低分子量肝素钙对血液透析患者脂质紊乱的临床疗效观察

[目的]了解低分子量肝素钙（LMWH）改善血液透析患者脂质紊乱及抗凝安全性。[方法]选择病情稳定、一般情况较好、无明显出血倾向（包括皮下出血、上消化道出血、脑出血、鼻衄等）,血液透析时间4个月以上的慢性肾功能不全的患者69例,随机分为普通肝素（UFH组,34例）和LMwH组（35例）。LMWH组：应用低分子量肝素钙注射液（万脉舒,河北常山生化药业生产）于血液透析开始时动脉管动脉端一次性注入,维持4h后血液透析结束;UFH组：应用普通肝素钠常规抗凝。观察第一次透析前后两组患者凝血酶原时间（PT）、部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）的变化;第6个月、第12个月末分别检测血浆总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、栽脂蛋白A1（ApoAl）和载脂蛋白B（ApoB）;并且记录一年中出现皮下出血、上消化道出血、脑出血、鼻衄发生的病例次数。[结果]透析前后LMwH组和UFH组比较APTT、PT差异均无统计学意义。随着透析时间的延长,UFH组血浆TC、TG、LDL、ApoB持续升高,HDL、ApoAl下降;LMWH组血浆TC、TG、LDL、ApoB水平下降,HDL、ApoAl水平则上升,各项指标明显优于UFH组,且差异均有统计学意义。1年后LMwH组导致患者的出血发生率明显低于UFH组。[结论]在血液透析中,低分子量肝素钙和普通肝素抗凝疗效相同,长期使用LMwH替代UFH抗凝,可有效减少出血倾向,缓解高脂血症和改善脂质代谢。     

低分子肝素用于维持性血液透析患者的临床观察

目的：观察低分子肝素对维持性血液透析患者凝血功能的影响。方法：将在我院血液净化中心行维持性血液透析治疗的53名患者，随机分成2组：普通肝素（unfractionated heparin，UFH）组和低分子肝素（low molecular weight heparin，LMWH）组，比较两组患者的出凝血时间，透析管路凝血情况和全身瘀斑、出血点的分布面积及持续时间。结果：LMWH组与UFH组相比，透析管路的凝血情况没有明显差异（P〉0．05），但明显减轻了全身瘀斑，减少了出血点的分布面积及持续时间（P〈0．05）。结论：低分子肝素在产生普通肝素同等抗血栓形成效果的同时，能明显减小维持性血液透析患者出血的危险性。     

低分子肝素在血液透析临床应用观察

目的：应用肝素(UFH)及低分子肝素(LMWH)作为血液透析的抗凝剂，观察透析器和血管通路凝血及出血，探讨低分子肝素在血液透析的应用。方法：选择54例透析病人，分为UFH组和LMWH组有出血倾向5例。观察每次透析中静脉压，透析后管道及透析器凝血情况，穿刺点压迫时间及出血征象。结果：两组均无凝血，UFH组有14例出血，LMWH组无出血。结论：LMWH具有防止体外循环凝血，改善透析膜生物相容性，保证患者的透析质量，为临床安全有效的抗凝剂。     

低分子肝素钠对血液透析患者钙磷代谢影响的临床观察

目的探讨低分子肝素钠对维持性血液透析（MHD）患者钙磷代谢的影响。方法选择在上海市闸北区中心医院肾内科血液净化中心无明显出血倾向透析龄超过3个月的MHD患者78例,随机分成低分子肝素钠（LMWH）组38例和普通肝素（UFH）组40例。分别观察二组患者在治疗前、治疗后3、6、12个月的血钙、血磷、血清甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）、血清碱性磷酸酶（AKP）的水平。同时观察患者出血、体外循环的凝血情况及不良反应等。结果①二组患者治疗前血钙、血磷、PTH、AKP水平无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;②LMWH组随着透析时间延长,血磷及PTH水平逐渐降低,有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）;UFH组随着透析时间延长,血磷、PTH水平治疗前后无明显变化（P〉0.05）;二组治疗前后血钙和AKP水平均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）;③LMWH组透析5708例次,各部位出血共发生58例次,发生率为1.02%;UFH组透析6012例次,各部位出血共发生1310例次,发生率为21.8%,6例患者退出UFH组。LMWH组的出血发生率较UFH组明显降低（P〈0.01）,二组体外循环凝血发生率无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论长期使用低分子肝素抗凝,可使血液透析患者所存在的钙磷代谢异常得到部分缓解,提示低分子肝素可能有改善钙磷代谢异常的作用。     

