Macrophage migration inhibitory factor deficiency protects pancreatic islets from cytokine-induced apoptosis in vitro

During pathogenesis of diabetes, pancreatic islets are exposed to high levels of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators that induce deterioration of insulin-producing beta cells. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a key role in the onset and development of several immunoinflammatory diseases and also controls apoptotic cell death. Because the occurrence of apoptosis plays a pathogenetic role in beta cell death during type 1 diabetes development and MIF is expressed in beta cells, we explored the influence of MIF deficiency on cytokine-induced apoptosis in pancreatic islets. The results indicated clearly that elevated MIF secretion preceded C57BL/6 pancreatic islets death induced by interferon (IFN)-γ + tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α + interleukin (IL)-1β. Consequently, MIF-deficient [MIF-knock-out (KO)] pancreatic islets or islet cells showed significant resistance to cytokine-induced death than those isolated from C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, upon exposure to cytokines pancreatic islets from MIF-KO mice maintained normal insulin expression and produced less cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) than those from wild-type C57BL6 mice. The final outcome of cytokine-induced islet apoptosis in islets from wild-type mice was the activation of mitochondrial membrane pore-forming protein Bcl-2-associated X protein and effector caspase 3. In contrast, these apoptotic mediators remained at normal levels in islets from MIF-KO mice suggesting that MIF absence prevented initiation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Additionally, the protection from apoptosis was also mediated by up-regulation of prosurvival kinase extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 in MIF-KO islets. These data indicate that MIF is involved in the propagation of pancreatic islets apoptosis probably via nuclear factor-κB and mitochondria-related proteins.     

Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in murine antigen-induced arthritis: interaction with glucocorticoids

(MIF) is a broad-spectrum proinflammatory cytokine implicated in human rheumatoid arthritis. The synthesis of MIF by synovial cells is stimulated by glucocorticoids, and previous studies suggest that MIF antagonizes the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. This has not been established in a model of arthritis. We wished to test the hypothesis that MIF can act to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in murine antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). Cutaneous DTH reactions and AIA were induced by intradermal injection and intra-articular injection, respectively, of methylated bovine serum albumin in presensitized mice. Animals were treated with anti-MIF MoAbs, recombinant MIF, and/or dexamethasone (DEX). Skin thickness of DTH reactions was measured with callipers and arthritis severity was measured by blinded quantitative histological assessment of synovial cellularity. Cutaneous DTH to the disease-initiating antigen was significantly inhibited by anti-MIF MoAb treatment (P < 0.001). AIA was also significantly inhibited by anti-MIF MoAb (P < 0.02). DEX treatment induced a dose-dependent inhibition of AIA, which was significant at 0.2 mg/kg (P < 0.05). MIF treatment reversed the effect of therapeutic DEX on AIA (P < 0.001). DEX also significantly inhibited DTH reactions (P < 0.05) but rMIF had no effect on this effect of DEX. DTH and AIA are MIF-dependent models of inflammation and arthritis. The reversal of glucocorticoid suppression of AIA by MIF supports the concept that MIF is a counter-regulator of glucocorticoid control of synovial inflammation. Although DTH was observed to be MIF-dependent and glucocorticoid-sensitive, rMIF had no reversing effect on the suppression of DTH by glucocorticoids. This suggests that inflammatory processes in specific tissues may respond differently to MIF in the presence of glucocorticoids.     

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子的信号转导研究进展

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)是一种重要的多功能细胞因子,在机体中分布广泛,可能参与了机体多种病理生理反应,其信号转导机制复杂而广泛,主要有激活细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)信号转导途径、NF-κB途径,Jab 1途径等;与众多自身免疫疾病密切相关。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征的药物治疗

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)的防治是多途径、综合性的救治过程.目前尚无治疗急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)/ARDS的特效药物,对其有缓解作用的药物主要针对其的急性渗出期、炎症反应或氧化损伤以及纤维增生期.联合多种药理因素...     

