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1.
BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to assess the value of endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium enhancement in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer. METHODS: In addition to standard evaluation, patients with rectal lesions were assessed by MRI obtained with a pelvic phased-array coil in combination with an endorectal coil. RESULTS: The study group comprised 29 patients with rectal cancer staged with an endorectal coil who had surgery without preoperative adjuvant therapy. In addition to standard T1- and T2-weighted images, dynamic contrast-enhanced images were acquired in all patients. Considerable interobserver variation was noted, particularly for pathological tumour stage pT1 or pT2 (kappa = 0.36). Compared with pathological findings, endorectal MRI correctly staged nine patients, overstaged 16 and understaged four. Whilst lymph node metastases were accurately detected in 70 per cent of patients, the positive predictive value was only 58 per cent. CONCLUSION: MR staging of rectal cancer with an endorectal coil and gadolinium enhancement is inaccurate for early tumours (stage T1 or T2) and is associated with a considerable degree of interobserver variation for individual scan sequences.  相似文献   

2.
目的比较腔内超声(EUS)和螺旋CT(SCT)对直肠癌术前分期的诊断价值。方法对68例直肠癌患者术前行EUS和SCT检查,将检查结果与手术及病理结果对比;同时比较EUS和SCT对诊断直肠肿瘤浸润深度、区域淋巴结转移的准确性。结果判断T分期,EUS准确率为86.8%(59/68),SCT准确率为70.6%(48/68),两者比较差异有统计学意义(P〈0.05)。评价N分期,EUS的准确率为67.6%(46/68),SCT的准确率为63.2%(43/68),两者比较差异无统计学意义(P〉0.05)。结论EUS对判断直肠肿瘤浸润深度优于SCT,但两者对淋巴结转移的判断均存在一定的局限性。  相似文献   

3.
目的探讨超声内镜(EUS)在胃癌术前TN分期中的应用经验。方法术后病理检查证实为胃癌而且使用超声内镜进行了术前TN分期的患者352例,对其资料进行回顾性分析。结果 EUS胃癌术前T分期总正确率为81.25%,其中T1为85.58%,T2为73.91%,T3为82.14%,T4为83.33%,与术后病理结果比较具有高度一致性(Kappa系数为0.75)。EUS对胃癌术前N分期总的正确率为52.84%,其中N0为85.56%,N1为56.69%,N2为28.09%,N3为26.09%,与术后病理结果比较具有一般一致性(Kappa系数为0.33)。将病变部位分为贲门、胃底、胃体、胃窦、幽门,不同部位之间的检测正确率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论EUS在胃癌术前诊断中具有临床意义,其中T分期可为合理制定治疗方案提供依据,N分期准确性有待提高。  相似文献   

4.

Purpose

The goal of this study was to compare the diagnostic use and safety of endorectal coil (ERC) MRI with those of phased-array coil MRI.

Methods

We retrospectively included 91 consecutive patients who had undergone 1.5-T MRI with ERC or with phased-array coil MRI before radical prostatectomy at our institution. We compared 47 patients’ phased-array coil MRI and 44 patients’ ERC-MRI with histologic findings. We also evaluated adverse events following the MRI procedure.

Results

The serum PSA levels ranged from 2.85 to 33.51 ng/mL (10.72 ± 1.9), and the median Gleason score was 7 (range 4–9). The mean interval between diagnostic prostate biopsy and staging MRI was 18.4 days (range 2–37). In assessing organ-confined disease, extracapsular extension and seminal vesicle invasion by MRI, there were no significant differences between ERC-MR group and phased-array coil MR group. The AUC values were 0.671 (95% CI 0.530–0.813) for ERC-MR and 0.657 (95% CI 0.503–0.811) for phased-array coil MR. No significant differences were found between the two groups (p = 0.24). Five patients (11.4%) developed rectal complications after ERC-MRI. However, no complications were found in phased-array coil MRI group.

