150例闭合性腹部外伤的超声诊断分析

目的:探讨超声检查对闭合性腹部外伤的诊断价值及漏、误诊原因。材料和方法:150例闭合性腹部损伤患者在受伤后1～12小时内接受超声检查。结果:经临床证实总符合率94.0%(141/150)。脾损伤符合率96.6%(84/87),肝脏损伤符合率90.5%(19/21),肾损伤符合率为93.9%(31/33)。结论:超声检查是诊断闭合性腹部外伤的有效方法之一。     

腹部外伤的CT诊断(附387例分析)

目的 :评价 CT检查对腹部外伤的诊断价值。方法 :对 387例腹部外伤病人进行 CT检查并作了回顾性分析。结果 :387例腹部外伤中 CT检出腹部脏器损伤 2 0 7例 (检出率 53.5% )其中脾破裂 1 2 5例 ,肾破裂 38例 ,复合损伤 34例 ,肝破裂 1 0例 ,腹腔积血 1 46例 ,腹膜后血肿 48例 ;腹腔大量积血与脾脏缩小提示实质器官破裂。结论 :CT对腹部外伤的正确诊断和临床治疗可提供重要信息     

膝关节骨挫伤的比较影像学

目的:评价X线、CT、MRI诊断膝关节骨挫伤的效果与意义,阐述骨挫伤的MRI成像表现。方法:通过276例膝关节外伤病例,分析了MRI常规序列尤其是STIR序列的优越性。结果:55例骨挫伤病例有57个病灶,T1WI发现46个(占87%),T2WI发现53个(占93%),STIR序列全部显示(100%)。结论:MRI系显示骨挫伤的重要影像学检查方法,STIR序列对骨挫伤的敏感性较高,能显示细微的骨髓水肿、充血及骨小梁的微骨折,对膝关节外伤具有较高的诊断价值。     

45例外伤性脾破裂超声诊断分析

目的:通过对45例外伤性脾破裂的超声诊断分析,探讨超声对脾外伤的诊断价值。方法:超声诊断45例脾外伤患者,根据临床分型,观察真性脾破裂、包膜下破裂、中央破裂的声像图特征。结果:B超诊断真性脾破裂36例,占80%,脾包膜下破裂5例,占11.1%,中央破裂2例,占4.4%,脾未见异常2例。与临床及手术对照,符合率为91.1%(41/45)、误诊率为4.44%(2/45)、漏诊率为4.44%(2/45)。结论:超声可以准确显示脾破裂的部位、范围及出血情况,为临床分型及手术方式的选择提供依据。     

平片及血管造影诊断胸主动脉外伤性破裂

本文报告17例外伤后主动脉破裂的平片及血管造影表现,均经手术或尸检证实,8例慢性(外伤后4—15年),7例急性(外伤后立即检查),2例外伤后立即拍片及作了随诊拍片。17例年龄17—70岁。15例为交通事故,2例自楼梯跌下。检查方法:急诊照片取仰卧前后位,慢性患者则拍摄标准正、侧位。5例急性、7例慢性主动脉破裂作血管     

X线在胸外伤急诊中的诊断价值

目的:探讨X线检查在胸外伤方面的多种表现及诊断价值。方法:收集120例胸外伤病例,按照不同病理表现进行X线分析。结果:肋骨骨折95例,胸腔积血28例,液气胸8例,气胸8例,肺挫伤67例,创伤性肺气囊18例,肺血肿12例,支气管断裂和膈肌破裂各1例。结论:X线检查是一种常规、方便、快捷的检查方法,在诊断胸外伤时有着重要价值。     

分析头痛常规脑电图166例

目的:探讨脑电图对头痛的临床诊断价值.方法:对166例头痛(包括间断头痛、偏头痛、头痛性癫痫、枕后痛、外伤后头痛)患者进行常规脑电图检查.结果:正常脑电图100例(60%),轻度异常42例(25%),中度异常9例(5.4%),界限性异常9例(5.4%),广泛低电压不规则脑电图6例(3.6%),总异常率30.7%.结论:常规脑电图检查对头痛的诊断无很高的特异性.但对了解头痛患者脑的功能及颅内占位性病变引起的头痛等有一定的价值.     