低分子肝素对血液透析患者血脂水平及血管内皮舒张功能的影响

目的观察低分子肝素对尿毒症血液透析患者脂质代谢和内皮依赖性血管舒张功能的影响。方法选择上海市利群医院肾内科38例无明显出血倾向的尿毒症患者,随机分成普通肝素（UFH）组（18例）及低分子肝素（LMWH）组（20例）于透析前分别按个体剂量给予普通肝素及低分子肝素钠动脉血路端注射,并在治疗前、治疗后6月及l2月检测血脂、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-c）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-c）、基础肱动脉内径、内皮依赖性血流介导的舒张反应（FMD）,以20例血脂正常的成人为对照。结果①两治疗组透析前血清胆固醇（Ch）、三酰甘油（TG）、LDL-c均高于对照组（P〈0.05）;②透析l2月后,UFH组TG显著升高（P〈0.05）,HDL-c较透析前降低,LDL-c显著增高（P〈0.05）;LMWH组TG显著降低（P〈0.05）,HDL-c、LDL-c较透析前无明显改变。③与正常对照组比较,血液透析患者基础肱动脉内径明显增宽,（P〈0.05）,FMD明显受损（P〈0.01）;透析12月后,两治疗组FMD仍低于正常对照,但UFH组较LMWH组明显降低（P〈0.01）。结论血液透析患者存在血脂紊乱和血管内皮功能障碍,长期使用LMWH代替普通肝素抗凝,可部分减轻尿毒症血液透析患者血脂异常,并有助于保持患者血管内皮功能的相对稳定,防止血液透析患者血管内皮功能的进一步损害。     

低分子量肝素在血液透析应用中的评价

目的：比较低分子量肝素与普通肝素在常规血液透析抗凝中的有效性和安全性。方法：40例血液透析患分别用低分子量肝素和普通肝素抗凝进行自身对照，并作低分子肝素组与普通肝素组的组间对照。观察透析器及透析管道的凝血状态，内瘘穿刺点的压迫止血时间，抗因子Xa活性(AFXa)、凝血酶时间(TT)和活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)。结果：两组患均能顺利完成5小时透析，透析器及透析管道凝血程度及穿刺点压迫止血时间两组均无显差异(P＞0．05)。两组患使用低分子肝素抗凝透析结束时AFXa较血液透析前有显性差异(P＜0．001)，且透析开始后30分钟及透析结束时均明显高于普通肝素组，而APTT、TT在LMWH抗凝过程中无显延长，而普通肝素组则明显延长。结论：低分子量肝素在血液透析抗凝过程中较之普通肝素更有效，安全，方便，可替代普通肝素。     

低分子肝素钙应用于有出血倾向患者CBP治疗抗凝效果的观察及护理

【目的】观察低分子肝素钙在ICU床旁静脉血液透析滤过中的抗凝效果并总结护理经验。【方法】将60例血液净化患者分为肝素组和低分子肝素组,肝素组采用普通肝素钠,LMWH组采用低分子肝素,观察血液净化开始前和治疗2h、6h、结束后活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、血小板计数（PLT）的变化;观察滤器和血路管凝血情况,不良反应并总结护理特点。【结果】①肝素组透析38例次中发生6例次出血或原有出血加剧,4例患者退出;LMWH组透析46例次,均顺利完成,未出血或原有出血加剧;②两组在滤器血路管堵塞情况上无明显差异（P〉0．05）,凝血指标的比较LMWH组APTT峰值明显降低,且PT与PLT变化不明显（P〉0．05）。【结论】低分子肝素钙是一种安全、有效的抗凝剂,对有出血倾向的病人,其效果优于肝素血液净化,而良好的专业护理对保证有出血倾向患者连续性血液净化的成功至关重要。     

