肝移植术后并发脑出血危险因素的多元回归分析及对策

目的通过分析肝移植患者术后并发脑出血可能存在的危险因素，探讨相应的护理对策。方法选择确诊为肝移植术后并发脑出血患者12例作为脑出血组，按1：4比例选择48例同期施行肝移植术但术后无并发脑出血患者作为对照组，对脑出血的相关因素进行单因素和Logistic多元回归分析。结果术前入住ICU、Child分级、血红素、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、白蛋白、术中出血量、手术时间、术后APTT和血小板水平与肝移植术后脑出血之间存在关联；术前Child分级（P值：0．022）和术中出血量（P值=0．025）是脑出血的独立危险因素。结论术前Child分级和术中出血量是影响肝移植术后并发脑出血的独立危险因素，可采取相应措施以降低这一并发症发生的风险。     

肝移植术后并发脑出血危险因素的多元回归分析及对策

目的通过分析肝移植患者术后并发脑出血可能存在的危险因素,探讨相应的护理对策。方法选择确诊为肝移植术后并发脑出血患者12例作为脑出血组,按1∶4比例选择48例同期施行肝移植术但术后无并发脑出血患者作为对照组,对脑出血的相关因素进行单因素和Lo-gistic多元回归分析。结果术前入住ICU、Child分级、血红素、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、白蛋白、术中出血量、手术时间、术后APTT和血小板水平与肝移植术后脑出血之间存在关联;术前Child分级(P值=0.022)和术中出血量(P值=0.025)是脑出血的独立危险因素。结论术前Child分级和术中出血量是影响肝移植术后并发脑出血的独立危险因素,可采取相应措施以降低这一并发症发生的风险。     

影响肝移植术后多器官功能不全综合征患者预后因素分析

目的　对肝移植术后MODS患者的术前及术后各种因素进行分析 ,明确使其病死率上升的危险因素。方法　将 5 4例肝移植术后并发MODS患者分为存活组与死亡组 ,将 2组的APACHEⅢ评分、术前肝功能Child -pugh分级、血流动力学指标、血液和生化指标及术后机械通气时间进行比较。结果　 2组患者之间APACHEⅢ评分、术前肝功能Child -pugh分级、术后机械通气时间、血液和生化指标中血红蛋白浓度、红细胞压积、血浆白蛋白浓度、尿素氮、肌酐均具有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;而术后血流动力学指标包括平均动脉压、中心静脉压、肺动脉楔压及转氨酶、胆红素浓度之间无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　影响肝移植术后MODS患者预后的因素是多方面的 ,手术以外的多因素应得到重视 ,以期提高术后患者的存活率     

肝炎后肝硬化患者凝血功能的临床探讨

目的探讨肝炎后肝硬化患者凝血功能变化的临床诊断、分期价值。方法观察肝炎后肝硬化患者72例,31例慢性乙型肝炎患者作对照。测定凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）,并按Child—pugh肝功能分级。结果肝炎后肝硬化按Child—pugh肝功能分级PT、APTT、TT逐渐延长,FIB逐渐下降。结论肝炎后肝硬化凝血功能检测有助于肝功能分期、出血严重程度、疗效和预后的评价。     

肝癌切除患者术后并发症的原因分析及对策

目的分析肝癌切除术后影响并发症出现的危险因素。方法对110名肝癌切除患者术后出现的并发症进行回顾性总结,选取11个可能因素,分别进行单因素及logistics分析,分析各因素与术后并发症之间的关系。结果110例肝癌切除患者,术后出现并发症38例（34．5％）,对可能影响并发症的各因素行单因素统计分析,结果表明,术前HBV DNA水平、术前Child分级、前白蛋白水平、PT情况、肝门阻断与否、术中出血量等6个因素和术后出现并发症有显著相关,而年龄、性别、有无附加手术、有无基础疾病、BMI等因素则和术后出现主要并发症无明显相关。将上述单因素分析中与术后并发症显著相关的6个因素再进行logistic多因素回归分析,结果表明术前Child分级、前白蛋白水平、术中出血量是术后出现主要并发症的独立危险因素。结论肝癌手术的并发症情况主要受术前肝功能储备情况及术中出血量等因素影响。     