创伤性脾破裂90例的诊治经验

目的:总结创伤性碑破裂的诊治经验,进一步提高救治水平.方法:回顾性分析1999～2003年间连续收治的90例脾破裂患者的诊断与治疗.结果:根据外伤史、临床表现、诊断性腹腔穿刺、腹部B超和(或)CT等检查结果,诊断符合率为96.6%.本组非手术治疗8例,全部治愈;手术治疗82例,治愈79例,其中并发症脾窝积液2例.全组共治愈87例,治愈率为96.7%;死亡3例,死于大出血和严重多发伤.结论:创伤性脾破裂行脾切除术疗效肯定,并发症发生率和病死率低,对重度失血性休克和严重多发伤患者应采取更积极的外伤治疗策略.     

急诊超声诊断外伤性脾脏破裂32例

目的探讨急诊超声在脾脏外伤中应用的价值,以找出急诊超声快速诊断规律,进一步提高超声诊断水平,指导临床选择最佳的治疗方案。方法急诊超声诊断脾破裂32例,利用2-D及CDFI对其声像图及血流信号进行综合分析。结果急诊超声诊断脾破裂32例,诊断符合率达87.5%,其中,真性脾破裂18例,达56.25%;包膜下脾破裂6例,达18.75%;中央性脾破裂4例,达12.5%;漏诊3例,达9.375%;误诊1例,达3.125%。急诊超声对腹腔内出血的检出率为100%(18/18)。结论急诊超声对外伤性脾破裂的诊断有其独特的价值,重复性好,应作为外伤性脾破裂及随访观察的首选检查指标,指导临床选择最佳的治疗方案。     

闭合性腹部外伤的CT诊断价值（附85例分析）

目的:评价CT检查对闭合性腹部外伤的诊断价值.材料和方法:回顾性分析85例闭合性腹部外伤的CT表现.结果:闭合性腹部外伤以实质性脏器为多,脾损伤45例、肾损伤20例、肝损伤12例、复合伤 7例、外伤性膈疝1例.其中外伤后肝癌破裂出血1例.平扫加增强45 例.结论:CT扫描可对闭合性腹部外伤作出正确诊断,并为临床治疗提供重要信息.     

Focused abdominal US in patients with trauma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of focused abdominal ultrasonography (US) in detecting abdominal injuries that require in-hospital patient treatment in the setting of blunt abdominal trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One thousand ninety patients with blunt abdominal trauma were assessed with focused abdominal US within 30 minutes of arrival at the hospital. Focused abdominal US results were positive if intra- or retroperitoneal fluid was detected. Patients with negative US results and no other major injuries were observed in the emergency department for 12 hours before discharge. Patients who deteriorated clinically after negative initial US underwent repeat US and/or emergency abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT). Patients with positive or indeterminate US results underwent emergency abdominopelvic CT. RESULTS: Nine hundred seventy-four (89%) patients had negative focused abdominal US results; eight of these underwent CT. Sixty-six (6%) had positive US results. Four (0.4%) had false-negative and 19 (1.7%) had false-positive US results. Twenty-seven (2.5%) had indeterminate US results; of these, five (18.5%) had positive CT results. One hundred twenty-four (11.4%) required emergency CT. After indeterminate cases were excluded, focused abdominal US had 94% sensitivity, 98% specificity, 78% positive predictive value, 100% negative predictive value, and 95% accuracy. CONCLUSION: Focused abdominal US has a high negative predictive value for major abdominal injury in patients with blunt abdominal trauma.     

