高龄不孕症患者冻融胚胎移植胚胎数目和质量与早期妊娠丢失率的关系

目的 分析高龄不孕患者接受辅助生殖技术（ART）行冻融胚胎移植（FET）周期的胚胎数目和质量与早期妊娠丢失率的关系。方法 选择2015年1月~2018年12月于南方医科大学南方医院接受ART并行FET的≥36岁的不孕症患者共2622例,对妊娠的976例患者根据后续妊娠情况分为早期妊娠丢失组和持续妊娠组,分析早期妊娠丢失率与年龄、移植胚胎数、胚胎质量等的关系;根据患者年龄分为：36~37岁组、38~39岁组、40岁组、41岁组、42岁组、43岁组、44岁组和45~48岁组,进一步分析不同年龄段早期妊娠丢失率与胚胎移植数及胚胎质量的关系。结果 本研究共纳入2622例FET周期,其中临床妊娠976例,临床妊娠率37.2%（976/2622）,活产663例,活产率25.3%。临床妊娠患者中早期妊娠丢失241例,继续妊娠735例,早期妊娠丢失率24.7%（241/976）。各组患者临床妊娠率及活产率随年龄增长而降低,早期妊娠丢失率随年龄增长而显著升高（P<0.001）;早期妊娠丢失组患者FET年龄及取卵年龄均高于持续妊娠组,移植D3胚胎数高于持续妊娠组（0.97 vs 0.81,P=0.030）,着床胚胎数低于持续妊娠组（1.09 vs 1.25,P<0.001）;各年龄组早期妊娠丢失率与移植胚胎数和胚胎质量没有显著关系（P>0.05）。结论 高龄不孕女性患者冻融移植胚胎周期的早期妊娠丢失率随年龄增长而升高,年龄是导致早期妊娠丢失的无法补救的危险因素,故应对高龄不孕女性尽早实施ART助孕治疗。为降低早期胚胎丢失率,同时权衡多胎妊娠的风险,根据胚胎质量谨慎决定胚胎移植数。     

Recurrent pregnancy loss

Recurrent abortions are hisheartening to the couple and also to the treating clinicians. Miscarriage is the loss of pregnancy weighing 500 g or less. Recurrent miscarriage or habitual abortion is defined as three or more consective abortions. Important factors involved in recurrent early pregnancy loss are genetic factors, endocrine factors, anatomic factors, immunologic factors, infectious factors and environmental factors. The factors are described in a nutshell in the text. Any severe infection that leads to bacteraemia orviraemia can cause sporadic miscarriage. Congenital uterine abnormalities have been associated most often with second-trimestar pregnancy loss. As regarding management of recurrent pregnancy loss the clinician has limited options. The use of aspiration in low dose (75 mg) and heparin is beneficial in APS positive patients. Multivitamins and folic acid assume importance in thrombophilic disorders. Tender live care with regular antenatal check-ups go a great way in achieving live term pregnancy.     

低甲状腺素血症与妊娠的研究进展

甲状腺激素是物质代谢与神经智力发育不可缺少的重要物质,妊娠的各个环节均受甲状腺激素的影响。孕母甲状腺功能减退的严重程度与妊娠结局密切相关,即使是孤立性低甲状腺素血症也会对儿童神经智力发育产生不利影响。低甲状腺素血症的发生与孕母碘营养状况密切相关。甲状腺激素随妊娠周期不同而变化,建立妊娠特异的参考值范围可以减少低甲状腺素血症的误诊率和漏诊率。妊娠早期母体低甲状腺素血症是儿童早期认知发育延迟的危险因素,维持孕期正常的甲状腺激素水平对于妊娠结局及胎儿发育有重要意义。     

Asthma management during pregnancy

Asthma is estimated to affect up to 7% of pregnancies. Patients should be aggressively managed as poor asthma control during pregnancy can lead to poor outcomes for mother and child. Though there are no randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studies of asthma medications during pregnancy, data suggests that undertreatment of asthma poses more risk to mother and fetus than does appropriate use of asthma medication. Asthma therapy includes patient education, environmental control measures, appropriate pharmacotherapy and specific allergen immunotherapy.     

