一种适用于肝脏CT图像配准改进的尺度不变特征变换算法

针对肝脏CT图像特点,在传统的尺度不变特征变换(scale-invariant feature transform,SIFT)算法基础上,结合K-means聚类算法,提出了一种改进的特征点匹配算法。该算法通过聚类SIFT特征点坐标,将配准图像分为4个区域,特征点分块配准。与原算法相比,该算法增加了特征点匹配数量,有效隔离了特征点跨区域的错误匹配,时间复杂度也得到了一定的降低。该算法还减少了肝脏CT图像配准中错误匹配对配准结果的影响,提升了肝脏CT图像的配准精度。     

基于隐含形状表示和边缘信息融合的非刚体图像配准

本研究提出基于隐含形状表示和边缘信息融合的多分辨率网格非刚体图像配准算法，使用从全局到局部的层次变换模型覆盖整个变换域，解决有较大局部形变的图像配准问题。首先用隐含形状表示图像的外部轮廓，将轮廓作为距离函数的零水平集隐含地嵌入到高一维的距离变换空间，在该隐含嵌入空间中使用互信息方法，实现了一个具有平移、旋转、尺度不变性的全局配准框架，对齐图像外部轮廓。然后选择基于B样条的多分辨率网格FFD模型进行局部配准，兼顾了结果精确度和计算效率。算法采用了与图像边缘信息融合的方法，强调图像边缘信息在配准中的贡献，得到平滑、连续且保证一对一映射的变换域。最后将该算法分别应用于脑部MR、CT图像的配准，得到令人满意的效果。     

基于B样条的弹性配准在放疗CT图像间配准的应用

目的:应用B样条弹性模型研究肿瘤患者放疗前CT图像与放疗后CT图像之间的弹性配准。方法:利用B样条自由弹性模型(free-form deformations,FFD),以灰度差平方和(Sum of Squared Differences,SSD)为相似性测度函数,通过基于多分辨率的B样条弹性配准方法对同一患者放疗前与放疗后的CT图像进行配准。结果:图像通过高斯滤波处理,应用B样条弹性模型,得到较为理想的弹性配准实验结果。结论:基于B样条的CT与CT图像弹性配准可以较好地建模放疗前与放疗后肿瘤区域的形变,为临床分析肿瘤的变化提供支持。     

一种基于2D/3D配准的脊柱术中校正方法

背景：脊柱术前三维影像有助于诊断和治疗,术中患者体位变化将引起脊柱形态改变,致使术前影像不能反映术中实际情况,无法确保手术的顺利实施。 目的：利用脊髓手术中影像校正术前脊柱模型形态。 方法：实验提出了一种基于2D/3D配准的脊柱术中校正方法,借助数字影像重建技术完成术前X射线图像与CT体数据的2D/3D配准,进一步完成术中、术前X射线图像中独立椎段的特征匹配,利用上述配准结果实现术前脊柱CT模型的术中快速校正。 结果与结论：采用附有标记的颈椎标本进行实验,校正后可基本消除术前脊柱模型与术中形态的偏差,其误差可控制在1 mm以内,能够满足医学临床要求。     

基于改进GVF-测地线模型的颈动脉斑块的分割算法

为了在超声波图像中提取颈动脉斑块边缘,我们提出了一种基于GVF-测地线模型的图像分割算法.由于超声波图像含有大量噪声,首先使用加权均值空间平滑滤波器对图像进行预处理;再人工画出初始轮廓,分别采用GVF-Snake模型、GVF-测地线模型和改进后的GVF-测地线模型对图像进行分割,比较其结果.实验结果表明,改进后的方法分割精度很高,能够在颈动脉斑块边缘提取中取得非常好的效果.     

基于测地线活动轮廓模型的图像联合分割算法

为了辅助医生对肿瘤治疗方案和靶区形状的设计,我们研究了PET/CT图像联合自动分割,将计算机自动分割的结果作为一个较客观的依据。传统的测地线活动轮廓模型(GAC)具有边缘演化迅速,对弱边界也能准确分割的优点,但是该算法只能利用一种模态的图像信息进行分割。本研究算法在传统的测地线活动轮廓模型基础上进行改进,重新设计其边缘函数,综合利用了CT信息与PET信息,使算法利用两种模态的医学图像信息进行联合分割。由于边缘函数中结合了两种信息,所以算法的演化收敛速度有一定的提升,分割出的边缘也更加合理,较单一PET图像分割算法具有更准确的边界。     

一种病变眼底图像的配准方法

对于具有病变的眼底图像,血管结构不够清晰,采用基于血管分割和血管分支点、交叉点等眼底图像配准方法具有一定的局限性。为了解决这个问题,提出一种基于不变特征的眼底图像配准方法。提取眼底图像的尺度不变特征(SIFT)作为特征点,提出双边或的Best-Bin-First(BBF)算法进行特征点匹配,并根据特征点具有旋转不变性的方向特征和空间斜率及空间距离等几何特性的一致性检测去除误匹配,精化匹配特征,利用得到的匹配特征进行M估计得到眼底图像的变换关系。通过对不同程度病变的眼底图像数据进行配准实验,观察配准结果,对比匹配特征的正确匹配数量和分析衡量配准精度的均方根误差。结果表明,该方法实现了良好的细节对齐,保留了足够的正确匹配对,对实验的病变眼底图像配准成功后的均方根误差均小于1,且浮动于0.5左右,验证了方法的精确性和有效性。     

基于最大互信息的人脑多模图像快速配准算法

对脑图谱开发过程中来源于不同成像设备的多模图像进行配准。对预处理后的数码图像和MRI图像,首先提取图像的轮廓,采用基于轮廓的力矩主轴法计算初始平移量和旋转量,然后设定初始缩放系数,将此初始配准参数作为改进单纯形法的初始参数,以互信息作为相似性测度迭代搜索,使互信息最大,从而实现最佳配准。结果表明本算法不需要人为预调整待配准图像的分辨率,自动化程度高,配准速度快,精度较高,能够满足脑图谱开发过程中的多模图像配准要求。     

基于粗配准和混合互信息的医学图像配准算法

利用边缘检测算子和数学形态学方法提取医学图像轮廓,采用主轴矩法配准两幅图像的轮廓,使其达到粗略配准的目的。通常的互信息测度是基于香农熵的,因为香农熵对于局部极值具有很强吸引域,而某些参数下的雷尼熵可以消除局部极值,将两种测度分别用于精配过程中不同的搜索阶段。首先利用全局搜索算法,寻找基于雷尼熵的归一化互信息测度的全局最优初值,再通过局部优化算法对当前的最优解寻找基于香农熵的更精确的全局最优解。实验表明,这种配准算法是有效的。     

肝脏动、静脉相CT图像配准与融合方法研究

目的 研究肝脏CT扫描序列图像轮廓提取、配准与融合问题.方法 采用图像滤波去噪、增强图像边缘及提取图像外轮廓等方法对CT序列图像进行预处理.对肝脏CT扫描序列图像动脉相位期与静脉相位期的图像轮廓进行配准,选取最优配准参数确定不同相位期图像的对应关系,以实现配准.将配准后对应的动、静脉相位期图像融合.结果 融合后的图像展现了同一位置不同相位期肝脏动、静脉的情况.结论 配准、融合后的图像能提供更加丰富的信息,可为医生临床诊断提供参考.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.