大鼠下丘脑室旁核的神经支配

本文应用ＨＲＰ追踪、免疫细胞化学与电镜方法研究了大鼠下丘脑室旁核的神经支配。结果显示，中缝背核向室旁核投射的神经元中，部分为５－ＨＴ免疫反应阳性；被盖背外侧核的部分５－ＨＴ神经元也发出纤维投射至室旁核。将ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ注入第三脑室后，电镜下发现室旁核内ＥＶＫ免疫反应阳性树突接受ＨＲＰ反应阳性轴突形成突触，ＨＲＰ免疫反应阳性的树突与阴性轴突的传入形成突触，提示室旁核内ＥＮＫ神经元受触液神经元的突触调控，同时触液神经元又受到其他神经元的突触调控。     

猫后索核内后根初级传入终末与丘脑投射神经元之间的突触联系

用ＨＲＰ逆行追踪与顺行溃变相结合的方法，研究了猫后索核内初级传入终末与丘脑投射神经元之间的突触联系形式。在电镜下可见后索核内有５种突触联系式：１．溃变轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记树突形成的轴－树突触；２．溃变轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记胞体形成的轴－体突触；３．溃变轴突终末与非标记树突形成的轴－树突触；４．轴－轴－树连续性突触；５．非溃变的含扁平小泡或多形小泡轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记的神经元胞体形成的轴－体突触。本文     

猫丘脑中央外侧核内脊丘系终末与丘脑-皮质投射神经元之间的突触联系

本实验应用顺行溃变和HRP逆行追踪相结合的方法，首次在电镜水平对猫丘脑中央外侧核内脊丘系终末与丘脑-皮质投射神经元之间的突触联系进行了研究．在脊髓第4颈段刀切损毁一侧侧索和前索后，将HRP注射于同侧大脑前上薛氏回和中上薛氏回前端。在电镜下于损毁同侧中央外侧核内可见下列突触连结：（1）溃变的脊丘系轴突终末与标记树突形成的轴-树突触；（2）溃变的脊丘系轴突终末与非标记树突形成的轴-树突触，个别非标记树突含有突触小泡；（3）正常的轴突终末与HRP标记树突和胞体形成的轴-树突触和轮一体突触；（4）正常的两个轴突终末与HRP标记树突形成的轴-轴-树连续性突触；（5）非标记的含突触小泡的突触前树突与HRP标记树突形成的树-树突触。同时可见大量汇聚型突触复合体。本文首次报道在丘脑中央外侧核内，脊丘系终末与丘脑-皮质投射神经元之间存在着直接的突触联系。     

大鼠中缝背核及中缝正中核内的VIP、GABA样触液神经元

本文将ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ注入侧脑室，用ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ逆行迫踪与免疫细胞化学相结合的方法，对大鼠脑干内的中缝背核及中缝正中核的远位触液神经元进行了定性研究。结果表明：中缝背核内存在ＶＩＰ样、ＧＡＢＡ样免疫反应阳性的触液神经元；中缝正中核内亦存在少量ＶＩＰ样、ＧＡＢＡ样免疫反应阳性触液神经元。它们的形态和数量各异。本文首次报道中缝背核和中缝正中核内远位触液神经元的化学性质，为探索其机能意义提供了形态学依据。     

大鼠远位接触脑脊液神经元的追踪研究

将ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ引入大鼠Ａ组（侧脑室）和Ｂ组（第四脑室）。结果：１，Ａ组（１）在各接触脑脊液部位均见有ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ颗粒标记。（２）自室壁发出的标记纤维见于属壳核，正中隆起，下丘脑背内侧核，下丘脑腹内侧核，第四脑室底灰质，（３）远位的标记神经元见于隔外侧核，丘脑前背侧核，乳头体上核，中缝背核，第四脑室底灰质。（３）远位的标记神经元见于隔外侧核，丘脑前背侧核，乳头体上核，中缝背核，第四脑室底灰质和外侧上     

