伤寒减毒活疫苗Ty21a免疫前后小鼠肠细胞差异表达的基因

以基因表达谱芯片对Ty2 1a免疫前后小鼠肠细胞 (包括肠粘膜上皮细胞和肠上皮间淋巴细胞 )基因表达的差异性进行研究比较。将 490条经抑制消减杂交法筛选出的与小鼠Ty2 1a免疫相关的cDNA制备成表达谱芯片 ;利用免疫前后小鼠肠细胞的mRNA通过逆转录方法 ,将Cy3和Cy5两种荧光分别标记到两种组织的cDNA上 ,制备成cDNA探针 ,并与表达谱芯片进行杂交及扫描 ,单点重复 2次实验 ,通过计算机数据处理判定基因是否在上述两种细胞群中有表达差异。筛选出差异表达基因共 98条 ,其中 92条为表达上调基因 ,6条为表达降低基因。提示 ,基因表达谱芯片技术是高通量进行基因表达模式研究的方法 ,可同时定量研究大量的基因表达水平 ,从而鉴定可能参与免疫的基因。     

人退变椎间盘组织的基因表达谱

目的：研究人类退变椎间盘的基因表达谱，分析人退变椎间盘基因表达水平的变化。方法：按条件优化的一步法抽提人退变及正常椎间盘组织的总RNA各3例，分别用cy3，cy5荧光标记，获得2组椎间盘cDNA的探针，与含有4096条人类全长基因的cDNA表达谱芯片杂交，扫描芯片荧光信号图像，对所获得的基因进行生物信息学分析。结果：在4096条基因中，有差异表达的基因706条，358条基因表达量明显下降，298条基因表达量明显上升。在有差异表达的基因中，细胞凋亡相关类蛋白8条，其中上皮细胞膜蛋白(EMP-1)基因的表达上调明显。结论：退变椎间盘的基因表达发生变化，细胞凋亡增加可能是椎间盘退变发生和发展的因素之一。     

颞叶癫痫大鼠海马差异表达基因和蛋白质的筛选研究

目的：寻找颞叶癫痫大鼠海马组织的差异表达基因和蛋白质，以期为进一步探讨颞叶癫痫的发病机制，寻找新的治疗靶点和研发新的治疗手段奠定基础。方法:运用cDNA微阵列、二维电泳和MALDI-TOF-MS技术，分析氯化锂-匹罗卡品（LiCl-PILO）致痫大鼠模型海马组织的基因表达谱和蛋白质表达谱，并对发现的差异表达基因和差异表达蛋白质进行分析和鉴定结果和。结论：发现LiCl-PILO致痫大鼠海马组织中192个基因差异表达，159条可在GenBank中登陆，其中表达上调的基因84条，表达下调的基因75条；筛选到78个差异表达蛋白质斑点，其中31个在癫痫组表达下调，47个在癫痫组表达上调。有5个蛋白质最终鉴定确认。本研究结果为运用蛋白质组学方法寻找癫痫治疗新靶点研究提供实验依据。     

分娩活跃期子宫体部与子宫下段平滑肌差异基因表达谱的筛选

目的: 建立分娩活跃期子宫体部与子宫下段平滑肌差异基因表达谱，并探讨其意义。方法: 应用8 064条人类基因cDNA表达谱芯片，筛选20例足月妊娠，分娩活跃期产妇子宫体部与子宫下段平滑肌组织差异表达基因，用RT-PCR验证HSPA1B和CACNA1C的表达。结果: 分娩活跃期，子宫体部与子宫下段的显著性差异表达基因有483条，上调表达的279条基因中以HSP，ZNF145，NMBR，IL-2Rγ，PLC及ATPase等上调表达为主；下调表达的204条基因中以CSDA,MT2A,IL-6及SELE等下调表达为主。 HSPA1B和CACNA1C在子宫体部和子宫下段平滑肌组织的相对表达量分别为0.80±0.75,0.69±0.82和 0.40±0.39,0.38±0.42。子宫体部HSPA1B的相对表达量明显高于下段（P＜0.05），CACNA1C的表达则无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。HSPA1B和CACNA1C在子宫体部与子宫下段的差异表达比值，在cDNA表达谱和RT-PCR实验中分别为2.03，1.82和2.41，1.45,差异表达的趋势一致。结论: 子宫体部与子宫下段平滑肌在分娩发动中具有不同的基因表达谱，基因表达谱的差异为二者功能的协调奠定了分子基础。     

口腔鳞状细胞癌及癌旁正常组织基因表达谱芯片检测

背景：近年在整体水平上以高通量分子扫描手段为基础的基因组学、蛋白质组学以及计算机辅助设计等技术的整合及相互关联的“技术链”的应用已在乳腺癌、肺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、卵巢癌、黑色素瘤等的研究中取得了丰硕的成果,但关于口腔鳞状细胞癌的研究较少。 目的：实验通过基因表达谱芯片检测口腔鳞状细胞癌组织与癌旁正常组织的基因表达谱。 方法：收集广东省口腔医院2013年手术切除的口腔鳞癌及癌旁正常组织各2例,采用Roche NimbleGen全基因组表达谱芯片进行口腔鳞癌及癌旁正常组织的基因表达谱检测。 结果与结论：按差异基因筛选标准,从32 448条检测基因中筛选出口腔鳞癌肿瘤组织的差异基因共有7 872条,占筛选基因总数的24%;其中上调表达的基因有3 800条,下调表达的有4 072条。结果证实,通过基因表达谱芯片检测并根据表达差异1倍以上的筛选标准得到了7 872个表达差异的基因。由此可见肿瘤的发生发展不是单个或几个基因的作用结果,以往实验往往针对某个或某几个基因的研究有很大的局限性。同时也说明了肿瘤的产生是多基因成网络相互调节作用的结果,而且这个网络的作用关系是非常复杂的。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程     

