腰围预测肥胖儿童非酒精性脂肪性肝病的价值

目的探讨腰围预测肥胖儿童发生非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的价值。方法2003-06—2006-09对浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院儿科197例9~14岁肥胖儿童进行腰围、体质指数(BMI)测定,作肝脏B超检查、血清肝酶测定,并与正常对照组比较。同时对肥胖儿童进行腰围、BMI与脂肪肝严重程度、血清ALT水平的相关性分析,以及腰围、BMI诊断肥胖儿童发生NAFLD曲线下面积的ROC分析。结果肥胖组腰围[(91.99±11.03)cm]显著大于正常对照组[(66.27±4.76)cm],BMI、肝酶水平也显著高于正常对照组。197例9~14岁肥胖患儿中诊断为NAFLD者147例,占74.62%;肥胖组NAFLD患儿腰围、BMI均大于非NAFLD患儿。肥胖患儿腰围、BMI与脂肪肝严重程度、血清ALT水平均呈正相关(r=0.478、0.356、0.302、0.205,均P<0.01);腰围和BMI诊断NAFLD的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.767、0.717(均P<0.01)。结论9~14岁肥胖儿童NAFLD发生与腰围密切相关,腰围、BMI对肥胖儿童发生NAFLD有一定的预测价值。     

Parental perceptions regarding lifestyle interventions for obese children and adolescents with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND:

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 30% of obese children globally. The main treatment for NAFLD is to promote gradual weight loss through lifestyle modification. Very little is known regarding parental perspectives about the barriers and facilitators that influence the ability to promote healthy lifestyle behaviours in children with NAFLD.

OBJECTIVES:

To explore and describe parental perspectives regarding barriers to and facilitators of implementing lifestyle modification in children with NAFLD.

METHODS:

A mixed-methods approach, including qualitative methodology (focus groups) and validated questionnaires (Lifestyle Behaviour Checklist), was used to assess parental perceptions regarding barriers to and facilitators of lifestyle change in parents of children with healthy body weights (control parents) and in parents of children with NAFLD (NAFLD parents).

RESULTS:

NAFLD parents identified more problem behaviours related to food portion size and time spent in nonsedentary physical activity, and lower parental self-efficacy than parents of controls (P<0.05). Major barriers to lifestyle change cited by NAFLD parents were lack of time, self-motivation and role modelling of healthy lifestyle behaviours. In contrast, control parents used a variety of strategies to elicit healthy lifestyle behaviours in their children including positive role modelling, and inclusion of the child in food preparation and meal purchasing decisions, and perceived few barriers to promoting healthy lifestyles. Internet sources were the main form of nutrition information used by parents.

CONCLUSIONS:

Lifestyle modification strategies focused on promoting increased parental self-efficacy and parental motivation to promote healthy lifestyle behaviour are important components in the treatment of obese children with NAFLD.     

儿童非酒精性脂肪肝病研究模型

儿童非酒精性脂肪肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)已经成为危害儿童发育健康的重要疾病之一,但其发病机制与进展特征仍未明确。构建NAFLD特异的研究模型有助于探明及揭示相关通路在NAFLD发生发展过程中的作用。现有的儿童NAFLD研究模型主要借鉴成人模型包括饮食诱导的动物...     

Anthropometric and metabolic characteristics in children with clinically diagnosed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND

Childhood obesity is currently approaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Various chronic diseases are associated with obesity, but nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has received little attention from paediatricians.

AIM

To examine anthropometric and metabolic variables relevant to NAFLD disease mechanism and severity.

METHODS

A retrospective review of 53 consecutive paediatric patients clinically diagnosed with NAFLD was performed between 1997 and 2004. Variables studied included ethnicity, body mass index, acanthosis nigricans, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine amino-transferase levels, and fasting levels of glucose, insulin and lipids. Insulin resistance was quantified by validated models (the homeostasis model of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] and the quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index [QUICKI]).