猫丘脑腹后外侧核内皮质—丘脑纤维终末与丘脑—皮质投射神经元之间的突触连接

用ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ逆行追踪与顺行溃变相结合的方法，对描丘脑腹后外侧核内的来自大脑皮质体感Ⅰ区的皮质—丘脑纤维终末与丘脑—皮质投射神经元之间的突触连接进行了电镜观察。向猫大脑皮质体感Ⅰ区内注射ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ５ｈ后，电解损毁原注射部位，术后动物存活４ｄ。电镜下发现丘脑瓜后外侧核内存在５种突触连接方式；（１）溃变的轴突终未与ＨＲＰ标记神经元胞体形成轴－体突触；（２）溃变的轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记的树突形成轴—树突触；（３）溃变的轴突终末和其它突触前成分共同与中央树突形成汇聚型的突触复合体；（４）溃变的轴突终末与未标记树突形成的轴—树突触；（５）正常的轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记神经元形成对称型的轴—体突触。     

皮质丘脑投射神经元的超微结构及突触联系

采用ＨＲＰ逆行追踪技术与电镜相结合的方法，对猫大脑皮质体感Ⅰ区内皮质丘脑投射神经元超微结构及突触联系进行了研究。结果证明，皮质丘脑投射神经元超微结构的特点为锥体形的胞体，胞浆丰富，含有多量的粗面内质网，游离核糖体及线粒体。ＨＲＰ标记的皮质丘脑投射神经元作为突触后成份与轴突和树突分别形成轴－树突触，轴－体突触和树－体实触。这些结果提示：皮质丘脑投射神经元接受广泛的传入联系和皮质间的联系。     

猫丘脑腹后外侧核内皮质—丘脑纤维终末与丘脑—皮质投射神经元…

用ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ逆行追踪与顺行溃变相结合的方法，对猫丘脑腹后外侧核内的来自大脑皮质体感Ｉ区的皮质－丘脑纤维终末与丘脑－皮质投射神经元之间的突触连接进行了电镜观察。向猫大脑皮质体感Ｉ区内注射ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ５ｈ后，电解损毁原注射部位，术后动物存活４ｄ。电镜下发现丘脑腹后外侧核内存在５种突触连接方式：（１）溃变的轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记神经元胞体形成轴－体突触；（２）溃变的轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记的树突形成轴－树突     

猫外侧颈核内脊颈纤维终末与颈丘脑投射神经元间的突触联系

本实验采用顺行溃变和ＨＲＰ逆行追踪结合的方法研究了猫脊颈丘脑通路在外侧颈核水平的突触联系。在脊髓颈段刀切损毁一侧背外侧索后将ＨＲＰ注射于对侧丘脑腹后外侧核。在电镜下于损毁同侧的外侧颈核内可见到下列突触联系：（１）溃变的轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记的树突形成的轴—树突触；（２）溃变的轴突终末与标记的神经元胞体形成的轴—体突触；（３）溃变的轴突终末及正常的轴突终末与标记的中央树突形成的汇聚型突触复合体；（４）溃变的轴突终末与非标记的神经元树突和胞体形成的轴—树和轴—体突触；（５）正常轴突终末与标记的神经元树突和胞体形成的轴—树和轴—体突触。此外，在正常的神经元成分之间还可见到许多类型的突触。     

大鼠中缝痛核接触脑脊液神经元化学性质的研究

用ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ追踪与免疫细胞化学结合的方法，对大鼠中缝背核接触脑脊液神经元的化学性质进行了研究。将ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ注入第三脑室后，中缝背核内观察到ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ标记细胞，标记细胞分布于哟经核的背部和腹侧部。在ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ与Ｐ物质或５－羟色胺免疫细胞化学结合的切片上，中缝背核内出现三种标记细胞：ＨＲＰ单标细胞，Ｐ物质或５－羟色胺免疫反应阳性单标细胞?ＨＲＰ／ＳＰ或ＨＲＰ／５－ＨＴ双标细胞，双标细胞为中，小     

黑质多巴胺触液神经元

将30％ HRP 8—10μl或3％碘化丙啶(PI)3μl分别注入两组动物单侧侧脑室内,48小时后将鼠处死,检查中脑切片。发现双侧黑质均司见HRP标记细胞群,但以同侧为主。标记范围以中脑中上部为多。标记细胞主要分布在黑质致密带内侧部,网状带中仅少数散在。注射PI例所见类同,但标记细胞远较HRP标记细胞为多。TH免疫组化法发现黑质DA神经元投射纤维分散布于尾壳核,并见TH阳性投射纤维在室管膜上皮细胞的深面形成密集的膨大,个别地区还见阳性终末突入侧脑室。另外,在接受胚中脑黑质移植存活良好的受体鼠纹状体中,发现少数移植存活的TH阳性黑质DA神经元胞体或其突起伸入侧脑室室管膜上皮细胞间甚或突入室腔。实验表明部分黑质多巴胺神经元系触液神经元,提示可能直接释放DA入脑脊液。当胚黑质细胞被移植入受体脑纹状体后,部分黑质DA神经元重演其发育的规律,将其突起或胞体伸入室管膜上皮细胞间或突入侧脑室,以代偿其原有的功能。     

