德阳市市售植物油中反式脂肪酸含量调查

目的 了解德阳市市售植物油中反式脂肪酸的含量范围。方法 利用分层随机抽样抽取12类德阳市市售植物油共计121份样品,应用气相色谱法对样品中反式脂肪酸进行分离检测,采用归一化法进行结果计算。结果 德阳市市售植物油中12种反式脂肪酸的含量范围为未检出至3.19%,以反式亚麻酸（C18:3T）为主,其中橄榄油未检测出反式脂肪酸,最常见的菜籽油、玉米油、调和油、大豆油的反式脂肪酸平均含量分别为1.64%、2.20%、1.75%、2.58%。结论 德阳市市售植物油中普遍存在反式脂肪酸且含量各不相同。     

银离子固相萃取-气相色谱法检测食品中的反式脂肪酸

[目的]评价银离子固相萃取结合气相色谱（silver ion solid phase extraction-gas chromatography,Ag＋-SPE/GC）对市售加工食品中反式脂肪酸（trans fatty acids,TFA）的定性和定量检测效果。[方法]采用Ag＋-SPE小柱预分离牛肉火腿、豆奶粉和巧克力威化中的TFA甲酯,然后按食品中反式脂肪酸的检测标准（GB/T 22110—2008）进行气相色谱检测。[结果]该方法对食品中TFA甲酯异构体的回收率为71.0%~90.5%,相对标准偏差（relative standard deviation,RSD）均小于13%,该方法对TFA甲酯单标的回收率为84.1%~98.7%,RSD均小于5.6%;最低检出限为10mg/100g（按脂肪计）。牛肉火腿、豆奶粉和巧克力威化中TFA含量依次为37.26mg/100g、24.64mg/100g和162.85mg/100g;3种食品中t C18∶1含量较高,t C18∶2次之,t C18∶3较少;均未检测到t C16∶1。[结论]Ag＋-SPE/GC方法灵敏度较高、分离效果好、重现性好,可以避免顺式脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸的干扰,适用于乳、肉、巧克力及其制品等食物中TFA含量的测定。     

包头市售生鲜肉及熟肉制品中磷酸盐含量的调查分析

目的:调查包头市市售生鲜肉及肉制品中磷酸盐的本底及食品添加剂磷酸盐使用的实际情况,为制定肉制品中磷酸盐的合理限量提供科学依据。方法:选择包头市有代表性的市场及超市,对猪肉、鸡肉、牛肉生鲜肉和熟肉制品进行采样,按照食品中磷酸盐的测定方法进行磷酸盐含量分析。结果:以磷酸盐(PO34-)计,生鲜猪肉、鸡肉、牛肉中磷酸盐含量平均值分别为5.12 g/kg、5.60 g/kg和5.08 g/kg,熟肉制品中酱肉类和灌肠类分别是6.31 g/kg和5.19 g/kg。结论:本次所检包头市市售生鲜肉及熟肉制品中磷酸盐平均含量均超过《熟肉制品卫生标准》中磷酸盐5 g/kg的限值。建议改善熟肉制品的生产工艺,尽快制定原料肉中总磷含量的国家标准。     

2020年河南省东南9个地市油炸与烘焙食品中丙烯酰胺含量调查结果分析

目的 了解河南省东南部9个地市市售油条、方便面、烘焙食品、膨化食品中丙烯酰胺(AA)水平,为评估居民AA膳食摄入量提供依据。方法 采集河南省东南部9个地市餐饮店、农贸市场、商超等场所的油条、方便面、烘焙和膨化食品四类共316份,采用优化后的食品安全国家标准GB 5009.204—2014中的方法测定上述食品中AA水平。结果 所检测的样品中AA检出率为94.6%,AA含量范围为0.5～2 124.2μg/kg,中位数为56.95μg/kg,其中9地市中最高的是漯河市(114.80μg/kg),最低的是驻马店市(22.55μg/kg),9个地市AA水平差异有统计学意义(H=38.818,P<0.001);油条、方便面、烘焙食品、膨化食品的AA含量中位数分别为47.71、62.72、23.92和121.69μg/kg,三类食品与膨化食品之间差异均有统计学意义(H=45.318,P<0.001)。结论 河南省东南部地区油条、方便面、烘焙、膨化食品中丙烯酰胺含量均远超世界卫生组织规定的饮用水中丙烯酰胺的限量水平,建议进行AA摄入量评估。     