低分子肝素在高危出血患者血液透析中的作用

目的 比较低分子肝素（LMWH）与普通肝素（SH）在高危出血患者血液透析（HD）中的疗效和安全性。方法 51例，高危出血的透析患者随机分为二组，分别进行LMWH和SH抗凝HD各79和80例次。治疗中观察患者出血情况有无加重，透析器的颜色和残血量，体外循环管道压力及有无凝血；测定活化部分凝血酶时间（APTT）与凝血酶时间（TT）并与正常值对照；测定透析2h尿素氮、肌杆清除率（BUN、CCr）。结果 159例次血液透析均能顺利进行，无出血加重及凝血现象，LMWH组有10例次（12％），SH组有12例次（15％）静脉侧、透析管路静脉室有轻度凝血。LMWH且APTT、TT在透析2h轻度延长，4h后基本恢复到治疗前水平，与正常对照值相近：而SH组APTT、TT在透析2h，4h均有明显延长。LMWII与SII两组间透析2h透析器BUN、CCr无明显差异。结论 使用LMWH后APTT、TT无明显延长，引起出血危险性低，是高危出血患者血液透析的理想抗凝剂。     

低浓度枸橼酸钠局部抗凝血液透析在高危出血尿毒症患者中应用的研究

目的评价低浓度（2．5％）枸橼酸钠局部抗凝血液透析（RCAHD）在高危出血尿毒症患者中应用的效果及安全性。方法采用自身对照将18例高危出血尿毒症患者按治疗单、双日设为观察组与对照组。观察组采用2．5％枸橼酸钠RCAHD36例次,对照组采用无肝素0．9％氯化钠注射液冲洗法HD22例次,观察两组患者在血液透析过程中出、凝血情况,不良反应;透析充分性,活化凝血时间,血气,肾功能与电解质变化。结果观察组静脉壶凝血、透析器血室容积优于对照组（x2分别=36．04、4．56,P均〈0．05）,治疗时间、实际超滤量、透析充分性均优于对照组（t分别=2．73、3．08、2．45,P均〈0．05）;观察组透析管路静脉端各时间点较动脉端相应时间点活化凝血时间明显延长（t=-3．26,P〈0．05）;观察组静脉端血清钙在透析1h、2h、4h时与动脉端比较明显降低（t=-3．12,P〈0．05）;透析1h、2h、4h及结束时,动脉端血pH、剩余碱与透析前比较明显升高（t分别=2．53、2．78,P均〈0．05）。结论低浓度枸橼酸钠局部抗凝效果确切,透析充分,不增加出血风险．是高危出血尿毒症患者行HD安全有效的抗凝方法．     

普通肝素钠和低分子肝素钠在血液透析中的抗凝效果观察

目的：观察普通肝素钠（UFH）和低分子肝素钠（LMWH）在血液透析中的抗凝效果。方法：56例维持性血液透析患者在血液透析过程中分别应用UFH和LMWH抗凝,各观察1个月（即8次血液透析）,每周透析2次,每次4 h,血流量200～250 ml/min,透析液流量500 ml/min,温度37℃。透析结束后用200 ml生理盐水回血,观察透析器和血路管的血液残留情况。结果：UFH组有10例患者每次血液透析结束回血后透析器存在不同程度的血液残留,其中4例透析器血液残留较严重,且动、静脉壶内也有凝血块。LMWH组仅1例在观察初期（第1周）有轻度血液残留,至第2周以后基本上无血液残留现象。结论：LMWH在血液透析过程中抗凝效果明显优于UFH。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.