Neuron-specific enolase in cerebrospinal fluid: a possible indicator of neuronal damage in kainic acid lesions

The presence of the neuron specific enolase (NSE) has been tested by sandwich enzyme immunoassay in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rats after intrastriatal injection of various amounts of kainic acid (KA). Incremental release of NSE was observed in CSF for increasing concentrations of injected KA. Still, a significant decrease of NSE striatal content was detected only with the two maximal amounts of KA infused. These data indicate that measurements of NSE in CSF might be a more sensitive index of neuronal damage than the actual assay within the tissue, and also present the advantage of being a non-invasive method of investigation.     

Protective effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor inhibition on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-cerebrospinal fluid toxicity in vitro

Conflicting results have been reported concerning the toxicity of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS-CSF) when added to neuronal cultures. The possible toxic factor(s) and the exact mode of action (e.g. requirement of glial cells) have not been identified so far. Glutamate is a potential candidate for this toxic effect, since antagonists of ionotropic glutamate receptors have been shown to attenuate ALS-CSF toxicity. We studied the effects of ALS-CSF on mixed and motoneuron-enriched chick embryonic spinal cord cultures. We found a toxic action of ALS-CSF in both culture types which could not be attenuated by 5 kDa-filtration or 15 min 90 degrees C heating. Nevertheless, the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) group I antagonist 1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid, but also the group I agonist (s)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) exerted protective effects against ALS-CSF toxicity. In this experimental setting, DHPG may functionally act via a receptor blockade due to sustained activation. No protective effect was seen with the mGluR group III inhibitor (RS)-alpha-cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (CPPG). Addition of DHPG did not increase the protective action of the AMPA inhibitor 6-chloro-4-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (6-CKU). Addition of l-glutamate did not mimic these toxic ALS-CSF effects in motoneuron-enriched cultures. Our experiments demonstrate that ALS-CSF toxicity is mediated by a small heat-resistant molecule which may act directly on neurons. Since blockade of group I mGluRs exerts a protective effect, the possibility of targeting these mGluRs pharmacologically in motoneuron disease should be kept in mind.     

Experimental Spinal Stenosis in Cats: New Insight in Mechanisms of Hydrocephalus Development

In our new experimental model of cervical stenosis without inflammation we have tested hypothesis that cranio‐spinal communication impairment could lead to hydrocephalus development. Spinal and cranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space separation was obtained with positioning of plastic semiring in epidural space at C2 level in cats. Brain ventricles planimetry, and CSF pressure recording in lateral ventricle (LV) and lumbar subarachnoid space (LSS) were performed in acute and subchronic experiments. In all experiments opening CSF pressures were normal. However, in acute experiments, an infusion of artificial CSF into the LV led to increase of CSF pressure and significant gradient pressure development between LV and LSS due to limited pressure transmission. After 3 or 6 weeks spinal cord atrophy was observed at the site of cervical stenosis, and pressure transmission from LV to LSS was improved as a consequence of spinal tissue atrophy. Planimetry of both the coronal brain slices and the ventricles’ surface showed that control ventricular surface was 0.6 ± 0.1% (n = 5), and 1.6 ± 0.2% (n = 4) in animals with subchronic cervical stenosis (P < 0.002). These results support the mentioned hypothesis claiming that CSF volume cranio‐spinal displacement impairment could start pathophysiological processes leading to development of hydrocephalus.     