福建特色小吃粗脂肪和脂肪酸组成及其营养评价

目的 分析福建特色小吃粗脂肪和脂肪酸组成,评价营养价值。方法 依据国家标准方法分析福建特色小吃粗脂肪和脂肪酸组成,进行相关分析、非参数检验和聚类分析法等统计分析,并用不饱和指数、致动脉粥样硬化指数、血栓形成指数对小吃的脂肪酸营养价值进行评价。结果 各小吃粗脂肪和总脂肪酸含量范围分别为0.11～26.35 g/100 g和0.08～17.85 g/100 g,两者呈正相关(r=0.915,P<0.01),非煎炸的食品中,禽畜肉类粗脂肪和总脂肪酸均大于海产品(P<0.05)。饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acids, SFA)以棕榈酸(21.80%～34.00%)、硬脂酸(7.72%～21.45%)为主,不饱和脂肪酸以油酸(5.38%～41.17%)、亚油酸(2.99%～23.54%)为主。鱼面中的二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA)含量(0.71%),炸鱼卷、鱼滑、鱼面中的二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)含量(0.41%、2.12%和1.59%)远高于其他小吃。多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsat...     

2012-2015年沙坪坝区食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解沙坪坝区市售食品中食源性致病菌污染情况,明确食源性致病菌在不同类别食品中的分布情况.方法 2012-2015年对肉及肉制品、膨化食品、餐饮食品、婴幼儿食品等17类食品中的12种食源性致病菌进行检测.结果 2012-2015年共检测样品631份,检测出致病菌20株,总检出率3.2％.其中膨化食品检出率为20.0％;饮用水和婴幼儿食品检出率分别为10.7％、10.0％;流动早餐5.0％ (2/40)、水产及其制品4.2％ (2/48)、餐饮食品3.0％ (4/134)、肉及肉制品2.9％ (3/105).其余食品类别食源性致病菌均未检出.结论 沙坪坝区市售食品存在引起食源性疾病的风险,且膨化食品、饮用水、婴幼儿食品、流动早餐、水产及其制品、餐饮食品、肉及肉制品食品类别风险较大.     

齐齐哈尔市售乳制品中反式脂肪酸的测定

目的了解市售乳制品中是否存在反式脂肪酸,并测定其存在的种类和含量。方法随机抽取市售的奶粉、纯牛奶和酸奶3种奶制品,采用气相色谱法外标法定量,分别对3种乳制品中反式脂肪酸组成进行测定。结果硬脂酸甲酯(C18∶0)、顺式油酸甲酯(C18∶1-9c)与反式油酸甲酯(C18∶1-9t),顺式亚油酸甲酯(C18∶2-9c,12c)与反式亚油酸甲酯(C18∶2-9t,12t)分离效果良好。3种乳制品中反式脂肪酸均有检出,反式脂肪酸含量为0.129~0.216 g/100 g。结论市售的奶粉和纯牛奶样品检出1种反式脂肪酸,酸奶样品检出2种反式脂肪酸。     

我国预包装食品中脂肪含量状况监测和评估

目的探讨我国市场上主要预包装食品中脂肪的含量分布状况,为评估居民膳食脂肪来源和摄入水平、指导居民合理膳食提供依据。方法通过调查市场上预包装食品营养标签,记录和分析了3754条预包装食品脂肪含量数据,对各类食品逐级分类进行脂肪含量统计,获得中位数及四分位数。结果在各类预包装食品中,除植物油、奶油外,坚果种子类(45.7 g/100 g)、沙拉酱/蛋黄酱(37.3 g/100 g)、巧克力及制品(34.7 g/100 g)、膨化食品(25.2 g/100 g)、饼干(24.0 g/100 g)、腌腊肉制品(21.8 g/100 g)、糕点/甜点(21.6 g/100g)、方便面(21.0 g/100 g)以及起酥面包(19.0 g/100 g)等食品,由于其原料、配方和加工工艺等原因,脂肪含量相对较高。结论我国不同类别预包装食品脂肪含量分布范围广,部分预包装食品脂肪含量较高,需注意控制摄入量。     

北海市2011年食品中食源性致病菌污染状况调查

目的了解北海市市售食品致病菌的污染情况。方法按《2011年食源性致病菌监测工作手册》要求的检测方法,共采集7类10种食品检测7种目标菌。结果 2011年共监测食品7大类10种194份,检出致病菌3种18株,总检出率9.3%,其中副溶血性弧菌检出率最高43.5%（10/23）,其次为金黄色葡萄球菌2.9%（5/171）,沙门菌最低1.5%（3/194）;动物性水产品检出率最高43.5%（10/23）,其次为餐饮食品8.8%（5/57）,肉与肉制品和即食非发酵性豆制品均为5.3%（1/19）;副溶血性弧菌均分布于动物性水产品。结论北海市市售食品存在不同程度的致病菌污染,部分餐饮食品和动物性水产品可能是导致食源性疾病的高危食品。     