Conclusions

In terms of diagnostic accuracy and comfort of patients, the use of ERC-MRI did not significantly improve the staging of prostate cancer and presented several complications. Therefore, phased-array coil MRI is a better alternative considering comorbidity.  相似文献   

5.
Background Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is considered valuable for preoperative staging of gastric cancer and defining patient eligibility for enrollment in neoadjuvant protocols. The aim of this study was to correlate EUS staging with pathologic evaluation and outcome in patients undergoing curative R0 resection for gastric cancer. Methods All patients who underwent preoperative clinical assessment of T/N stage with EUS and subsequent R0 resection for gastric adenocarcinoma between 1993 and 2003 were identified from a prospective database. Patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded. Clinical staging results from preoperative EUS were compared with postoperative pathologic staging results and correlated with clinical outcome. Results Two hundred twenty-five patients with gastric cancer underwent EUS followed by R0 resection, without preoperative chemotherapy. The accuracy of the individual EUS T stage was 57% (127 of 223) and was 50% for N stage (110 of 218). Although EUS was less able to predict outcome according to individual T stage, patients with lesions ≤T2 on EUS had a significantly better outcome than patients with lesions ≥T3. Preoperative assessment of risk was not predicted by EUS N stage alone. Patients identified as high risk on EUS and those with a combination of serosal invasion and nodal disease had both the highest concordance with pathology and a significantly worse outcome (P = .02). Conclusions The concordance between EUS and pathologic results was lower than expected for individual T and N stages. Patients with lesions ≤T2 had a significantly better prognosis than patients with more advanced lesions. Individual EUS N stage has limited value in preoperative risk assessment. Combined assessment of serosal invasion and nodal positivity on EUS identifies 77% of patients at risk for death from gastric cancer after curative resection.  相似文献   

6.
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a common staging modality used in patients with esophageal cancer. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the accuracy and sensitivity of EUS in determining the depth of penetration (T stage) and nodal status (N stage) in patients with esophageal cancer who underwent minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE). A retrospective analysis of all patients at a university hospital who underwent preoperative EUS followed by MIE for cancer was performed. We compared the results of preoperative EUS to final pathologic analyses of the esophageal specimen, examining the accuracy of EUS staging. Ninety-five patients with esophageal cancer who underwent MIE had preoperative EUS. Twenty-four of the 95 patients were excluded for lack of a repeat EUS after neoadjuvant therapy before resection. Hence, 71 patients were evaluated for the accuracy of EUS staging. The accuracy of EUS for T0 disease was 80 per cent; T1 disease was 75 per cent; T2 disease was 39 per cent; and T3 disease was 88 per cent. The overall EUS accuracy for T stage was 72 per cent with overstaging occurring mostly for pathologic T1 tumors in 18 per cent and understaging occurring mostly for pathologic T3 tumors in 11 per cent. The sensitivity and specificity for detection of nodal involvement were 79 per cent and 74 per cent, respectively. However the accuracy for T and N staging by EUS after neoadjuvant therapy decreased to 63 per cent and 38 per cent, respectively. Endoscopic ultrasound in the absence of neoadjuvant therapy is a relatively accurate and sensitive modality for determining the depth of tumor penetration and the presence of nodal disease in patients with esophageal carcinoma. The accuracy for T and N staging is less reliable after neoadjuvant therapy.  相似文献   

7.
BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is the most accurate locoregional staging tool for gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma, and it may allow pretreatment risk stratification. The purpose of this study was to compare preoperative EUS staging with postoperative pathologic staging and to assess the ability of EUS to predict survival after resection for GEJ adenocarcinoma. STUDY DESIGN: Patients with GEJ adenocarcinoma, who had preoperative staging with EUS followed by resection, were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy were excluded. EUS stage was compared with pathologic stage. Survival analyses were performed in patients who underwent complete gross resection. RESULTS: From 1985 through 2003, 209 patients underwent preoperative EUS followed by surgery without neoadjuvant therapy for GEJ adenocarcinoma. EUS correlated with pathologic T stage in 128 of 209 (61%) patients and with pathologic nodal stage in 154 of 206 (75%) patients. EUS accurately stratified patients into "early" (T0-2 N0) or "advanced" (T3-4 or N1) disease categories in 173 (83%) patients. Curative (R0) resection was performed in 184 patients: EUS "early" (n=84) and "advanced" (n=122) stages were associated with R0 rates of 100% and 82%, respectively (p=0.001). EUS "early" versus "advanced" stage was highly predictive of outcomes (p < 0.0001). The 5-year disease-specific survival for EUS "early" patients was 65% compared with 34% for EUS "advanced" stage. CONCLUSIONS: EUS accurately predicts pathologic stage. In addition, EUS is predictive of outcomes after complete gross resection without neoadjuvant treatment for GEJ adenocarcinoma and identifies a high-risk population that might benefit from preoperative therapy.  相似文献   