Cycle-dependent expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the human endometrium

BACKGROUND: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) isa multifunctional cytokine that was shown to promote angiogenesisand tissue remodelling. Our previous studies identified MIFas one of the principal bioactive molecules involved in endothelialcell proliferation released by ectopic endometrial cells. METHODSAND RESULTS: In the present study, we examined the expressionof MIF in the human endometrium and found an interesting distributionand temporal pattern of expression throughout the menstrualcycle. Immunoreactive MIF was predominant in the glands andsurface epithelium. Dual immunofluorescence analysis furtheridentified endothelial cells, macrophages and T-lymphocytesas cells markedly expressing MIF in the stroma. Quantitativeassessment of MIF protein showed a regulated cycle phase-dependentexpression pattern. MIF expression increased in the late proliferative/earlySecretory phase of the menstrual cycle was moderate during thereceptive phase or what is commonly called the implantationwindow before increasing again at the end of the cycle. Thispattern paralleled MIF mRNA expression determined by northernblot. CONCLUSION: The cycle phase-specific expression of MIFsuggests a tight regulation and perhaps different roles forthis factor in the reparative, reproductive and inflammatory-likeprocesses that occur in human endometrium during every menstrualcycle.     

重症急性胰腺炎合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床分析

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者的临床特点和治疗经验。方法回顾分析2004年至2007年诊治的93例SAP及合并ARDS患者的临床特点和预后。结果 SAP合并ARDS患者在入院时的Ranson评分、APACHEⅡ评分、胰腺CT严重度指数、发病72 h时脏器功能障碍数目和未合并ARDS的患者有显著差异（P〈0.01）。SAP患者的死亡率为21.5%（20/93）,其中合并ARDS患者死亡率为35.0%（14/40）;而未合并ARDS患者的死亡率为11.3%（6/53）（P〈0.01）。SAP发病72 h以内发生ARDS的患者的死亡率为55.6%（10/18）,于SAP发病72 h后发生ARDS的患者的死亡率为18.2%（4/22）（P〈0.05）,两者从SAP发病至死亡的时间分别为（7.3±5.0）d和（15.3±8.4）d,有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。合并ARDS的SAP患者在死亡时平均累计有3.5个脏器功能障碍。结论 SAP合并的ARDS发生越早,死亡率越高。密切监测ARDS的高危患者,并在ARDS早期即给予保护性的呼吸机辅助通气,有助于ARDS的救治和降低SAP的死亡率。     

Role of the thymus in regulation of production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in mice of different genotypes

The effect of the thymus on production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MMIF) was studied in C57BL and CBA mice thymectomized at the age of 4–6 weeks. MMIF production in response to stimulation by tuberculin was estimated at the peak of the immune response on the 1st–21st days after the operation. This factor was found to be produced as early as the 1st day after thymectomy. MMIF production is absent in athymic nude mice. Thymectomy also stops the immune response in the early stages of its development. Spontaneous migration of macrophages also is modified in immune and nonimmune animals. These changes are more marked in C57BL mice.Department of Immunology, N. I. Pirogov Second Moscow Medical Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR R. V. Petrov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 88, No. 9, pp. 311–314, September, 1979.     

Role of inflammatory mediators in the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

Inflammatory response leading to organ dysfunction and failure continues to be the major problem after injury in many clinical conditions such as sepsis, severe burns, acute pancreatitis, haemorrhagic shock, and trauma. In general terms, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is an entirely normal response to injury. Systemic leukocyte activation, however, is a direct consequence of a SIRS and if excessive, can lead to distant organ damage and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). When SIRS leads to MODS and organ failure, the mortality becomes high and can be more than 50%. Acute lung injury that clinically manifests as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major component of MODS of various aetiologies. Inflammatory mediators play a key role in the pathogenesis of ARDS, which is the primary cause of death in these conditions. This review summarizes recent studies that demonstrate the critical role played by inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, platelet activating factor (PAF), IL-10, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), C5a, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, substance P, chemokines, VEGF, IGF-I, KGF, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the pathogenesis of ARDS. It is reasonable to speculate that elucidation of the key mediators in ARDS coupled with the discovery of specific inhibitors would make it possible to develop clinically effective anti-inflammatory therapy.     

