔65d~3年。手术采用中度低温体外循环4例,深低温停循环1例。吻合口纤维瘢痕切除4例,无缝线缝合技术1例。手术采用中度低温体外循环4例,深低温体外循环1例。体外循环时间102~150min,平均(127.5±15.8)min;主动脉阻断47~75min,平均(62.3±9.5)min;1例停循环时间42min。结果:术后早期死亡1例;分支肺静脉梗阻1例,术后7个月死亡;余3例患儿发育良好。结论:肺静脉异位引流手术后肺静脉狭窄是一种进展性疾病,预后不良。发病机制与肺静脉异位引流的类型、肺静脉发育情况及外科操作等因素有关。一经诊断应积极手术治疗,根据不同的病理类型选择适当的手术方法。     

255例完全性肺静脉异位引流手术治疗的单中心回顾性研究

目的:分析单中心完全性肺静脉异位引流(TAPVC)手术治疗的早中期效果.方法:连续入组2009年1月至2019年10月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院心脏外科收治并进行手术治疗的0～3岁TAPVC患儿共255例.按照年龄将患儿分为两组:0～6个月组(A组,n=195)和6个月以上～3岁组(B组,n=60),总结其临床特点,...     

完全性肺静脉异位连接的外科治疗

完全性肺静脉异位连接(TAPVC)是一种少见的复杂先天性心脏畸形。1999年2月至2004年6月,我们收治6例TAPVC,手术治疗均获成功。现报告如下。     

不同手术方法治疗心上型完全性肺静脉异位引流

目的:比较心上型完全性肺静脉异位引流(TAPVC)的各种手术治疗效果,为临床治疗TAPVC提出更合理的手术方式。方法: 2000年8月~2011年4月外科手术治疗60例心上型TAPVC,包括经房间隔手术14例,经左右心房手术19例,心上法27例。结果: 术后死亡4例,其中经房间隔手术死亡2例,经左右心房死亡1例,心上法死亡1例。术后主要并发症为肺静脉梗阻、低心排、手术创伤所致心律失常、左心发育不良所致急性肺水肿、呼吸衰竭。其中心上法手术患者并发症明显低于其他两组。结论: 心上径路治疗心上型TAPVC近、中期效果良好,远期效果有待进一步随访。     

完全性肺静脉异位引流的手术治疗(附44例报告)

目的 探讨完全性肺静脉异位引流（TAPVC）的手术方法和治疗经验。方法对44例TAPVC患者施行手术治疗，其中心上型29例，心内型13例，心下型2例。手术在中度低温体外循环下进行．心上型早期行心脏上翻法吻合、中期行左右房联合切口法，近期改良为心上吻合法。心下型采用心脏上翻纵切口吻合。结果手术死亡2例（心上型和心内型各1例）；心律失常12例，出院时恢复安性心律。结论TAPVC一经确诊．必须立即手术，以防止肺血管阻塞性病变的发生。     

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC): A familial cluster of 3 siblings

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is a rare form of cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) that occurs when the pulmonary veins drain into a site other than the morphologic left atrium. As with other forms of CHD, TAPVC has been shown to cluster in families and is known to have genetic association. We report on a case series of familial TAPVC in three consecutive siblings. A combination of fetal echocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, as well as cross‐sectional imaging was utilized in the diagnosis as well as management of each sibling. The third sibling was subsequently found to have a partial deletion in chromosome 15q13.3, which has been rarely associated with other forms of congenital heart disease.     

Supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with cor triatriatum sinister: A rare diagnosis confirmed by saline contrast echocardiography

In cor triatriatum sinister, the left atrium is divided by a membrane into a proximal and a distal chamber. Usually proximal chamber receives all the pulmonary veins and drains through an opening in the dividing membrane into distal chamber, which empties into left ventricle through the mitral valve. Rarely, the two chambers lack a communication and there is associated total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC). We report a 1-month-old infant with cyanosis and heart failure, who had cor triatriatum sinister associated with supracardiac TAPVC. The case is reported for rarity of the association with a focus on contrast echocardiographic imaging.     