8.
腔内水囊磁共振成像对直肠癌术前分期的诊断   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
目的评估腔内水囊磁共振成像(MRI)预测直肠癌术前分期的准确程度。方法回顾性分析19例直肠癌患者的临床资料,对照术前MRI和术后病理结果.评估MRI能否准确预测直肠癌T和系膜淋巴结转移(N)分期。结果MRI正确T分期15例(78.9%),错误4例,其中2例T1-2期报告为T3期,2例T3期报告为T1-2期;T1-2期的准确率为80%(8/10),B期的准确率为7/9。MRI正确N分期11例(57.9%),错误分期8例;其中高估2例,低估6例,灵敏度为3/9,特异度为80.0%(8/10)。结论术前腔内水囊MRI不能对直肠癌系膜淋巴结转移做出准确预测,可以对T分期进行一般预测。  相似文献   

9.
Background Preoperative assessment of the lateral pelvic lymph nodes is important for treatment strategy to patients with lower rectal cancer.Materials and methods Fifty-three patients with primary lower rectal cancer were preoperatively assessed by spiral computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 1.5 T with a phased-array coil. Preoperative tumor and lymph node stages were compared with the final histological findings.Results The MRI tumor stage coincided with the histological stage in 36 of 53 patients (68%). The MRI and CT lymph node stage coincided with the histological stage in 33 (62%) and 26 (49%) of 53 patients, respectively. However the accuracy of MRI in detecting the lateral pelvic lymph node involvement was 83%, compared to 77% of CT (p<0.05).Conclusions With the use of MRI, the lateral pelvic lymph node involvement can be predicted with high accuracy, allowing preoperative identification of patients who need radiotherapy or extensive surgery to escape recurrence.  相似文献   

10.
Background: The aim of this study was to compare the value of endorectal ultrasound (EUS), three-dimensional (3D) EUS, and endorectal MRI in the preoperative staging of rectal neoplasms. Methods: Thirty consecutive patients with rectal tumors were assessed by EUS and endorectal MRI. Additionally, three-dimensional ultrasound was performed in a subgroup of 25 patients. EUS data were obtained with a bifocal multiplane transducer (10 MHz) and processed on a 3D ultrasound workstation. MR imaging was carried out with a 1.5 T superconducting unit using an endorectal surface coil. Results: EUS was carried out successfully in all 30 patients, whereas endorectal MRI was not feasible in two patients. Compared with the histopathological classification, EUS and endorectal MRI correctly determined the tumor infiltration depth in 25 of 30 and 28 patients, respectively. The comparative accuracy of EUS, 3D EUS, and endorectal MRI in predicting tumor invasion was 84%, 88%, and 91%, respectively. EUS, three-dimensional EUS, and endorectal MRI enabled us to assess the lymph node status correctly in 25, 25, and 24 patients, respectively. Both three-dimensional EUS and endorectal MRI combined high-resolution imaging and multiplanar display options. Assessment of additional scan planes facilitated the interpretation of the findings and improved the understanding of the three-dimensional anatomy. Conclusion: The accuracy of three-dimensional EUS and endorectal MRI in the assessment of the infiltration depth of rectal cancer is comparable to conventional EUS. One advantage of both methods is the ability to obtain multiplanar images, which may be helpful for the planning of surgery in the future. Received: 4 April 2000/Accepted: 25 August 2000/Online publication: 27 October 2000  相似文献   

