眼镜蛇毒因子对创伤失血性休克大鼠肠道的作用

目的观察眼镜蛇毒因子（CVF）抑制补体激活对创伤失血性休克大鼠肠道的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠建立创伤失血性休克模型,随机分成对照组和CVF组,根据观察时间点的不同各组再分为休克前、复苏后1、6、24h时相组。结果对照组大鼠复苏后1h血总补体活性（CH50）水平迅速下降,血内毒素（LPS）浓度、肠黏膜损伤评分均明显升高,随后2个时间点快速恢复至休克前水平;二胺氧化酶（DAO）活性在随后1h和6h时相明显升高,然后快速下降。CVF组大鼠除CH50水平始终〈5％,其余各指标复苏后1h仅略升高,其复苏后各时相组均较对照组相应时相组明显降低。结论在创伤失血性休克中使用补体抑制剂可明显减轻补体激活导致的肠道损伤及肠屏障破坏,减少内毒素移位的发生,明显降低血浆内毒素含量。     

外周血监测失血性休克患者肠道黏膜屏障功能的研究

目的 探讨外周血监测失血性休克患者肠道黏膜屏障功能的临床意义。方法选择失血性休克患者46例，分别在液体复苏前和液体复苏后1、3、8h抽肘静脉血4mL，测定二胺氧化酶（diamine oxidase，DAO）、胃动素（motilin，MTL）和内毒素（lipopolysaccharide，LPS），并设对照组。结果 失血性休克患者血浆中DAO和MTL水平明显升高，各监测点持续升高。与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；而血浆LPS水平在各监测点都能监测到，但以液体复苏后第8小时最为明显．与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。伴有器官功能障碍的患者DAO、MTL和LPS水平比不伴有器官功能障碍的患者明显增高（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。结论 测定外周血血浆DAO与MTL水平能较好地反映失血性休克患者肠道黏膜屏障功能的状态。     

内毒素血症幼鼠小肠黏膜组织学及血浆、肠组织二胺氧化酶、血浆D-乳酸的变化

目的 观察内毒素血症幼鼠小肠黏膜组织学及血浆、肠组织二胺氧化酶(DAO)、血浆D-乳酸的变化.方法 18日龄wistar大鼠48只,随机分为内毒素血症组(n=40),正常对照组(n=8),内毒素血症组根据注射脂多糖(LPS)后取标本时间分为1.5 h、6 h、24 h、72 h、7 d共5个亚组,各组于各时间点分别取血浆及小肠匀浆,测定血浆DAO活性及D-乳酸、小肠匀浆DAO值.结果 (1)内毒素血症组呈小肠黏膜损伤的组织学改变;(2)内毒素血症1.5 h、6 h、24 h、72 h亚组血浆DAO较正常对照组增高(P<0.05);而7 d亚组较正常对照组偏低;(3)内毒素血症各亚组小肠组织DAO低于正常对照组DAO;(4)内毒素血症组血浆D-乳酸较正常组增高(P<0.05);(5)血浆DAO与小肠组织DAO含量呈负相关(r=-0.392,P=0.006).结论 腹腔注射LPS可以引起小肠上皮细胞受损,紧密连接破坏,肠通透性增加,提示临床上可以通过测定血浆DAO及D-乳酸来及时了解肠道屏障功能.     

眼镜蛇毒因子抑制补体激活对创伤失血性休克大鼠血浆内毒素含量的影响

目的观察眼镜蛇毒因子（CVF）抑制补体激活对创伤失血性休克大鼠血浆内毒素含量的影响。方法80只雄性SD大鼠随机分成对照组和CVF组。建立刨伤失血性休克模型，于休克前及复苏后1、6和24h取血．检测血浆内毒素（LPS）、血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）含量及血清二胺氧化酶（DAO）和总补体活性（CH50）。结果对照组大鼠复苏后1h血CH50水平迅速下降，血LPS、TNF—α水平均明显升高，随后均快速恢复至休克前水平;DAO活性在复苏后1h和6h明显升高，然后快速下降。CVF组大鼠除CH50水平始终〈5％，其余各指标复苏后1h仅略升高，复苏后各时间点均较对照组相应时间点明显降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论在创伤失血性休克中使用补体抑制剂CVF可明显减轻补体激活导致的肠道损伤及肠屏障破坏，减少LPS移位的发生，明显降低血浆LPS含量。     

不同严重程度手足口病患儿肠道屏障功能和S-100蛋白水平变化的研究

目的探讨不同严重程度手足口病患儿血浆D-乳酸、二胺氧化酶、内毒素和S-100蛋白水平的变化及其临床意义。方法选取西安交通大学附属儿童医院感染二科2016年11月至2018年11月收治的手足口病住院患儿720例为研究组,同期儿保科体检的健康儿童100例作为对照组;研究组根据病情轻重分为普通型组(500例)和重型组(220例)。比较上述各组患儿血浆D-乳酸、二胺氧化酶、内毒素和S-100蛋白的水平。结果随着病情严重程度的增加,血浆D-乳酸、二胺氧化酶、内毒素、S-100蛋白水平均增加,各组间比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。组间比较,重型组与普通型组、对照组比较血浆D-乳酸、二胺氧化酶、内毒素水平的差异有显著性(P<0.05);普通型组与对照组比较血浆D-乳酸、二胺氧化酶、内毒素水平的差异无显著性(P>0.05)。重型组与对照组比较血浆S-100蛋白水平的差异有显著性(P=0.012),重型组与普通型组、普通型组与对照组比较血浆S-100蛋白水平的差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论重型手足口病患儿存在肠道屏障功能损伤,且D-乳酸早期升高更明显,可作为评估重型手足口病肠道屏障功能受损的早期敏感指标,可起到早期预警作用。重型HFMD患儿S-100蛋白水平显著升高,可作为评估重型手足口病脑损伤的生化指标之一。     