甲酯化-气相色谱法检测食品中反式脂肪酸

目的：建立检测食品中反式脂肪酸含量的方法，应对国外食品营养标签的新变化。方法：用乙醚提取食品中脂肪，经甲酯化反应后，采用100m长CP-Sil88 FAME毛细管柱、程序升温、FID检测器的气相色谱仪检测。结果：顺、反式脂肪酸的分离良好；检出限为9μg／ml，线性r值为0．998，相对标准偏差（RSD）为0．73％-1．73％，加标回收率为97．4％-101．2％。结论：本法准确、可靠、简捷，可作为检测食品中反式脂肪酸含量的推广方法。     

Fatty acid composition of frequently consumed foods in Turkey with special emphasis on trans fatty acids

Fatty acid compositions of frequently consumed foods in Turkey were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with particular emphasis on trans fatty acids. The survey was carried out on 134 samples that were categorized as meat products, chocolates, bakery products and others. The meat products except chicken-based foods have trans fatty acids, arising as a result of ruminant activity, with an average content of 1.45 g/100 g fatty acids. The conjugated linoleic acid content of meat and chicken doner kebabs were found higher than other meat products. Chocolate samples contained trans fatty acids less than 0.17 g/100 g fatty acids, with the exceptional national product of chocolate bars and hazelnut cocoa cream (2.03 and 3.68 g/100 g fatty acids, respectively). Bakery products have the highest trans fatty acid contents and ranged from 0.99 to 17.77 g/100 g fatty acids. The average trans fatty acid contents of infant formula and ice-cream, which are milk-based products, were 0.79 and 1.50 g/100 g fatty acids, respectively. Among the analyzed foods, it was found that coffee whitener and powdered whipped topping had the highest saturated fatty acid contents, with an average content of 98.71 g/100 g fatty acids.     

Fatty acid composition of frequently consumed foods in Turkey with special emphasis on trans fatty acids

Fatty acid compositions of frequently consumed foods in Turkey were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with particular emphasis on trans fatty acids. The survey was carried out on 134 samples that were categorized as meat products, chocolates, bakery products and others. The meat products except chicken-based foods have trans fatty acids, arising as a result of ruminant activity, with an average content of 1.45 g/100 g fatty acids. The conjugated linoleic acid content of meat and chicken doner kebabs were found higher than other meat products. Chocolate samples contained trans fatty acids less than 0.17 g/100 g fatty acids, with the exceptional national product of chocolate bars and hazelnut cocoa cream (2.03 and 3.68 g/100 g fatty acids, respectively). Bakery products have the highest trans fatty acid contents and ranged from 0.99 to 17.77 g/100 g fatty acids. The average trans fatty acid contents of infant formula and ice-cream, which are milk-based products, were 0.79 and 1.50 g/100 g fatty acids, respectively. Among the analyzed foods, it was found that coffee whitener and powdered whipped topping had the highest saturated fatty acid contents, with an average content of 98.71 g/100 g fatty acids.     

Macronutrient Distribution and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study

Our aim was to analyze dietary macronutrient intake and its main sources according to sex and age. Results were derived from the ANIBES (“Anthropometry, Intake and Energy Balance in Spain”) cross-sectional study using a nationally-representative sample of the Spanish population (9–75 years old). Mean dietary protein intake was 74.5 ± 22.4 g/day, with meat and meat products as the main sources (33.0%). Mean carbohydrate intake was 185.4 ± 60.9 g/day and was higher in children and adolescents; grains (49%), mainly bread, were the main contributor. Milk and dairy products (23%) ranked first for sugar intake. Mean lipid intake was 78.1 ± 26.1 g/day and was higher in younger age groups; contributions were mainly from oils and fats (32.5%; olive oil 25.6%) and meat and meat products (22.0%). Lipid profiles showed relatively high monounsaturated fatty acid intake, of which olive oil contributed 38.8%. Saturated fatty acids were mainly (>70%) combined from meat and meat products, milk and dairy products and oils and fats. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were mainly from oils and fats (31.5%). The macronutrient intake and distribution in the Spanish population is far from population reference intakes and nutritional goals, especially for children and adolescents.     

Sweet and salty. An assessment of the snacks and beverages sold in vending machines on US post-secondary institution campuses

This study assessed the nutritional quality of snacks and beverages sold in vending machines. The contents of snack and beverage vending machines in 78 buildings on 11 US post-secondary education campuses were surveyed. Of the 2607 snack machine slots surveyed, the most common snacks vended were salty snacks (e.g., chips, pretzels) and sweets (i.e., candy and candy bars). The 1650 beverage machine slots assessed contained twice as many sugar-sweetened beverages as non-calorie-containing beverages. Only two institutions sold both milk and 100% juice in vending machines. The portion of snacks and beverages sold averaged more than 200 cal. Neither snacks nor beverages were nutrient dense. The majority of snacks were low in fiber and high in calories and fat and almost half were high in sugar. Most beverages were high in calories and sugar. This study's findings suggest that vending machines provide limited healthful choices. Findings from benchmark assessments of components of the food environment, like the vending options reported here, can provide valuable input to campus administrators, health services, food service, and students who want to establish campus policies to promote healthful eating.     