11.
OBJECTIVE: Pre-operative staging of rectal cancer should identify patients with extrarectal spread, who might benefit from pre-operative radiotherapy, and patients with minimal sphincteral involvement, who can avoid permanent colostomy. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to predict tumour stage and sphincter status. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients with a rectal tumour were pre-operatively assessed by MRI with a phased-array coil. Imaging results were correlated with the final pathological findings. RESULTS: The overall accuracy of pre-operative staging with MRI was 88% (k = 0.75) for extramural tumour invasion and 59% (k = 0.26) for lymph node metastases. MRI correctly evaluated the infiltration of the anal sphincters in 87% of patients (7 of 8 patients with low rectal tumour). CONCLUSION: MRI provides the surgeon with valuable information regarding extramural tumour spread and sphincteral involvement, enabling appropriate selection of patients for pre-operative adjuvant therapy or sphincter-saving surgery.  相似文献   

12.
Preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma   总被引:44,自引:0,他引:44  
BACKGROUND: The development of treatment modalities for rectal cancer, including local excision, total mesorectal excision and preoperative radiotherapy, has increased the importance of accurate preoperative staging to allow the optimum treatment to be selected. METHODS: A literature review was undertaken of methods of preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma and the evidence for each was evaluated critically. RESULTS: Clinical assessment of rectal carcinoma may give an indication of fixity but is not accurate for staging. Endoanal ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radioimmunoscintigraphy and positron emission tomography have all been used for staging. The extent of tumour spread through the bowel wall (T stage) is most accurately assessed by endoanal ultrasonography, although this technique is poor at assessing tumour extension into adjacent organs for which both CT and MRI are more accurate. No method accurately determines lymph node involvement, but endoanal ultrasonography is the best available. Liver metastases may be assessed by abdominal ultrasonography, CT, MRI and CT portography (with increasing sensitivity and cost in that order). CONCLUSION: Endoanal ultrasonography is the most effective method of local tumour staging, with the addition of either CT or MRI if adjacent organ involvement is suspected. Abdominal ultrasonography or CT is recommended for routine preoperative assessment of the liver.  相似文献   

13.
Endoscopic ultrasonography in the preoperative staging of gastric cancer   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a standard procedure in the preoperative staging of patients with gastric carcinomas. Herein we present our experience with EUS and discuss the results and their implications for surgical therapy. METHODS: A total of 116 patients with histologically confirmed gastric adenocarcinoma were referred to EUS and classified prospectively by the TNM system. The results of the preoperative endosonographic staging were compared with the definitive histopathological results after the operation. RESULTS: The overall accuracy of EUS for determination of the T stage was 78%. The accuracy for the T1 and T2 stages was 80% and 63%, respectively. With 20% and 30%, there was a relatively high rate of overstaging in these cases. The accuracy for T3 and T4 tumors was 95% and 83%, respectively. The accuracy of EUS for determination of the N stage was 77%, with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 84%. Resectability was predicted correctly with a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 83%. CONCLUSIONS: Generally accepted standards for the therapy of advanced gastric carcinomas do not exist. In cases where the therapeutic strategy is surgical exploration, no preoperative staging is necessary. In cases with differentiated treatment strategies, the accuracy of EUS is not sufficient for the selection of patients for endoscopic resection. Its accuracy for submucosal cancer invasion and for the detection of lymph node metastases needs to be further enhanced. If only multimodal therapy is considered, EUS staging seems to be absolutely mandatory. Patients classified preoperatively as T1 to T3 can be operated on primarily with sufficient security. In patients where radical resection of the tumor seems doubtful, we recommend that a diagnostic laparoscopy be performed to confirm the diagnosis.  相似文献   

14.
PURPOSE: To evaluate local experience of phased-array magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the staging of locally advanced prostate carcinoma with comparison to clinical staging. METHODS: The study population was 21 patients who underwent preoperative MRI with pelvic phased-array coils followed by radical prostatectomy. The MRI findings were correlated with completely embedded serially sliced and whole-mounted sections of the prostate gland and clinical staging. RESULTS: Overall accuracy of 57.1% was obtained, with specificity of 90.0% and sensitivity of 27.3%. All but one case of locally advanced disease missed by MRI was microscopic. Clinical staging in these cases also achieved accuracy of 57.1%, specificity of 90.0% and sensitivity of 27.3%. CONCLUSIONS: MRI with a phased-array coil has high specificity but low sensitivity for detection of extraprostatic disease. Phased-array MRI does not image microscopic tumour extension. It did not perform better than clinical staging and is not recommended for routine staging.  相似文献   