70例非综合征性唇腭裂环境暴露因素分析

目的:探讨非综合征性唇腭裂发病的孕前及早孕期的环境危险因素,为降低非综合征性唇腭裂的发生率提供理论依据。方法:经B超确诊为唇腭裂的胎儿及部分因唇腭裂手术的患儿70例,以其父母为对象作为病例组,选择同期出生未患唇腭裂的父母(共70例)作为对照组。对病例组及对照组进行问卷调查,对结果进行x2检验作单因素分析,用Logistic回归作多因素分析。结果:单因素x2检验发现唇腭裂发生的孕前和孕早期环境危险因素有:有毒物质接触、孕期患病、孕期用药、被动吸烟、未服用叶酸、母亲文化低,其中有毒物质接触、孕期患病、未服用叶酸3个相关因素进入Logistic回归模型。结论:有毒物质接触、孕期患病、未服用叶酸可能是本地区发生先天性唇腭裂的主要环境危险因素。     

不良妊娠结局环境危险因素的病例对照研究

目的：研究不良妊娠结局的环境危险因素,为进一步探讨其病因及预防措施提供科学依据。方法采用1∶1配比的病例对照研究,对按全国统一诊断标准明确诊断的803例不良妊娠结局的孕产妇匹配对照后进行单因素和多因素条件logistic回归分析。结果单因素分析共筛选出14个变量是发生不良妊娠结局的危险因素;然后经过条件logistic回归分析,发现接通移动电话次数、室内装修、视频显示终端作业、被动吸烟、住房环境电磁辐射、接触振动或做剧烈运动及烹调油烟是不良妊娠结局的危险因素。结论不良妊娠结局的环境危险因素很多,应加强优生保健,减少不良妊娠结局的发生。     

先天性心脏病环境影响因素的病例对照研究

目的:探讨环境因素与先天性心脏病的关系.方法:采用以医院为基础的1∶2病例对照研究,对先天性心脏病患儿和正常儿母亲(123 名病例和246名对照)进行问卷调查.采用卡方检验和logistic回归分析,筛选先天性心脏病相关的环境影响因素.结果:多因素logistic回归模型分析结果表明:孕妇职业危险因素接触史(OR=4....     

我国出生缺陷影响因素的M eta分析

目的：探讨影响我国出生缺陷发生的主要危险因素,为制定最佳预防控制决策、实行有效的干预措施提供科学依据。方法利用M eta分析方法综合分析国内关于出生缺陷发病危险因素的研究文献21篇,累计病例6112例,对照15741例。据纳入与排除标准进行筛选,由异质性检验结果决定采用固定或随机效应模型,并对合并结果进行χ2检验。结果单因素分析的主要合并结果OR值为：先天畸形家族史36．22,孕早期患感染性疾病5．62,孕早期接触化学制剂4．19,父亲吸烟3．89,孕期接触镇静药3．19,妊娠并发症2．94,孕期多食高蛋白食物0．37;多因素分析的主要合并结果OR值为：孕早期感染病毒7．65,孕期精神状态差5．44,孕早期发热4．70,妊娠早期接触化学毒物3．90,流产史3．59,孕期补充复合维生素0．45。结论影响我国出生缺陷发生的主要危险因素为先天畸形家族史、孕早期患感染性疾病、孕早期接触化学制剂、父亲吸烟、妊娠并发症;出生缺陷的保护因素为孕期多食高蛋白食物、孕期补充复合维生素和服用叶酸。     