The efficacy of ultrasonography in hemodynamically stable children with blunt abdominal trauma: a prospective comparison with computed tomography

PURPOSE: In this prospective study we aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of ultrasonography (US) in hemodynamically stable children after blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) using computed tomography (CT) as the gold standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1997 and 2001, 96 children with BAT were evaluated prospectively. CT was performed first, followed by US. US and CT examinations were independently evaluated by two radiologists for free fluid and organ injury. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and overall accuracy of US were assessed regarding CT as the gold standard. RESULTS: Overall 128 organ injuries were determined in 96 patients with CT; however, 20 (15.6%) of them could not be seen with US. Free intraabdominal fluid (FIF) was seen in 82 of 96 patients by CT (85.4%) and eight of them (9.7%) could not be seen by US. We found that sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and overall accuracy of the US for free intra-abdominal fluid were 90.2, 100, 100, 63.6 and 91.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: US for BAT in children is highly accurate and specific. It is highly sensitive in detecting liver, spleen and kidney injuries whereas its sensitivity is moderate for the detection of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and pancreatic injuries.     

Blunt abdominal trauma: should US be used to detect both free fluid and organ injuries?

PURPOSE: To evaluate abdominal ultrasonography (US) for indirect (with free fluid analysis only) and direct (with free fluid and parenchymal analysis) detection of organ injury in patients with blunt abdominal trauma, with findings at computed tomography (CT) and/or surgery as the standard of diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Abdominal US was performed at hospital admission in consecutive patients with blunt abdominal trauma. The presence of free peritoneal fluid and organ injury were recorded and compared with results of abdominal CT in all hemodynamically stable patients. When US results were considered false-negative for free fluid or organ injury compared with CT results, repeat US was performed within 6 hours. Admission and second US results were compared with CT and/or surgical results to determine sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of US with regard to the presence of free intraperitoneal fluid and/or organ injury. RESULTS: Two hundred five hemodynamically stable patients underwent abdominal US and CT. CT revealed free fluid in 83 patients and organ injury in 99. Thirty-one (31%) of 99 patients with organ injury did not have free fluid at CT. Three (10%) of the 31 patients required surgery or angiographic embolization. The sensitivity of admission US was 93% (77 of 83 cases) for the diagnosis of free fluid, 41% (39 of 99) for directly demonstrating organ injury, and 72% (71 of 99) for suggesting organ injury by means of both free fluid and organ analysis. At second US, these sensitivities were 96% (80 of 83 cases), 55% (54 of 99) and 84% (83 of 99), respectively. CONCLUSION: US is highly sensitive for the detection of free intraperitoneal fluid but not sensitive for the identification of organ injuries. In hemodynamically stable patients, the value of US is mainly limited by the large percentage of organ injuries that are not associated with free fluid.     

Screening US for blunt abdominal trauma: a retrospective study

PURPOSE: To assess the accuracy of screening US in patients with blunt abdominal trauma first admitted in the trauma centre of our general hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The reports of 864 abdominal US examinations of primary trauma patients (139 with major and 725 with minor injuries) obtained with standard protocols were retrieved. For each case, US reports were reviewed and compared to the best available reference standard. The accuracy of US was assessed by evaluating the method's overall ability to distinguish negative from positive cases by showing at least one of the lesions documented by the reference standard and its specific ability to depict injuries separately and independently. RESULTS: US exhibited a satisfactory overall ability to distinguish negative from positive patients (91.5% sensibility and 97.5% specificity in major trauma patients vs. 73.3% sensibility and 98.1% specificity in minor trauma patients) and a satisfactory specific ability to depict injuries separately and independently in major trauma patients. Of the 21/864 false negative reports (5 in patients with major and 16 in cases with minor trauma), only one affected patient management, a major trauma case, by delaying an emergency laparotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Its satisfactory accuracy for major trauma suggests that US could be employed not only to screen cases for emergency laparotomy but also as an alternative to screening CT. However, since major traumatic injuries generally carry an imperative indication for CT, especially as regards neurological, thoracic and skeletal evaluation, US has the not secondary task of performing a prompt preliminary examination using a simplified technique in the emergency room simultaneously with resuscitation.     