15.
AIM: As resective surgery for oesophageal carcinoma is only appropriate for a selected cohort of patients, preoperative staging plays an important role in the management of these patients. This study assessed the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) staging in comparison with computerised tomography (CT) staging and the impact of EUS in management of patients with oesophageal carcinoma undergoing gastro-esophagectomy. METHODS: Ninety-six consecutive patients with oesophageal carcinoma underwent preoperative staging with multislice CT and EUS. Of these, 50 patients underwent gastro-esophagectomy, allowing preoperative staging data from these imaging modalities to be compared to postoperative histopathological staging, classified according to the TNM system. Management plans for these patients made without use of EUS were then compared to those following EUS staging. RESULTS: The overall accuracy rate of EUS for T staging was 64%, showing good agreement with postoperative histopathological staging of the resected specimen (weighted k=0.42, 95%CI= 0.32-0.52). In terms of clinical decision making, the T stage accuracy rose to 90% when differentiating T1 from T2/3 lesions. In terms of N staging, the overall accuracy was 72% (weighted k=0.44, 95% CI=0.34-0.54). In comparison, N staging by CT was significantly less accurate (62% vs 72%, P<0.01, chi squared) and showed poor agreement with postoperative histopathological nodal staging (weighted k=0.24, 95%CI =0.11-0.37). Importantly, in 56% of patients, staging information obtained from EUS instigated change in management compared to that configured without EUS. CONCLUSION: EUS enhances preoperative staging of oesophageal cancer and is important in preoperative clinical decision making process, especially with increasing use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.  相似文献   

16.
目的比较CT和MRI对直肠癌术前T、N分期的价值。方法收集公开发表的对CT与MRI进行术前直肠癌T、N分期价值比较的国内外所有前瞻性和回顾性研究,按照Meta分析的要求对检索到的原始研究的质量进行评估,对符合条件的所有研究结果进行Meta分析,分别计算在T1~T4、N分期上,CT与MRI的灵敏度和特异度并进行比较。结果符合纳入标准的共9篇文章,总样本量347例。对于T分期,CT的灵敏度为0.772,特异度为0.880;MRI的灵敏度为0.910,特异度为0.935。对于N分期,CT的灵敏度为0.636,特异度为0.734;MRI的灵敏度为0.563,特异度为0.849。结论对于T分期,MRI在灵敏度、特异度均优于CT;对于N分期,CT灵敏度优于MRI,MRI特异度优于CT。另外,直肠癌术前放化疗能显著影响CT和MRI术前T分期的灵敏度和特异度,对于N分期,则影响不明显。  相似文献   

17.
During 1986 and 1987, 47 patients with renal cell carcinoma were evaluated preoperatively with CT, angiography and MRI. The preoperative tumor stage (T), lymph node metastases and venous involvement determined with the three methods were compared to the operative and histopathological findings. For T stage, angiography proved less accurate (54%) than CT (64%) or MRI (63%). MRI was found to be superior to CT in assessing lymph nodes, with an overall accuracy of 89% and sensitivity of 100% compared to 77 and 60%, respectively, of CT. For venous involvement CT was overall more accurate (74%) than angiography (65%) or MRI (63%). All three methods expressed a low sensitivity (between 31 and 41%) and a high specificity (between 95 and 100%) for detecting venous involvement. The minimal advantages of MRI compared to its high cost do not justify its routine use. CT remains the method of choice in staging preoperatively renal cell carcinoma.  相似文献   