多囊卵巢综合征与输卵管不孕患者体外受精治疗分析

目的 分析多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）患者在常规预处理后对体外受精（IVF）治疗及结局的影响。 方法 回顾性分析2010年于本院生殖中心行IVF治疗且符合入选标准的PCOS组117个周期与输卵管因素不孕组507个周期。比较两组基础情况、IVF治疗的临床与实验室参数及妊娠结局。 结果 PCOS组与输卵管因素组相比,基础BMI、腰围、臀围及腰臀比及原发不孕的比例增加,基础血FSH更低,基础LH、LH/FSH及T更高,卵巢容积更大及窦卵泡的总数更多,差异显著（P<0.05）; PCOS组因卵巢多度刺激综合征（OHSS）风险取消周期增加,促排卵Gn及HCG的用量更少,血清E2的峰值更高,冷冻胚胎数略多,差异显著（P<0.05）;两组临床妊娠率、种植率及多胎妊娠率无显著差异（P>0.05）,PCOS组的中度OHSS的发生率和早期妊娠丢失率增加,差异显著（P<0.05）。 结论 在常规预处理后PCOS患者影响IVF治疗促排卵的反应,中度OHSS的发生率及早期妊娠丢失率增高。     

妊娠期间家长环境危险因素对儿童白血病的影响

目的 探究妊娠期间家长环境危险因素对儿童白血病的影响。方法 选取2012 年1 月-2015 年 1 月于海南医学院第一附属医院收治的白血病患儿作为白血病组,选取同期来该院进行健康检查的55 例儿童 作为对照组。单因素和Logistic 多因素分析妊娠期间家长环境危险因素对儿童白血病的影响。结果 Logistic 多因素分析结果显示,母亲接触暴露的化学物、油漆,既往流产史、孕期感冒,父亲接触暴露的柴油/ 汽油、 油漆均为儿童白血病发病的危险因素（P <0.05）。结论 把预防措施的实施提前至孕前期、孕期及新生儿期, 加强对妊娠期间家长的健康教育,降低儿童白血病的发病率。     

早孕期阴道出血与早产关系的临床研究

目的探讨早期怀孕的阴道出血与早产的关联性。方法分析在我院分娩的孕产妇,评估正常孕妇和早产病例的分布差异,分析阴道出血与早产间的关联性。结果全部病例中早产者295例,孕期阴道出血占25．01％。正常分娩组与早产组比较,生育史和孕期是否工作等无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;孕妇年龄、体重指数和阴道出血等有统计学意义（P〉0．05）。阴道出血的早产危险性为无阴道出血的1．06～1-81倍。早孕期阴道出血与自发性早产的关联性最高（P=0．002）。阴道出血者患轻型早产的危险性为无阴道出血者的1．11～1．97倍（P=0．008）。结论早孕期阴道出血早产风险明显增高,特别是自发性早产及孕周为34～37周早产比例明显增高。     

Breast cancer and pregnancy

Although breast cancer is a rare event in pregnancy, the consequences of a delay in its detection and of late-stage disease are tragic for the young woman who presents in her childbearing years. Therefore, all pregnant women with breast problems should undergo a careful assessment. Pregnancy is not a contraindication to orthodox investigations for breast cancer, provided that special care is taken to reduce the risk to the developing fetus. Management is also orthodox, and breast cancer in pregnant or lactating women is thought to behave no differently from breast cancer in non-pregnant women, when age, stage and histological type are similar. For women who have developed early breast cancer during pregnancy, termination of the pregnancy does not appear to have a beneficial influence on the disease. There is no convincing evidence that a subsequent pregnancy has any effect on the outcome of a breast cancer that has been managed successfully previously. The prevention of subsequent pregnancy is not an indication for a prophylactic oophorectomy. A decision for further pregnancies must be made by the patient and the family after sound advice is given as to the prognosis and consideration of the social, economic and spiritual factors. There is no evidence that the termination of a subsequent pregnancy will affect beneficially or adversely the prognosis of a patient with breast cancer.     