Screening US and CT for blunt abdominal trauma: a retrospective study

OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of screening US and CT in patients with blunt abdominal trauma admitted to the trauma centre of our General Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The abdominal US reports of 864 primary trauma patients (139 with major and 725 with minor injuries) and 162 CT reports of a subgroup of the same subjects (64 with major and 98 with minor injuries) were reviewed and compared to the best available reference standard. The accuracy of screening US was assessed by evaluating its overall ability to distinguish negative from positive cases by showing at least one of the lesions documented by the reference standard and its specific ability to depict all lesions; CT reports were evaluated only for the method's performance in depicting all lesions. RESULTS: Screening US exhibited a satisfactory overall ability to distinguish negative from positive patients (91.5% sensitivity and 97.5% specificity in major trauma patients versus 73.3% sensitivity and 98.1% specificity in the minor trauma group) and a satisfactory specific ability to depict all injuries in major trauma patients. In minor trauma cases sensitivity was satisfactory for free fluid but unsatisfactory for organ injuries. Of the 21/864 false negative reports (5 in patients with major and 16 in cases with minor traumas), only one affected patient management, a major trauma case, by delaying an emergency laparotomy. The performance of CT in detecting each single lesion was predictably excellent in both patient groups. CONCLUSION: Its satisfactory accuracy for major trauma suggests that US could be employed not only to screen cases for emergency laparotomy but also as an alternative to CT. However, since major traumatic injuries generally carry an imperative indication for CT, especially as regards neurological, thoracic and skeletal evaluation, US should be employed to perform a prompt preliminary examination using a simplified technique in the emergency room simultaneously with resuscitation.     

Gallbladder blunt trauma: comparison between radiologic and anatomo-surgical findings

PURPOSE: To assess the diagnostic accuracy and the possible role of ultrasonography (US) and Computed Tomography (CT) in a small group of patients who had a blunt abdominal trauma involving the gallbladder. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the US and CT findings of five patients with surgically confirmed post-traumatic gallbladder injury. The whole series consisted of 196 consecutive patients submitted to laparotomy for blunt abdominal trauma in the past 7 years. The following US and CT findings were considered at least suggestive of a possible post-traumatic gallbladder injury: pericholecystic fluid collection, ill-defined wall margin, collapsed lumen, high intraluminal density. RESULTS: At surgery, the following findings were observed: gallbladder hematoma (1 case), acute colecystitis (1 cases), gallbladder tear (3 cases), gallbladder tear associated with post-traumatic hepatic injuries (2 cases), duodenal tear (2 cases), hemoperitoneum alone (2 cases), hemoperitoneum associated with choleperitoneum (1 case), choleperitoneum alone (1 case). The US and CT findings were pericholecystic fluid collections (4 cases), ill-defined gallbladder wall margins (3 cases), collapsed lumen with intraluminal high density (1 case) and free intraperitoneal fluid collections (4 cases). They were suggestive of a possible post-traumatic gallbladder injury in all the five patients. CONCLUSIONS: The radiologic findings of our five patients were suggestive of a gallbladder damage but did not permit to distinguish minor from major injuries, the latter requiring surgical treatment. US proves to be a useful screening tool which can also help timing surgery in these patients. CT confirmed the US suspicions and also permitted accurate assessment of associated post-traumatic injuries to the liver and duodenum. Nevertheless, the clinical presentation was the most important factor as to the therapeutic management of these blunt abdominal trauma patients.     