RESULTS

The cohort was comprised of 34 boys and 19 girls; there was a 2:1 male predominance. The mean age of the children was 13.5 years (median 14.2 years; range 5.6 to 18.9 years), and 13 were 11 years of age or younger. Forty-five per cent were Caucasian, 30% Asian and 21% Hispanic. Thirty-eight children (72%) were classified as obese and 11 children (21%) were classified as overweight, with a mean ideal body weight percentage of 150.9±4.2 (range 67% to 226%) and a BMI Z score of 1.9±0.1 (range −1.2 to 3.2). Hyperinsulinemia was present in 35 children (66%). Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR 9.8±2.6, abnormal if greater than 3) was associated with increased plasma triglyceride (P=0.03) and total cholesterol (P=0.04) levels. These parameters were significant irrespective of alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Hyperlipidemia with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in overweight and obese children with fatty liver may be important signs of liver dysfunction in childhood NAFLD, irrespective of serum aminotransferases. In overweight or obese children with hyperlipidemia or insulin resistance, evaluation for NAFLD is warranted.     

The association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance in 20 obese children and adolescents

AIM: To investigate whether there are correlations between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance in obese children. For the first time, we present clinical data of 20 obese children with NAFLD, including an oral glucose tolerance test. METHODS: Twenty obese children were diagnosed as having NAFLD by abdominal ultrasonography. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT) were reported. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test, oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS) and homeostasis is model assessment (HOMA) index. All parameters were compared to 20 obese age- and sex-matched patients without NAFLD. RESULTS: With 81% the prevalence of insulin resistance according to HOMA or OGIS criteria was high in the NAFLD-patients compared to the other group with 63%. Statistically significant differences between both groups were found for mean serum ALT levels, mean glucose levels after 30, 60 and 90 minutes and mean insulin levels after 60 minutes of the glucose tolerance test. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of insulin resistance we found in children with NAFLD confirms the suggestion that there may be an association between insulin resistance and NAFLD in obese children and indicates that markers of insulin sensitivity could be useful screening parameters for NAFLD.     

学龄儿童肥胖相关性脂肪肝及脂代谢紊乱的病例对照研究

目的 研究学龄儿童肥胖与非乙醇性脂肪肝病（nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD）及脂肪代谢紊乱等相关因素的关系。方法 采用典型整群抽样方法选取北京市海淀区中等水平的4所小学和4所中学，在知情同意的前提下，从中抽取659名7～18岁肥胖儿童作为肥胖组，603名正常体重儿童作为对照组，进行问卷、身体测量、腹部B超脂肪肝检查及血清总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平，血清丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）和天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）等生化指标检测。超重、肥胖采用中国学龄儿童超重、肥胖BMI筛查标准进行评价；血脂异常的判定标准：静脉血清TC≥5.20 mmol·L-1，TG≥1.70 mmol·L-1，HDL-C≤1.03 mmol·L-1，LDL C≥3.12 mmol·L-1；肝功能异常：静脉血清ALT≥40.0 U·L-1和（或）AST≥45.0 U·L-1；NAFLD诊断依据2003年中华医学会肝脏病学分会脂肪肝和酒精性肝病学组公布的非酒精性脂肪性肝病诊断标准进行。统计方法包括计量资料的描述统计、协方差分析、卡方检验、二分类多因素Logistic回归分析及趋势卡方检验等。结果 肥胖组有3例未行脂肪肝B超检测，肥胖组B超脂肪肝和NAFLD的检出率分别为28.0%（184/656）和10.2%（67/656），对照组脂肪肝和NAFLD的检出率分别为0.3%（2/603）和0.2%（1/603），差异有统计学意义（P<0.01），肥胖组TG、TC、LDL-C水平明显高于对照组，HDL-C水平明显低于对照组（P<0.01）。肥胖同时罹患NAFLD时，血脂异常进一步加重，ALT及AST异常也更明显，以ALT升高为著；随着肥胖的加重，脂肪代谢紊乱及肝功能损害程度逐渐上升。结论 肥胖儿童伴发NAFLD较为普遍，单纯性肥胖对儿童的肝功能和脂肪代谢等均造成危害，并随肥胖程度逐渐加重，对中度以上肥胖儿童建议常规进行腹部B超检查。     