妊娠不同时期增重对新生儿出生体质量的影响研究

背景　妊娠期增重过多或不足均可增加不良妊娠结局发生风险,但妊娠不同时期增重对围生结局的影响是否不同目前尚无定论。目的　本研究拟分析比较妊娠不同时期增重对大于胎龄儿（LGA）和小于胎龄儿（SGA）发生风险的影响。方法　选取妊娠早期在首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院建档并接受规律产检,于2014-06-01至2015-05-31在本院分娩的单胎孕妇,共纳入15 334例。采用队列研究的方法,收集孕妇基线信息、妊娠期增重情况及分娩结局,分析妊娠不同时期增重对新生儿出生体质量的影响。按照世界卫生组织（WHO）标准将孕妇按照妊娠前体质指数（BMI）分为4组：低体质量组（<18.5 kg/m2,n=2 438）,正常体质量组（18.5~24.9 kg/m2,n=11 052）,超重组（25.0~29.9 kg/m2,n=1 600）及肥胖组（≥30.0 kg/m2,n=244）。由于本院产检建档时间为妊娠16周,因此按照0~16周（妊娠早期）、17~28周（妊娠中期）及29周至分娩（妊娠晚期）计算各期增重。根据美国医学研究所（IOM）推荐的妊娠早期及妊娠中期平均每周增重标准,按照具体孕周对不同BMI组妊娠期增重划分为增重不足、增重适宜及增重过多。结果　15 334例孕妇中LGA发生率为15.66%（2 401/15 334）,而SGA发生率为2.93%（449/15 334）。低体质量组、正常体质量组、超重组和肥胖组妊娠期总增重分别为（16.2±4.7）kg、（15.8±4.9）kg、（13.6±5.5）kg和（10.8±5.8）kg,分别有27.62%（1 456/5 272）、73.41%（3 870/5 272）及49.89%（2 630/5 272）的孕妇在妊娠早期、妊娠中期和妊娠晚期增重过多,而50.89%（2 683/5 272）、13.54%（714/5 272）及31.83%（1 678/5 272）的孕妇在此3个阶段增重不足。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,妊娠早期、妊娠中期增重过多增加LGA发生风险（P<0.001）,增重不足增加SGA发生风险（P<0.001）;妊娠晚期增重情况对SGA、LGA的发生无影响（P>0.05）。其中,妊娠中期增重过多对LGA发生的人群归因危险度百分比（PAR%）最高。低体质量组、正常体质量组、超重肥胖组在妊娠早期、妊娠中期随着增重增加,LGA发生风险升高（P<0.05）。低体质量组、正常体质量组在妊娠早期、妊娠晚期随着增重增加,SGA发生风险降低（P<0.05）。结论　妊娠早期及妊娠中期增重与LGA及SGA发生风险均相关,其中妊娠中期增重过多的比例最高,LGA发生的PAR%也最高。妊娠早、中期是临床干预的关键时期,这一发现为妊娠期体质量管理方案的制定提供了大数据基础。     

自身免疫型复发性流产的治疗

目的寻找自身免疫因素所致妊娠丢失的有效治疗方法。方法选择抗磷脂抗体阳性复发性流产患者55例,孕前一月口服肠溶阿司匹林、强的松5～10mg/d,确定早孕后将阿司匹林改为低分子肝素钠5000U,皮下注射,2次/日。结果治疗55例抗磷脂抗体阳性患者,成功48例,再次妊娠成功率87.3%。结论孕前早期干预,小剂量激素、阿司匹林、低分子肝素联合治疗自身免疫性妊娠丢失,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,能进一步提高妊娠成功率。     

儿童哮喘流行病学现状及其危险因素研究进展

儿童哮喘是常见的儿童慢性呼吸系统疾病之一,近年来全球报道其患病率总体呈上升趋势,且有较大的地区分布差异和性别分布差异。儿童哮喘的危险因素主要包括宿主因素和环境因素两大方面,其中遗传、特应质和孕期母体不良情况是主要的宿主危险因素,户外空气污染和室内通风不良、接触变应原等是主要的环境危险因素。     

Schizophrenia and viral infection during neurodevelopment: a pathogenesis model?