Blunt abdominal trauma: screening us in 2,693 patients

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of screening abdominal ultrasonography (US) in patients with blunt abdominal trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with blunt abdominal trauma underwent US. The abdomen and pelvis were scanned for free fluid, the visceral organs were assessed for heterogeneity, and duplex US was performed if necessary. Empty bladders were filled with 200-300 mL of sterile saline through a Foley catheter. US findings were considered positive if free fluid was present or if parenchymal abnormalities that could be consistent with trauma were detected. Screening US results were compared with findings of diagnostic peritoneal lavage, repeat US, computed tomography (CT), cystography, surgery, and/or autopsy and/or the clinical course. RESULTS: Findings from 2,693 US examinations were evaluated and were positive in 145 of 172 patients with injuries (sensitivity, 84%) and 64 (89%) of 72 patients who ultimately underwent laparotomy with surgical repair of injuries. False-negative findings were retroperitoneal injury, bowel injury, and intraperitoneal solid organ injury without hemoperitoneum. No patient with false-negative findings died. Specificity of US was 96% (2,429 of 2,521 patients), and overall accuracy was 96% (2,574 of 2,693 patients). Positive predictive value was 61% (145 of 237 patients), and negative predictive value was 99% (2,429 of 2,456 patients). CONCLUSION: Abdominal US is useful in screening for injury in patients with blunt abdominal trauma, and its use represents a notable change in institutional practice. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is rarely performed, and CT is used when screening US findings are positive, when injury is clinically suspected despite negative US findings, or when US is not available.     

US versus conventional radiography in the diagnosis of sternal fractures

Purpose: To investigate the value of ultrasonography (US) in the diagnosis of sternal fractures.Material and Methods: Twenty-three patients (mean age 35.4 years) with a clinical suspicion of sternal fracture after blunt chest trauma were retrospectively reviewed. At admission, a.p. and lateral chest radiographies and sternal US were obtained. Sternal fractures were classified as nondisplaced or displaced. US and conventional radiographic findings were compared.Results: In 3/23 (13.0%) of the patients, no fracture was found by radiography or by US. Both radiography and US demonstrated sternal fractures in 16/23 (69.6%) of the patients. Sternal fractures were detected only by US while the conventional radiography was negative in 2/23 (8.7%) cases. Also in 2/23 (8.7%) of the patients with US positive for fracture, radiographies were suspicious. In 2 patients, the degree of fracture displacement on US was lesser than that found by radiography.Conclusion: US was better than lateral radiography to diagnose sternal fractures; however, conventional radiography remains the standard means of demonstrating grade of displacement.     

Accuracy of ultrasound in the detection of liver fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis

PURPOSE: To assess the accuracy of ultrasonography (US) in the identification and grading of hepatic fibrosis in patients afflicted with chronic viral liver disease, compared to histological examination as a gold standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively studied 105 patients (32 F, 73 M) affected by chronic viral liver disease in 36 months. Patients were studied with B-mode US and then underwent US-guided liver biopsy. All the patients were studied with conventional US with a Sequoia 512, 6.0 (Acuson, Mountain View CA, USA). We evaluated the following US parameters: liver margins, parenchymal echotexture, portal vein caliber and spleen diameter. The four B-mode US parameters were used for the US grading (from 0 to 4). Scheuer's grading (from 0 to 4) was used for the histological score. Grades 3 and 4 were considered as positive for fibrosis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy were calculated in the case of absence, positivity of one or all the US parameters. The correlation between US and histological scores was evaluated with Spearman's test. RESULTS: At histology seventy-seven patients (73%) had absent grade 0 (1 patient; 1%), low-moderate grade 1 (35 patients; 33%) or grade 2 (41 patients; 39%) liver fibrosis. Twenty-eight patients (27%) had severe grade 3 (16 patients; 15%) or grade 4 (12 patients; 11%) fibrosis. In the case of absence of US parameters sensitivity was 32%, specificity 32%, positive predictive value 15%, negative predictive value 57% and accuracy 32%. In the case of positivity of at least one of the US parameters the values were 68%, 68%, 43%, 84% and 69%. In the case of presence of all the US signs the results were 25%, 100%, 100%, 79% and 80%. None of the 77 patients with a healthy liver or with low-grade fibrosis was positive for all the US parameters. All the patients positive for all of the ultrasonographic parameters had high-grade fibrosis or cirrhosis at liver biopsy. Correlation between B-mode and histological scores was not statistically significant (Rs=0.45; p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: US identification of liver fibrosis in chronic liver disease is possible with 25% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value and 79% negative predictive value, with an 80% diagnostic accuracy.