Obesity, insulin resistance, and other clinicopathological correlates of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children, including insulin resistance, and to test for correlation with liver pathology. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of children with biopsy-proven NAFLD at Children's Hospital San Diego from 1999 to 2002. Liver biopsy specimens were independently reviewed by two pathologists. RESULTS: Children with NAFLD (n=43) were mostly male (70%), Hispanic American (53%) and obese (88%). The criteria for insulin resistance were met by 95% of subjects. Steatosis was predicted by the combination of quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, age, and ethnicity (P<.0001). Portal inflammation was predicted by the combination of ALT and fasting insulin (P=.0009). Perisinusoidal fibrosis was predicted by the combination of AST, fasting insulin, and BMI Z score (P<.0001). Portal fibrosis was predicted by the combination of right upper quadrant pain and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (P=.0028). CONCLUSIONS: We identified significant predictors of liver pathology in children with NAFLD. Children being evaluated for NAFLD should be screened for insulin resistance, which is nearly universal and correlates with liver histology.     

肥胖儿童非酒精性脂肪肝病与心血管疾病的相关性

目的：探讨肥胖儿童非酒精性脂肪肝病（NAFLD）与心血管疾病(CVD)的关系。方法：231例肥胖儿童以及24例非肥胖儿童(对照组)进行临床、生化指标及颈动脉内膜-中层厚度（IMT）各项检查,根据诊断标准将231例肥胖儿童分为肥胖无肝脏损伤组（OCWLD）75例和NAFLD组156例。比较各组儿童临床、生化各项指标及IMT。结：果NAFLD组患儿IMT为0.066±0.021 cm,显著高于OCWLD组和对照组（分别为0.060±0.011 cm,0.037±0.007 cm,均P＜0.05）,OCWLD组亦显著高于对照组,P<0.05。NAFLD组患儿高血压、高脂血症患病率分别为39.7%和40.4%,明显高于OCWLD组（分别为22.7%,29.3%）和正常对照组（分别为4.2%,12.6%）（P<0.05）。经逐步线性回归分析显示IMT与BMI、NAFLD、ALT呈正相关（调整R2=0.316,P<0.01）。结论：肥胖儿童NAFLD的出现不仅是CVD发生的早期标志,而且是CVD发生的早期状态。NAFLD的早期诊断和治疗是预防心血管疾病发生发展的关键。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（7）：547-550］     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病儿童血清TIMP-1和TIMP-2检测及临床意义

目的：了解非酒精性脂肪性肝病患儿基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制物（TIMP）-1和TIMP-2的水平及价值。方法根据诊断标准将105例肥胖儿童分为单纯性肥胖（n=44）、单纯性非酒精性脂肪肝（SNAFL,n=25）和非酒精性脂肪肝炎（NASH,n=36）3组,采用酶联免疫吸附方法(ELISA)测定血清TIMP-1、TIMP-2,全自动酶法测定丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和γ-谷氨酸转肽酶(γ-GT)。结果随着单纯性肥胖向SNAFL和NASH发展,TIMP-1和γ-GT水平逐步升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 血清TIMP-1和TIMP-2指标均可不同程度地反映肝脏的纤维化程度,其中以TIMP-1更为可靠、有效。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（6）：455-458］     

Evaluation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease using magnetic resonance in obese children and adolescents

Objective

To determine the frequency of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease using nuclear magnetic resonance as a noninvasive method.

非酒精性脂肪肝病儿童、青少年的肝内脂肪定量评价

目的：量化评估非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)儿童、青少年肝内脂肪的临床意义。方法：对93例肥胖儿童、青少年进行形体学参数、肝功能、血脂、血糖及胰岛素释放试验和肝脏B超等检查,采用氢质子磁共振波谱定量测定肝内脂肪（IHF）含量,并按传统诊断标准将其分为单纯性肥胖组（31例）、非酒精性脂肪肝病-1组（NAFLD-1,33例）（B超示脂肪肝,但不伴有肝损）和NAFLD-2组（B超示脂肪肝,且伴有肝损,29例）。20例健康儿童、青少年作为正常对照组。观察IHF含量在组间的变化情况,分析IHF含量与各临床生化指标的相关关系以及探寻IHF量化改变的影响因素。结果：正常对照组、单纯性肥胖组、NAFLD-1组和NAFLD-2组IHF含量分别为0.80%（0.4%～1.0%）、2.9%（1.7%～4.3%）、14.0%（7.2%～17.5%）、18.8%（14.0%~29.1%）,组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。单因素相关分析表明IHF含量与腰围、臀围、腰臀比、体重指数、收缩压、舒张压、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、空腹甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）2 h血糖、空腹胰岛素、2 h胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗指数呈显著正相关,与高密度脂蛋白呈显著负相关。进一步的多元线性回归分析发现增加的腰围、降低的高密度脂蛋白水平和增高的OGTT 2 h血糖是IHF含量升高的独立危险因素。结论：IHF量化改变非常敏感,早期已增高于单纯性肥胖儿童、青少年,并随NAFLD的发生、发展进程而显著升高。量化的IHF与诸多临床生化指标相关,其中腰围、高密度脂蛋白和OGTT 2 h血糖是IHF含量的独立影响因素。     