The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that a portion of schizophrenia is the result of an early brain insult which affects brain development and in which several types of virus might play an etiological role. The main arguments in favor of the neurodevelopmental hypothesis and the involvement of prenatal exposure to virus infection as a risk factor for adult schizophrenia are reviewed. Schizophrenia is associated with an increased incidence of craniofacial asymmetries and dermatoglyphic irregularities which might reflect an abnormal development of the ectoderm and the neural crest as a result of a viral infection between the first and second trimester of pregnancy. The brain histology of deceased schizophrenic patients shows disturbed neuronal migration and formations such as disorganized lamina strata or ectopic pyramidal cells, abnormal expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule, and absence of gliosis. The main epidemiological arguments are derived from studies of obstetrical complications and influenza virus infection during pregnancy, both considered to be early risk factors of schizophrenia. Because no virus has been consistently linked with the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, the most plausible hypothesis is that an endemic virus could initiate schizophrenia by direct brain lesion or by triggering an autoimmune response during the neurodevelopmental period on a genetically susceptible brain. In a neurodevelopmental model, the viral hypothesis is a step toward the goal of building a comprehensive theory that integrates the environmental, genetic, immune, and neuropsychological features of schizophrenia.     

卵巢功能异常与妊娠结局相关性及其机制概述

卵巢功能异常主要包括卵巢功能低下和高反应,是女性不孕不育的重要原因之一。卵巢功能异常女性妊娠结局不良,可表现为流产率升高、活产率下降,以及妊娠并发症和新生儿风险增加,其原因与卵子质量下降和母体内环境紊乱等因素有关。本文将对卵巢功能异常对妊娠结局的影响及其机制进行综述,以期为临床综合诊疗和相关研究提供参考。     

Essential hypertension and pregnancy.

Approximately 1% of pregnancies are complicated by essential hypertension. During pregnancy the blood pressure often stabilizes or improves. In patients with sustained hypertension, prospective controlled studies have demonstrated enhanced fetal survival when the blood pressure was controlled with antihypertensive medication. Such medication must be chosen carefully to avoid fetal and mateerial toxicity, and diuretics and salt restriction during pregnancy should be avoided. Among patients with essential hypertension the problem accelerates late in pregnancy in 2% to 11%; the acceleration may be predicted by determination of maternal mean arterial pressures and intravascular volumes early in pregnancy. The treatment of accelerated hypertension is identical to that of severe pre-eclampsia. Fetal loss is considerable but can be lessened by careful fetal and maternal monitoring and early controlled delivery. The risks of pregnancy in most patients with essential hypertension are small, and essential hypertension is not a uniform contraindication to pregnancy.     

我国围产儿先天畸形危险因素的Meta分析

目的探讨我国围产儿先天畸形发生的部分危险因素,为该病的防治提供重要线索。方法应用Meta分析方法对国内2000~2009年间发表的10篇关于先天畸形危险因素病例对照文献进行综合分析。结果孕期被动吸烟、出生缺陷家族遗传史、孕早期感染、流产史、孕早期服药、孕期接触污染、负性精神刺激、妊娠剧烈呕吐、孕期营养不良九个研究因素的合并OR及95%可信区间分别为2.820(1.490~5.332)、3.997(2.055~4.305)、5.225(2.679~10.190)、2.394(1.182~6.652)、3.130(1.902~5.153)、3.432(1.533~6.723)、1.707(1.305~2.232)、5.371(1.511~19.100)、3.911(3.449~4.441)。结论九个因素均为先天畸形发生的危险因素。     

妊娠期阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的研究进展

妊娠期妇女阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停发病率较高,肥胖是其主要危险因素。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停会导致母体多器官功能损害,特别是与妊娠期高血压病、妊娠期糖尿病有关,还与胎儿早产、胎儿生长受限的发生有关,故早期筛查诊断并给予积极的干预治疗对妊娠期阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停至关重要。