Alveolar recruitment maneuvers in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome

Mechanical ventilation can worsen lung damage in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The use of low tidal volumes is one of the strategies that has been shown to reduce lung injury and improve outcomes in this situation. However, low tidal volumes may lead to alveolar derecruitment and worsening of hypoxia. Recruitment maneuvers along with positive end-expiratory pressure may help to prevent derecruitment. Although recruitment maneuvers have been shown to improve oxygenation, improved clinical outcomes have not been demonstrated. The optimal recruitment strategy and the type of patients who might benefit are also unclear. This review summarizes the impact of recruitment maneuvers on lung mechanics and physiology, techniques of application, and the clinical situations in which they may be useful.     

Induction of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in human ovary by human chorionic gonadotrophin

The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in human ovarian function remains obscure. The aim of this study was to investigate how MIF was related to ovulation by quantitative analysis of serum, follicular fluid and culture medium of granulosa cells obtained from in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer patients. Serum MIF concentrations in ovarian stimulation cycles for IVF-embryo transfer were higher at day 1 (median 92.6 ng/ml), which took place 35 h after human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) administration and just before the retrieval of oocytes, than those before day -6 (12.1 ng/ml), at day -5 to about day 0 (17.5 ng/ml) or at day 2 to about day 14 (8.2 ng/ml). MIF concentrations in the follicular fluid (113.4 ng/ml) obtained in ovarian stimulation cycles for IVF-embryo transfer were significantly higher than in serum (72.0 ng/ml) collected at the same time. MIF concentrations in the follicular fluid in natural cycles were higher in the ovulatory phase (51.6 ng/ml) than in the late follicular phase (13.8 ng/ml). MIF concentrations in the culture media of granulosa cells increased from 3.2 ng/ml to 7.2 ng/ml with HCG stimulation, and decreased from 2.4 ng/ml to 1.2 ng/ml when stimulation was withheld. These results indicate that HCG can induce the elevation of serum and follicular fluid MIF concentrations through the stimulation of ovarian cells, and that MIF is probably involved in the mechanism of ovulation.     

MIF在糖尿病性冠心病中的作用研究进展

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(macrophage migration inhibitory factor,MIF)是一种前炎症细胞因子,具有生长因子和多种酶活性的特点。近年研究表明:MIF参与了体内血糖调节和冠心病的病理生理过程。在1型糖尿病动物模型中,用抗MIF治疗策略可减轻糖尿病高血糖及胰岛炎的程度。2型糖尿病患者血浆MIF水平升高,且MIF的单核苷酸多态性C等位基因rs1007888与女性患者的2型糖尿病发病率密切相关。MIF还参与冠心病动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成,影响斑块稳定性,选用MIF抗体、敲除MIF基因或影响MIF基因表达均可望成为治疗冠状动脉粥样硬化的有益探索。MIF基因-173G/C位点多样性与冠心病易感性有关,血MIF水平在不同类型冠心病中有差异。因此,MIF如何参与糖尿病性冠心病的病理生理过程,仍有待进一步证明。     

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in bronchial asthma

BACKGROUND: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine favouring the secretion of TNFalpha and IL-8 and counteracts anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids. Airways inflammation is a central feature of bronchial asthma and is characterized by the accumulation of eosinophils. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether MIF is related to asthma symptoms and eosinophil accumulation in the airways. METHODS: Serum MIF levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 44 healthy subjects and 44 asthmatics. Levels of MIF in induced sputum were measured in 10 healthy subjects and 15 asthmatics. Levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in induced sputum were measured by a radioimmunosorbent assay. Fluorescence double immunostaining was conducted to examine cellular source and localization of MIF. RESULTS: Serum MIF levels were significantly increased in asthmatic patients compared with age and sex-matched control subjects. Symptomatic patients had a higher MIF level than asymptomatic patients. Induced sputum obtained from asthmatics contained higher levels of MIF than those from control subjects. MIF levels in induced sputum were correlated with ECP levels in induced sputum. MIF was colocalized with eosinophil peroxidase staining in the cytoplasm of sputum cells. CONCLUSION: Increased MIF levels are associated with asthma symptoms and one of the cellular sources of MIF in the airways are eosinophils.     