18.
The effect of preoperative chemotherapy in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma is difficult to assess because of the inadequacies of clinical staging. Endoscopic esophageal ultrasound (EUS) has been shown to be accurate in the clinical determination of depth of tumor invasion (T) and regional lymph node status (N). Therefore, EUS may be useful in assessing the effect of preoperative chemotherapy in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma. Eleven patients with operable adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction underwent staging by EUS before treatment. This was followed by two courses (10 patients) or one course (1 patient) of chemotherapy: etoposide, 120 mg/m2 for 3 days; doxorubicin hydrochloride, 20 mg/m2; and cisplatin, 100 mg/m2. Restaging by EUS was done after treatment. Ten patients then underwent resection of the tumor with lymphadenectomy. One patient was found to have metastatic disease at thoracotomy and did not undergo resection. However, tissue sampling was adequate for the determination of pathological stage. Independent pathological determinations of T and N were then obtained. On completion of chemotherapy, 9 patients (82%) had relief or reduction of preoperative symptoms, and 9 patients (82%) had either no evidence of tumor or reduction of tumor size by endoscopy. Despite this clinical and endoscopic response, no patient had EUS-documented and pathology-confirmed reduction of T. However, 2 patients had EUS-documented and pathology-confirmed progression of N. The accuracy of EUS in the determination of T was 82% and of N, 73%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

19.
目的探讨内镜超声(endoscopicultrasonography,EUS)与多层螺旋CT(multi slicespiralCT,MSCT)在胃癌术前T、N分期中的临床应用价值。方法2000年10月至2002年5月,对89例活检证实的胃癌病人术前分别行内镜超声和多层螺旋CT检查,并与手术病理结果对照。结果EUS对胃癌术前T分期的准确率为75.6%,其中T176.5%,T268.8%,T384.4%,T464.7%;MSCT分别79.3%,58.8%,62.5%,90.6%和94.1%。两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。EUS对胃癌术前N分期的准确率为57.5%,其中N095.8%,N145.8%,N232.0%;MSCT分别78.1%,70.8%,75.0%和88.0%。EUS和MSCT对胃癌淋巴结转移的敏感性分别为61.2%和91.8%。EUS对N0分期的准确率显著高于MSCT(P<0.05),MSCT对N和N2分期的准确率及淋巴结转移的敏感性均显著高于EUS(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01)。结论内镜超声检查与多层螺旋CT对胃癌术前TN分期均有较高的准确性。  相似文献   

20.
Background: Preoperative staging is essential for planning of optimal therapy for patients with rectal cancer. Recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used frequently because of its benefits of clear pelvic image are better than other diagnostic methods. The purpose of this study was to determine accuracy rates and clinical usefulness of MRI in preoperative staging of rectal cancer.Methods: Between February, 1997, and December, 1999, 217 patients with histologically proven rectal cancer were staged preoperatively and had surgical resections performed. MRI criteria for depth of invasion was determined by the degree of disruption of the rectal wall. Metastatic perirectal lymph nodes were considered to be present if they showed heterogenous texture, irregular margin, and enlargement (.10 mm).Results: The accuracy of the MRI for determining depth of invasion was 176/217 (81%) and regional lymph node invasion was 110/217 (63%). In the T stage, accuracy rate of T1 was 3/4 (75%), T2 was 20/37 (54%), T3 was 141/162 (87%), and T4 was 12/14 (86%), respectively. The specificity of lymph node invasion was 45/110 (41%) and the sensitivity was 91/107 (85%). The accuracy rate of regional lymph node involvement was 136/217 (63%). T1 and T2 were overstaged in 1/4 (25%) and 17/37 (46%), respectively, and T3 was understaged in 15/162 (9.2%). The accuracy rate to detect metastatic lateral pelvic lymph node was 4/14 (29%) after lateral pelvic lymph node dissection was done in 14 patients under MRI. The accuracy rate in assessing levator ani muscle tumor involvement was 8/11 (72%).Conclusions: MRI showed a good, comparable accuracy rate for determining depth of tumor invasion, compared with transrectal ultrasonography, which still has a low accuracy rate for detecting metastatic lymph node. MRI with endorectal coil may increase the accuracy rate of T1 and T2 lesions. In addition, clear sagittal and coronal sectional pelvic images can give a lot of information about adjacent organ invasion or any invasion of levator ani muscle. MRI can be useful for choosing an appropriate extent of lymph node dissection and type of surgery.  相似文献   

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