凋亡及免疫激活相关基因在先兆子痫胎盘中的表达

目的：探讨细胞凋亡相关基因在先兆子痫胎盘组织中的表达谱及其影响机制。方法：采用分别包含220余种人类细胞因子相关基因或人类环境激素相关基因cDNA片段的基因芯片，检测严格配伍的先兆子痫和正常胎盘组织中基因表达谱的差异。结果：先兆子痫胎盘中与细胞增殖周期调控及凋亡相关的多种基因表达发生了变化，且大多数呈现表达增强。此外，与免疫系统激活有关的多条基因在先兆子痫胎盘中的表达也比正常胎盘高。结论：胎盘组织中多种与细胞凋亡调节有关的基因表达异常与先兆子痫的病理发生有关，而免疫系统激活也可能是其原因之一。     

胃癌高表达cDNA片段W41的克隆及组织表达谱分析

目的：从人胃癌组织中克隆新的相关易感基因。方法：利用cDNA末端快速扩增PCR技术得到了扩增片段，将其克隆、核苷酸序列分析，并将序列在GenBank进行同源性比较。利用Northern杂交、多组织Northern及基因表达系列分析了所得基因片段的组织表达谱。结果：获得1条533bp带有poly(A)尾的cDNA片段，可见加尾信号AATAAA，与GenBank基因数据库同源比较，该序列未见与任何已知基因同源，登录GenBank(登录号为AF325202）。该序列在胃癌组织的表达强度高于对应正常组织，多组织Northern及基因表达系列分析表明该序列在多种肿瘤组织中高表达，在正常组织中表达减弱。结论：得到了1条与胃癌可能相关的新的cDNA序列。     

常染色体显性多囊肾组织差异表达基因的初步研究

目的应用基因芯片技术及最新公共数据库，筛选常染色体显性多囊肾组织中差异表达的基因，对其进行功能分类，并对其中1条基因利用原位杂交技术进行验证。方法将代表8398条人类基因的PCR产物制成基因芯片。将等量的多囊肾组织和正常肾组织mRNA分别用Cy5、Cy3荧光标记，逆转录合成cDNA探针，混合后与上述基因芯片杂交。扫描杂交信号荧光强度，找出差异表达基因，对获得的基因进行分子生物信息学分析。并对其中的上调表达基因IGF1 mRNA进行原位杂交，验证基因芯片结果的准确性。结果（1）在进入研究的8398条基因中，共发现357条差异表达基因。94条基因在多囊肾组织中低表达，263条基因高表达；（2）上调表达基因主要属于原癌基因，细胞骨架蛋白和运动相关蛋白，凋亡相关蛋白，细胞信号和传递蛋白，细胞因子；下调表达基因主要属于抑癌基因，DNA结合、转录和转录因子，细胞信号和传递蛋白，参与代谢的基因；（3）IGF1 mRNA原位杂交结果与芯片结果一致。结论基因表达谱芯片可快速、高效地筛选差异表达基因；多囊肾病的发生、发展中存在着多种不同功能基因表达调控的改变。     

建立cDNA微矩阵基因芯片技术并分析食管癌细胞系Eca109基因表达谱

为筛选食管癌相关基因,建立并应用cDNA微矩阵技术分析了食管癌细胞系ECa109基因表达谱.结果显示,在886条基因中,ECa109细胞系与正常食管上皮细胞间存在显著差异表达的基因有107条(12.08%),其中表达上调的51条(5.76%),表达下调的56条(6.32%).定量RT-PCR验证其中2个基因的表达水平,结果一致.建立T7 RNA聚合酶扩增技术,并对比分析了无扩增样品的基因表达谱,两者表现了较好的吻合性,这为cDNA微阵技术分析原发性食管癌微量肿瘤细胞的基因差异表达谱提供了方法学.食管癌细胞株ECa109基因表达谱的分析也使我们对食管癌病变机制有了一个初步的了解.     

基因芯片筛选妊娠高血压综合征胎盘差异表达基因

目的了解妊高征患者胎盘与正常胎盘在分子水平的差异,为研究妊高征病因提供新的线索.方法以混合的4例正常胎盘总RNA为对照,用cy5dUTP和cy3dUTP分别标记对照cDNA和妊高征胎盘cDNA.用4000点cDNA表达谱芯片检查4例妊高征患者胎盘基因表达的改变.结果在4次芯片杂交过程中,分别有58-131条不等的基因发生差异表达,其中出现2次以上重复一致的异常表达基因共22条:表达增高的有13条,表达降低的有9条.结论应用cDNA表达谱芯片可快捷、高通量地筛选出妊高征胎盘可能的致病基因,为研究妊高征的病因提供新的思路和线索.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.