DNA vaccination targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor prevents murine experimental colitis

Previous studies have shown that neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) by anti-MIF antibody reduces intestinal inflammation in mice. In this study we tested whether or not anti-MIF autoantibody induced by DNA vaccine targeting MIF protects mice against experimental colitis. Mice were administered a MIF-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccine by introducing oligonucleotides encoding helper T epitope into the cDNA sequence of murine MIF by in vivo electroporation. Preventive effects of this method against dextran sulphate sodium-induced (DSS) colitis were evaluated. Mice administered with MIF-DNA vaccine raised values of autoantibody significantly. The clinical and histological findings of colitis induced by 3·0% DSS solution were ameliorated significantly in mice treated with MIF-DNA vaccine compared with saline or pCAGGS-treated mice given DSS. Myeloperoxidase activity, infiltration of F4/80-positive staining cells and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines were suppressed in the colon of MIF-DNA vaccine treated mice compared with saline or pCAGGS-treated mice exposed to DSS. Our results suggest that immunization with helper T epitope DNA-vaccine targeting MIF may be a useful approach for the treatment of colitis including inflammatory bowel diseases.     

Elevated macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) levels in the urine of patients with focal glomerular sclerosis

The pathogenesis of focal glomerular sclerosis (FGS) is poorly understood. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine released from T cells and macrophages, and is a key molecule in inflammation. To examine further the possible role of MIF in FGS, we measured MIF levels in the urine. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the involvement of MIF in FGS. Urine samples were obtained from 20 FGS patients. The disease controls included 40 patients with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) and membranous nephropathy (MN). A group of healthy subjects also served as controls. Biopsies were performed in all patients prior to entry to the study. The samples were assayed for MIF protein by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of MIF in the urine of FGS patients were significantly higher than those of the normal controls and patients with MCNS and MN. In contrast, the levels of urinary MIF (uMIF) in patients with MCNS and MN did not differ significantly from normal values. In the present study, attention also focused on the relationship between uMIF levels and pathological features. Among the patients with FGS, uMIF levels were significantly correlated with the grade of mesangial matrix increase and that of interstitial fibrosis. There was also a significant correlation between uMIF levels and the number of both intraglomerular and interstitial macrophages. Although the underlying mechanisms remain to be determined, our study presents evidence that urinary excretion of MIF is increased in FGS patients with active renal lesions.     

鼻咽癌组织中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子和MMP-2、MMP-9表达的关系

目的　研究巨噬细胞移动抑制因子 (macrophagemigrationinhibitoryfactor,MIF)和MMP 2、MMP 9在鼻咽癌组织中的表达水平及相互关系 ,探讨鼻咽癌细胞早期侵袭转移的机制。方法　收集 4 5例确诊的鼻咽原发癌活检组织标本 ,采用免疫组化LSAB法检测鼻咽癌组织中MIF和MMP 2、MMP 9的表达 ,并分析患者的临床参数的关系。结果　在 4 5例鼻咽原发癌组织中 ,MIF、MMP 2和MMP 9的阳性表达率分别为 77 8% (35 / 4 5 )、6 4 4 % (2 9/ 4 5 )和 71 1% (32 / 4 5 )。其中 ,癌细胞MIF和MMP 9的表达水平均显示与淋巴结转移有关 ,伴有淋巴结转移的癌组织中二者表达水平均高于无淋巴结转移的癌组织 (P值均 <0 0 5 )。MIF阳性组的癌细胞MMP 9的表达 (5 0 2 %± 33 5 % )明显高于MIF阴性病例 (11 7%± 2 2 7% ) ,两者差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ,且MIF的表达与MMP 9的表达亦呈正相关 (rs=0 .4 92 ,P <0 0 1) ,但癌细胞MMP 2的表达与MIF、MMP 9的表达以及是否有淋巴结转移则均未显示相关性。以Schmincke型生长方式分布的癌细胞MIF表达水平 (6 7 4 %±35 2 % )也高于以Regaud型方式分布的癌细胞 (32 9%± 2 9 7% ) ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　鼻咽癌组织中癌细胞的MIF和MMP 9同步过表达 ,可能在鼻咽癌细胞的转移     