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非酒精性脂肪肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是一种肝组织学改变与酒精性肝病相似但无过量饮酒史的临床综合征,主要包括单纯性脂肪浸润、非酒精性脂肪肝炎(nonalcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)和脂肪性肝硬化三种病理类型。其发病机制包括以胰岛素抵抗为主的一次打击和以氧化应激/脂质过氧化损伤为主的二次     

上海市闵行区儿童青少年非酒精性脂肪肝病7年患病率横断面调查

背景：儿童非酒精性脂肪肝病（NAFLD）导致成年后心血管病发病风险明显增加,而目前我国儿童青少年一般人群NAFLD患病率研究十分有限,长期变化趋势亦不明确。目的：描述儿童青少年NAFLD患病流行趋势。设计：横断面调查。方法：以上海市闵行区2014至2020年参加健康体检的住校学生为调查对象。将ALT水平高于一般人群性别和年龄别P97.5水平定义为疑似NAFLD,依此估计疑似NAFLD患病率（简称患病率）。根据全国标准分别以BMI和腰围定义一般性肥胖和腹型肥胖。通过计算平均年度变化百分比（AAPC）及其95%CI行描述NAFLD患病率逐年变化幅度,趋势性检验Logistic回归分析,并校正BMI和腰围。主要结局指标：NAFLD患病率。结果：NAFLD总体患病率为5.1%,从2014年至2020年上升了2.5倍（2.1%到7.4%）,NAFLD患病率逐年上升（Ptrend<0.001）,AAPC为0.9%（95%CI：0.1%~1.7%）,且男孩高于女孩（6.3% vs 3.7%）。在体重正常人群中NAFLD患病率为1.9%,7年中呈逐年上升趋势（Ptrend<0.001）。调整BMI和腰围后,NAFLD患病率逐年上升的趋势仍显著（Ptrend<0.001）。结论：上海儿童青少年人群NAFLD患病率呈现每年上升近1.0%的趋势,调整BMI和腰围因素后,NAFLD患病率逐年上升的趋势仍然存在。提示除肥胖外,儿童人群防控NAFLD需进一步关注其他可干预危险因素的作用。     

复方甘草酸苷片治疗儿童非酒精性脂肪性肝病疗效观察

目的探讨复方甘草酸苷片治疗儿童非酒精性脂肪性肝病的临床疗效。方法将2014年6月至2016年5月就诊的65例非酒精性脂肪性肝病患儿随机分为复方甘草酸苷片治疗组(n=33)和护肝片对照治疗组(n=32),分别予以口服复方甘草酸苷片和护肝片治疗24周。两组患儿均于治疗前后检测血清丙氨酶氨基转移酶(ALT)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)、透明质酸(HA)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)、Ⅳ型胶原(CⅣ)和层黏连蛋白(LN)水平。结果复方甘草酸苷片组和护肝片组治疗总有效率分别为85%和50%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患儿血清ALT水平治疗后较治疗前均显著下降(P0.05),但复方甘草酸苷片组较护肝片组下降更明显(P0.01);复方甘草酸苷片组治疗后血清γ-GT水平以及肝纤维化四项指标(HA、PCⅢ、CⅣ、LN)水平较治疗前均得到明显改善(P0.05),而护肝片组上述各指标水平较治疗前均无显著变化(P0.05)。结论复方甘草酸苷片可有效改善非酒精性脂肪性肝病患儿的肝功能,并能降低肝纤维化血清学指标水平;其疗效优于护肝片治疗。