深圳市常见食品中晚期糖基化终末产物含量分析

目的 检测分析深圳市常见食品中晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products, AGEs)代表物羧甲基赖氨酸(carboxymethyllysine, CML)的含量,提出合理的人群膳食建议。方法 根据深圳市膳食调查结果,选择市民摄入量较大的11类食品,包括谷类及其制品、肉类及其制品、水产品、豆类和坚果制品、蛋及蛋制品、乳及乳制品、薯类及其制品、糖果蜜饯、调味品、饮料、水果蔬菜,均来自大型超市和大型餐饮店。采用竞争法酶联吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)对采样食品中的CML含量进行检测。结果 检测结果显示,不同种类的食品CML含量差异较大,调味品CML含量最高可达(628.60±194.61)mg/kg,含量最低则为液态奶(3.39±0.98)mg/kg,由高到低为调味品、肉类、糖果蜜饯、乳类、谷类、豆类与坚果、水产品、蛋制品、薯类、饮料、水果蔬菜,其中调味品、水果蔬菜与其他各组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同烹饪方式的食物CML含量由大到小排序为焙烤(44.45±11.82 mg/kg)、油炸(36.78±7.24 mg/kg)、煎炒(29.83±8.39 mg/kg)、蒸煮(16.64±5.33 mg/kg),其中焙烤与油炸、油炸与煎炒间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),煎炒与蒸煮间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 深圳市常见食品的CML含量高,从通过减少外源性AGEs摄入来维护健康的角度讲,建议人群食用少油少盐及未经长时间发酵腌制的食品,制作食物时尽量采用煎炒、蒸煮等方式,减少油炸、焙烤食品的摄入。     

Conjugated linoleic acids alter milk fatty acid composition and inhibit milk fat secretion in dairy cows.

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have positive health effects in experimental models. Our objective was to determine the effect of CLA supplementation on milk of dairy cows. A commercial source of CLA was infused abomasally to by-pass rumen fermentation. The supplement contained 61.2% CLA; the major CLA isomers were cis/trans 8,10, cis/trans 9,11, cis/trans 10,12 and cis/trans 11,13. Four Holstein cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Treatments were 5-d infusions of 0, 50, 100 and 150 g/d of CLA supplement. Infusion increased milk fat content of CLA from 6.8 mg/g fat (zero dose) to 63.6 mg/g fat (highest dose). All of the major CLA isomers in the supplement were transferred to milk fat in a dose-dependent manner. Apparent efficiency of transfer to milk fat was 22.5, 22.5, 10.2 and 26.3% for cis/trans 8,10, cis/trans 9,11, cis/trans 10,12 and cis/trans 11,13, respectively. CLA infusion had no effect on milk protein and little effect on milk yield (21.5, 20.4, 20.9 and 18.3 kg/d for 0, 50, 100 and 150 g/d CLA supplement, respectively). However, CLA infusion dramatically reduced milk fat. On average, the content and yield of milk fat were reduced by 52 and 55%, respectively. The role of specific CLA isomers and mechanism(s) for the reduction in milk fat have not been established, although the pattern of milk fatty acids demonstrated effects were most pronounced on de novo fatty acid synthesis and the desaturation process. Overall, dietary supplemention of CLA increased milk fat content of CLA, altered milk fatty acid composition and markedly reduced the content and yield of milk fat.     

Presence of cyclopropane fatty acids in foods and estimation of dietary intake in the Italian population

Cyclopropane fatty acids (CPFAs) are the most abundant cyclic fatty acids in microorganisms with unknown role(s) regarding their dietary relevance and biological effects in humans. This work was aimed to draw up a list of CPFAs-containing foods for estimating their dietary intake in the Italian population to provide a basis for evaluating their nutritional relevance and potential health-related effects. The CPFAs content of more than 500 food items was investigated and a preliminary dietary intake was assessed (12.0?±?6.0?mg/day), based on the data reported by the Italian National Food Consumption Survey INRAN-SCAI 2005–06. CPFAs should be considered of dietary relevance in view of their potential physiological activity in humans and their presence in significant amounts in dairy products, as Grana Padano cheese (9.0–30.0?mg/100?g), and in bovine meat (0.7–4.0?mg/100?g). Future studies should elucidate whether this uncommon class of fatty acids has a biological role in human health.