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子-173G/C多态性与冠心病的相关性研究

目的研究巨噬细胞移动抑制因子（macrophage migration inhibitory factor, MIF）基因MIF 5′非翻译区-173G／C多态性在中国南方汉族人群中的分布及与冠心病的相关性。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术，对汉族138例冠心病患者及163名正常人群MIF基因-173G／C位点进行研究，对于限制酶酶切结果再进行DNA测序鉴定。结果冠心病患者与正常对照中只检出-173GG和-173GC基因型，均未检出-173CC基因型。正常人群和冠心病患者的MIF-173G等位基因频率分别为0．966和0．917，MIF-173C等位基因频率分别为0．034和0．083，冠心病患者MIF-173GC基因型频率（0．167）明显高于对照组（0．068）（OR：2．764，95％CI：1．295～5．899；P=0．007）。结论MIF基因-173G／C位点多态性与冠心病有关，C等位基因可能是汉族人群冠心病的易感性标志。     

Glutamine depletion potentiates leucocyte-dependent inflammatory events induced by carrageenan or Clostridium difficile toxin A in rats

This research investigated the effect of glutamine (Gln) depletion on leucocyte-dependent inflammatory events. Rats were treated intraperitoneally, 16 hr prior to the peak of every parameter evaluated, with either 0.9% NaCl, methionine-sulphoximine (MSO, an inhibitor of endogenous Gln synthesis, 25 mg/kg) or with MSO + Gln (MSO as above plus Gln 3 g/kg in three doses). MSO-induced Gln depletion increased paw oedema induced both by carrageenan (Cg) and by Clostridium difficile toxin A (TxA) (66.2% and 45.5%, respectively; P < 0.05). In dextran-injected animals, oedema and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were not modified by Gln depletion. In Cg-treated paws, Gln depletion increased MPO activity by 44% (P < 0.05), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations by 47% and 52%, respectively (P < 0.05), and immunostaining for TNF-alpha in paw tissue. In TxA-injected paws, Gln depletion increased MPO activity (46%; P < 0.05). Gln depletion increased Cg- and TxA-induced neutrophil migration to subcutaneous air pouches by 56% and 77% (P < 0.05), respectively, but did not affect migration induced by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Gln infusions reversed all the effects of MSO. Leucocyte counts did not differ between groups. Gln depletion potentiates acute inflammation, possibly by increasing neutrophil migration through resident cell activation and production of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. Gln supplementation reverses these effects and may be useful during inflammatory catabolic stress.     

Amlodipine poisoning revisited: Acidosis,acute kidney injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome

We report the case of an 18-year-old girl presenting with shock following ingestion of 85 mg of amlodipine and 850 mg of atenolol with suicidal intent. Subsequently, the patient developed severe metabolic acidosis, acute kidney injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, which were managed conservatively. The patient ultimately made a full recovery. Given the popularity of amlodipine and atenolol as antihypertensive drugs in this part of the world, it is likely that more such cases will be encountered in the future. Physicians should be aware of the severe complications that can develop with amlodipine overdose.     

慢性酗酒与急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征

急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute lung injury/accute respiratory distress syndrome,ALI/ARDS)是在非心源性疾病过程中.     

Levels of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor and polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis

IntroductionSeveral published results have established variations in respect to plasma/serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) levels and gene polymorphisms with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study gave a more concise estimation on the MIF levels for SLE patients and established the association between MIF polymorphisms and SLE.Material and methodsAll articles were searched from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Wan-Fang, Chinese Biological Medical Literature, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure up to 6^th October 2017, with no language restriction. Pooled standard mean difference with 95% confidence interval was evaluated using random effect model. Thirteen articles were used for this meta-analysis, with 620 SLE patients and 779 healthy controls assessed for MIF levels, and 2,159 SLE patients and 2,574 healthy controls considered for MIF-173 C/G and MIF-794 CATT polymorphisms.ResultsThere was a significant higher MIF levels in SLE patients than in healthy controls (p = 0.004). The subgroup analysis showed Asians and ages < 30 had higher MIF levels in SLE patients than in healthy controls. It was evident that patients with systemic lupus erythematosus diseases activity index scores < 8 and ≥ 8, and disease duration for both year < 5 and ≥ 5 of SLE had higher MIF levels when compared to healthy controls. We found a significant association between SLE and MIF-173 C/G, but not MIF-794 CATT.ConclusionsThis study provided evidence of significant higher MIF levels in SLE patients and supported the association of MIF-173 C/G and SLE. However, we were not able to establish an association between MIF-794 CATT and SLE.