弥漫性轴索损伤患者血清和脑脊液中NSE变化及临床意义

目的:观察弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI)患者早期血清和脑脊液中神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的变化,探讨两者损伤程度与预后的关系。方法:分别采用放射免疫分析检测79例DAI病人(实验组)和30例无神经系统疾病者(对照组)血清和脑脊液NSE的含量。根据入院时GCS评分实验组分为轻型组23例、中型组27例和重型组29例。分别于颅脑损伤后24h内、2d～3d、7d、14d采集脑脊液、血清标本。分析NSE水平与颅脑损伤严重程度及预后的关系。结果:DAI患者伤后24h内NSE水平明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。NSE平均水平在伤后2d～3d达高峰,7d～14d逐渐下降。重型组NSE明显高于轻中型组(P<0.01);预后不良组则明显高于预后良好组(P<0.01或P<0.05);死亡组NSE值持续增高。结论:DAI血清和脑脊液NSE水平变化不仅能反映脑组织损伤的严重程度,还可作为病情监测和预后评估的一项重要指标。     

Substance P given intrathecally at the spinal T9 level increases adrenal output of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the rat

Administration of 10 micrograms of substance P intrathecally to the spinal T9 level of the adult rat, anaesthetized with urethane, provoked an increase in free catecholamines in plasma taken from the inferior vena cava. Adrenaline levels at 1 min after administration were 154.8 +/- 10.8% (mean +/- SE; n = 11) of preadministration levels and noradrenaline levels were 153.5 +/- 11.8% of preadministration levels. Differences between the values of free catecholamines in animals given substance P vs those given vehicle only were statistically significant at 1 and 10 min postinjection, but not at 30 min. Administration of a substance P analogue with central antagonistic properties 15 min before substance P was given prevented expression of the effects of substance P. These results suggest that substance P may be an excitatory chemical mediator of synaptic transmission in spinal pathways controlling adrenal medullary output. Thus dysfunction of substance P mechanisms may underlie some animal models of hypertension and may be involved in some cases of essential hypertension in man as well as in autonomic dysfunction associated with some neurological entities.     

脑血管病脑脊液神经降压素含量的改变

本研究测定21例正常对照组和68例脑血管病的脑脊液神经降压索含量。结果表明:(1)出血性脑血管病脑脊液神经降压素含量,比正常对照组显著增加;(2)缺血性脑血管病脑脊液神经降压素含量,比正常对照组显著减少。这提示,两类不同脑血管病脑脊液神经降压素含量,呈现明显的反向改变。     

Effect of csf from animals with damage to the motor cortex on compensation of motor disorders

Rat recipients were trained to cling to a rotating bar, after which the section of the motor cortex in which the right posterior extremity is represented was removed. On the second day after the operation a lyophilizate of CSF taken from the donors on day 7 following an analogous operation was injected suboccipitally into the recipients. The degree of restoration of the motor function in recipients was assessed from the time of clinging to a rotating bar and the number of slips by the right posterior paw. We determined the optimum dose of the lyophilizate of the liquor from the operated donors whose administration to the recipients with an analogous trauma accelerates restoration of the motor function.Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 73, No. 12, pp. 1608–1614, December, 1987.     

Glioblastoma multiforme with epithelial differentiation: A potential diagnostic pitfall in cerebrospinal fluid cytology

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology provides valuable diagnostic and prognostic information for diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) and remains the gold standard for the detection of neoplastic meningitis. Metastatic involvement of the CSF by non‐CNS neoplasms far surpasses that of primary brain tumors, although conventional glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) can occasionally be identified in the CSF. GBM with epithelial differentiation is an uncommon variant that may contain features such as adenoid structures, signet ring cells, or squamous metaplasia. Herein, we present a case of GBM with epithelial differentiation to highlight a potential diagnostic pitfall in CSF cytology. A 55‐year‐old man presented with neurological symptoms and a 6.4 cm left temporal lobe cystic mass. Primary resection revealed GBM with focal epithelial differentiation confirmed by cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemical studies. Four months following primary resection, the patient developed severe headache for which a lumbar puncture with CSF cytologic evaluation was performed. The cytospin preparation showed numerous malignant epithelioid cells with high nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio and prominent cytoplasmic vacuoles resembling metastatic carcinoma. However, the lesional cells were cytomorphologically identical to the epithelial component present in the patient's recently diagnosed GBM. This case illustrates the potential for GBM with epithelial differentiation to closely mimic metastatic carcinoma from a non‐CNS site in CSF cytology, which expands the differential diagnosis and emphasizes the necessity of clinical correlation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:638–641. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.