精神分裂症患者血清D-乳酸、二胺氧化酶、内毒素的变化

目的探讨血清二胺氧化酶、D-乳酸及内毒素在精神分裂症患者肠道屏障损伤评估中的作用。方法选取精神分裂症患者296例(精神分裂症组)、体检健康者99名(正常对照组),检测血清二胺氧化酶、D-乳酸及内毒素水平。将296例精神分裂症患者按年龄(≤51岁、51岁)和性别分别分组。结果精神分裂症组血清二胺氧化酶、D-乳酸及内毒素水平均高于正常对照组(P0.05)。精神分裂症组≤51岁者与51岁者之间、男性与女性之间血清二胺氧化酶、D-乳酸及内毒素水平差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血清二胺氧化酶、D-乳酸和内毒素可作为评估精神分裂症患者肠道屏障功能的指标。     

甲泼尼龙对失血性休克后肠屏障功能的影响

目的探讨应用甲泼尼龙对失血性休克后肠黏膜屏障功能的影响。方法新西兰大白兔30只,随机分为失血性休克组、甲泼尼龙组、对照组。失血性休克采用股动脉放血制做模型,休克持续2h后回输失血及等量林格氏液复苏;甲泼尼龙组在复苏时静注甲泼尼龙50mg/kg一次;对照组不行放血处理。复苏后2h,留取血浆检测D-乳酸水平;取小肠组织行常规病理学检查,并制备肠组织匀浆测定其肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)水平。结果失血性休克组肠黏膜结构破坏,血浆D-乳酸显著升高,肠组织匀浆中TNF-α和MDA水平增加。甲泼尼龙组上述指标均低于失血性休克组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论早期大剂量使用甲泼尼龙对失血性休克后的肠屏障功能有保护作用。     

依达拉奉对失血性休克后的肠屏障功能障碍的保护作用

目的探讨依达拉奉在失血性休克中,对肠组织细胞间粘附分子-1及肠屏障功能的影响。方法新西兰大白兔30只,随机分为失血性休克组、依达拉奉处理组和正常对照组。失血性休克采用股动脉放血制作模型,休克持续2h后回输失血及等量林格液复苏;依达拉奉组在复苏时静注1次依达拉奉5mg/kg;对照组不行放血处理。各组复苏后2h,取小肠组织行常规病理学检查,并制备肠组织匀浆,采用ELISA法测定细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1);检测肠组织匀浆液髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性;留取血浆检测D-乳酸水平。结果与失血性休克组比较,依达拉奉处理组小肠组织中ICAM-1及MPO均降低,肠黏膜损伤程度轻,血浆D-乳酸水平也低。结论早期大剂量运用依达拉奉,能够抑制失血性休克后肠组织ICAM-1的表达。减轻肠结构的破坏,保护肠黏膜屏障功能。     

肠道通透性改变对肝移植感染影响研究

目的:探讨肝移植术后感染与肠黏膜通透性的关系.方法:回顾性分析肝移植术后感染与未感染者血清二胺氧化酶、D-乳酸、内毒素的水平及其与感染的相关性,观察感染者肠黏膜形态学变化.结果:肝移植感染者血清二胺氧化酶、D-乳酸、内毒素水平升高与感染呈正相关(P<0.05);感染者肠黏膜萎缩,炎症细胞浸润.结论:肝移植感染与术前肠黏膜通透性改变有关.     

严重烧伤休克期切痂对肠粘膜损伤的影响

目的：探讨严重烧伤休克期切痂对肠粘膜损伤的影响。方法：采用４０％总体表面积（ＴＢＳＡ）Ⅲ度烫伤犬模型,随机分为切痂组（Ｅ组）和非切痂组（Ｃ组）,伤后１小时按Ｐａｒｋｌａｎｄ公式补给平衡盐溶液,Ｅ组动物伤后３小时切痂。分别于伤前、伤后３０分钟及３、６、１２、２４和４８小时测定血浆二胺氧化酶（ＤＡＯ）、乳酸、内毒素（ＬＰＳ）含量,伤后４８小时检测肠组织丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）含量。结果：２组动物伤后血浆ＤＡＯ、乳酸、ＬＰＳ含量明显增加。切痂后能明显降低血浆中ＤＡＯ、ＬＰＳ和乳酸含量,肠组织中ＭＤＡ含量也明显减少。结论：严重烧伤休克期切痂有利于保护肠粘膜屏障功能。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.