原位肝移植术中液体的管理

目的 分析影响原位肝移植术中补液的因素。方法 96例肝移植患者根据其术前肝功能不同分为晚期肝硬化组（ChildC级。50例）和非晚期肝硬化组（ChildA级或B级，46例）；非晚期肝硬化组根据术中出血量又分为A亚组（出血〈2000m1）和B亚组（出血≥2000m1）。监测手术前后血浆白蛋白与凝血功能变化，记录术中出血及输入血液制品情况。结果 晚期肝硬化组术前血浆凝血酶原时间（PT）和活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）均显著长于非晚期肝硬化组（P均〈O．05）；血小板和纤维蛋白原均显著低于非晚期肝硬化组（P均〈0．05）。术毕两组各指标差异均无显著性（P均〉0．05）。非晚期肝硬化组中A亚组术中输入各种血液制品量显著低于晚期肝硬化组（P均〈0．05）；B亚组术中输入各种血液制品量与晚期肝硬化组比较差异均无显著性（P均〉O．05）。结论 肝移植术中，肝硬化晚期或出血量大的患者需要补充更多的血液制品。     

探讨乙型肝炎肝硬化患者凝血功能变化与肝功能分级的关系

目的 探讨乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者凝血功能的变化及其与Child pugh肝功能分级的关系.方法 采用法国STAGO全自动凝血分析仅分别检测100例乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者的活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶时间(TT)和纤维蛋白原(FIB),并与30例对照组比较;同时比较肝硬化不同Child pugh分级状态下APTT、PT、TT、FIB的差异.结果肝硬化组与对照组比较,APTT、PT、TT明显延长,而FIB明显下降,差异显著(P<0.02);不同肝功能分级间检测结果显示:PT、APTT、TT明显延长,FIB逐渐下降;A、B、C级中的APTT、PT、TT、FIB值间均有显著差异(P<0.03).结论 肝硬化患者存在明显的凝血功能障碍,并与肝功能的损害程度密切相关.随着肝功能损害程度的加重,其凝血障碍越来越明显.     

肝移植术后患者早期有效循环监测分析及护理对策

目的 了解肝移植患者术后24 h内心率、血压及中心静脉压的变化规律,分析其影响因素,总结肝移植术后有效循环监测及护理措施,为规范肝移植术后护理程序提供依据.方法 采用多功能心电监护仪,记录147例肝移植患者术前、术后返回ICU及术后2,6,12,24 h等时间点心率、血压及中心静脉压,并进行统计分析.结果 肝移植患者术后24 h内的心率较术前明显加快(P<0.01);术后转入ICU后即刻血压较术前变化不大(P>0.05),术后2 h血压与术后入ICU时比较明显降低(P<0.01),到术后24 h有所回升;中心静脉压变化未见统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 肝移植患者术后循环波动较大,应加强肝移植患者术后循环监测,给予预见性护理.     

经典非转流肝移植术对肾功能损害的危险因素分析

目的 分析经典非转流肝移植术式导致术后早期肾功能损害的相关危险因素。方法 回顾性研究100例施行经典非转流原位肝移植病例的临床资料，根据术后是否出现急性肾功能衰竭分组，比较两组患者术前3种评分、肝和肾功能8项实验室指标以及术中10项病理、生理指标的变化，分析筛选出术后早期发生肾功能损害的危险因素。结果 单因素比较表明：两组间术前Child-Turcotte-Pugh（CTP）评分、终末期肝病模型（MELD）评分、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅲ（APACHE Ⅲ）、术程、无肝期时间、出血量、最低平均动脉压、低血压持续时间等差异均具有显著性。应用Logistic回归分析筛选后保留的危险因素包括CTP评分、无肝期时间、出血量和低血压持续时间。结论 经典非转流肝移植术后早期肾功能损害的危险因素包括CTP评分、无肝期时间、出血量和低血压持续时间。     

肝移植术后早期肺部感染的临床研究

目的了解肝移植术后早期肺部感染的发生率、危险因素，总结防治经验。方法回顾性分析31例肝移植患者临床资料。结果肝移植后早期肺部感染发生率为41．9％，其中革兰阴性杆菌感染占50％，革兰阳性菌和白念珠菌感染各占25％。感染组和非感染组在年龄、凝血酶原时间[（PT），国际标准化比率（INR）]、血肌酐（Cr）以及总胆红素（TBi）上差异均无统计学意义。术后早期肺部感染组Child积分、APACHEⅡ评分和终末期肝病模型（MELD）积分均显著高于非感染组。结论肝移植术后早期肺部感染发生率较高，革兰阴性杆菌是主要病原菌；患者术前营养状态、Child积分和MELD积分以及并发症与术后早期肺部感染密切相关。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.