Detection of shunt flow in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection using 2D-Doppler echocardiography

Two-D-Doppler echocardiography was used to diagnose two cases of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC). The first case presented the supracardiac type, the second the infracardiac type. Blood flow imagings produced by 2D-Doppler echocardiography revealed shunt flow in the common pulmonary veins (CPV) and the vertical, innominate, and portal veins. The shunt flow in the vertical vein was laminar, though the shunt flow in the inflow tract of the right atrium was turbulent. Two dimensional Doppler echocardiography is very useful in the detection shunt flow in TAPVC.     

Amplatzer vascular plug for transcatheter closure of persistent unligated vertical vein after repair of infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

Repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) involves anastomosing the pulmonary venous confluence with the left atrium and ligating the vertical vein. Sometimes, the vertical vein needs to be left open as a pop off with the idea that it will close over time. Infrequently an unligated vertical vein may remain patent after repair of infaracardiac TAPVC leading to hemodynamic instability. We report an infant in whom an unligated vertical vein remained patent after the repair of infracardiac TAPVC and caused hemodynamically significant left‐to‐right shunting. A successful transcatheter closure of persistent patent unligated vertical vein was performed using the Amplatzer Vascular Plug‐I device. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

31例完全性肺静脉异位连接的外科治疗

目的探讨31例完全性肺静脉异位连接的手术方法及术后疗效。方法31例患者（心上型16例、心内型13例、混合型2例）均在体外循环下行矫治术。心上型6例采用传统双心房联合切口，10例采用心上法，后者经上腔静脉与升主动脉之间显露左心房与共同肺静脉干行侧一侧吻合；心内型切开房间隔缺损与冠状静脉窦开口之间的残余房间隔壁，自体心包将肺静脉开口与冠状静脉窦口隔入左房；混合型则根据不同的病理解剖特点行相应的矫治术。结果早期死亡2例，其他患者都痊愈出院。术后随访3个月至14年，恢复良好，无吻合口狭窄发生，心功能均为Ⅰ级，无因心肺功能衰竭死亡患者。结论完全性肺静脉异位连接早期诊断和及早行矫治术极为重要，手术治疗的关键在于左心房与肺总静脉吻合口应足够大，避免狭窄的发生。     

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: Report of 93 autopsied cases with emphasis on diagnostic and surgical considerations.

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is failure of development of the common pulmonary vein, with consequent ersistence and enlargement of embryonic collaterals between the lungs and the systemic veins. In the great majority (91 of 93 autopsied cases, 97 per cent, no remnant of the common pulmonary vein was found, supporting the concept of agenesis or involution of the common pulmonary vein. Occasionally, a cordlike strand was found in the location of the common pulmonary vein (in three of 93 cases, 3 per cent), supporting the concept of atresia of the common pulmonry vein. The order of frequency of the various types of TAPVC was: left innominate vein ("snowman"), 26 perent cent; subdiaphragmatic, 24 per cent; coronary sinus, 18 per cent; right superior vena cava, 15 per cent; right atrium, 8 percent; mixed, 5 per cent; azygos, 2 per cent; and left supeior vena cava, 2 per cent...     

Small left atrium and change in contour of the ventricular septum in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: a morphometric analysis of 22 infant hearts

Morphometric measurements of 22 hearts with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) were compared with measurements of 8 matched control specimens without heart disease. Each of the TAPVC specimens had a shorter left atrium, smaller left atrial surface area and larger diameter of the fossa ovalis. In addition to increased length of the right ventricle and larger circumferences for tricuspid and pulmonary valve anuli, the left ventricular contour of the ventricular septum was flat or convex in 18 of the 22 hearts; the septum was significantly longer than normal in these specimens and wider at its midportion. Because mitral and aortic valve anuli were normal in circumference, the data suggest that left ventricular volume is not decreased despite change in ventricular shape.     

Esophageal varices in congenital heart disease with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is an uncommon congenital anomaly in which the anatomical presentations vary widely among patients. We hereby present two newborns with TAPVC associated with asplenia syndrome; both had severe esophageal varices due to infradiaphragmatic pulmonary venous drainage. Ultrafast computed tomography (CT) scanning was superior to color Doppler echocardiography and cardiac catheterization as it provided a detailed portrait of the pulmonary drainage. The remarkable radiographic manifestations are presented.