动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血早期预后的多因素分析

目的 探讨影响动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者早期预后的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析苏州大学附属第一人民医院脑外科2007～2009年收治的152例颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床资料,分别对年龄、高血压、意识障碍史、Hunt-Hess分级、改良Fisher分级等23项危险因素进行单因素分析,并进行Logistic回归分析.结果 单因素分析显示,Hunt-Hess分级、改良Fisher分级、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、急性生理及慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)、简化急性生理学评分(SAPSⅡ)、脑血管痉挛、意识障碍史、高血压、年龄、白细胞计数、超敏C反应蛋白与预后有显著相关性(P<0.01或P<0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,改良Fisher分级[OR=19.51,95%可信区间(CI)1.84～206.73,P=0.014]、APACHEⅡ评分[OR=17.34,95%CI 2.53～119.06,P=0.004]、脑血管痉挛[OR=27.84,95%CI 2.17～357.19,P=0.001]进入回归方程.结论 改良Fisher分级、APACHEⅡ评分、脑血管痉挛是动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血早期预后不良的独立危险因素.     

血管内栓塞术和夹闭术治疗动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血临床观察

[目的]探讨血管内栓塞术和手术夹闭动脉瘤术治疗颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者的临床价值.[方法]选择2012年1月至2015年3月本院收治的94例动脉瘤性SAH患者作为研究对象,根据治疗方式的不同将其分为夹闭组(n=62)和栓塞组(n=32),观察并记录两组患者Hunt-Hess分级、Fisher分级患者例数,监护时间,住院时间,症状性CVS发作情况.[结果]栓塞组患者Fisher分级、Hunt-Hess分级例数所占比例经χ2检验比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);两组患者住院时间、监护时间、症状性CVS发生比例较夹闭组明显减少,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05).[结论]对于动脉瘤性SAH患者采用血管内栓塞术治疗较夹角术优越,在患者家属愿意及患者手术指征适合的情况下,建议优先采用血管内栓塞术治疗.     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血术后分流依赖性脑积水的危险因素分析

目的:分析动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血术后分流依赖性脑积水(shunt-dependent hydrocephalus,SDHC)的发生率,并探讨其发生的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析经血管内介入治疗和开颅夹闭手术治疗的108例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的资料。比较未发生SDHC(No-SDHC组)、发生SDHC(SDHC组)患者的人口统计学及临床特征,采用单因素、多因素logistic回归分析法分析SDHC发生的危险因素。结果:108例患者以女性为主(68例,63.0%),平均年龄为(59.6±8.9)岁,中位随访时间为63.0个月,随访期间SDHC发生率为30.6%(33例)。SDHC组Hunt-Hess分级4～5级、Fisher分级3～4级、急性脑积水及开颅夹闭手术比例均高于No-SDHC组(P0.01)。单因素分析表明,Hunt-Hess分级4～5级、Fisher分级3～4级、大脑中动脉瘤、合并急性脑积水、开颅夹闭手术治疗及无脑脊液引流是动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者术后发生SDHC的危险因素(P0.05)。多因素回归分析表明,Fisher分级3～4级(OR=6.406, 95%CI 1.800～22.799,P=0.004)及无脑脊液引流(OR=14.267, 95%CI 1.196～170.268,P=0.036)是SDHC发生的独立风险因素。结论:高级别Fisher分级(3～4级)及行无脑脊液引流的患者易发生SDHC,应加以关注。     

颅内动脉瘤手术预后的影响因素

影响颅内动脉瘤手术预后的因素多,其中再出血和脑血管痉挛是导致动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)患者病残死亡的最危险因素;Fisher分级能很好地预测迟发性脑血管痉挛的发生;Hunt-Hess分级是预测预后的最好指标;手术时机的选择是提高患者手术预后的关键所在;提高显微操作技能,防治各种并发症是改善预后的根本途径.     

破裂颅内动脉瘤患者介入治疗后早期预后的相关危险因素

目的:探讨影响颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,aSAH)患者介入治疗术后早期预后的相关因素.方法:回顾性分析广州市第一人民医院神经外科2005年1月至2010年12月血管内治疗的223例aSAH患者的临床特征及早期预后.SPSS13.0统计软件分析临床特征与预后的关系.结果:年龄、患者入院时Hunt-Hess分级、Fisher分级、WFNS分级、是否有血管痉挛、是否发生感染、高血压和糖尿病病史有统计学差异.Hunt-Hess分级、WFNS分级、Fisher分级和是否发生感染进入Logistic多因素方程.结论:本组病例中,Hunt-Hess分级、WFNS分级、Fisher分级、血管痉挛、是否发生感染是独立影响aSAH患者介入治疗术后早期预后的危险因素.     

炎症与Hunt-Hess Ⅳ～Ⅴ级动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后的相关性

目的探讨Hunt-HessⅣ~Ⅴ级动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后的影响因素。方法 Hunt-HessⅣ、Ⅴ级动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者49例,分析不同预后患者临床特征以及血液、脑脊液炎症相关指标的差异,并运用Logistic回归分析进行预后影响因素筛选。结果动脉瘤治疗方式、手术时机、Fisher分级、术后并发症等临床特征可能与患者预后相关(P0.05);不同预后患者住院第1、3、7天的白细胞计数比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);不同预后患者C反应蛋白(CRP)水平存在差异,但不随时间变化而变化;首次脑脊液总蛋白、IgG含量存在差异(P0.05);Logistic回归分析结果显示7天血白细胞计数、脑脊液IgG、3天CRP水平、治疗方式、Fisher分级、术后并发症可能影响了患者的预后(P0.05)。结论除治疗方式、Fisher分级、术后并发症等相关影响因素外,炎症反应可能与Hunt-HessⅣ~Ⅴ级动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的预后相关。     

急性心肌梗死溶栓再通后心力衰竭的危险因素

目的：探讨急性心肌梗死溶栓再通后住院期间发生心力衰竭的危险因素。方法选取我院住院的急性ST 段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)溶栓再通后的患者130例,根据住院期间是否发生心力衰竭,分为心力衰竭组31例和非心力衰竭组99例。比较两组患者一般临床特征、危险因素、血压、白细胞计数(WBC)、肌钙蛋白(cTnI)、生化指标、心肌梗死面积(MIA)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、B 型脑钠肽(BNP)等相关指标,分析 STEMI 患者溶栓再通后住院期间发生心力衰竭的因素。结果2组间年龄、糖尿病史、发病到血管再通时间、收缩压、前壁心肌梗死及广泛前壁心肌梗死比例、MIA、血糖、cTnI、WBC、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、LVEF、BNP 比较,差异具有统计学意义(P <0.05)。发病到血管再通时间延长(OR =4.402,95% CI =1.565~12.382)、收缩压升高(OR =1.095,95% CI =1.019~1.175)、高血糖(OR =2.132,95% CI =1.127~4.033)、高 cTnI(OR =1.352,95% CI =1.031~1.773)、GGT 升高(OR =1.182,95% CI =1.204~1.365)、高 MIA(OR =1.656,95% CI =1.162~2.360)是 STEMI 溶栓再通患者住院期间发生心力衰竭的危险因素。结论发病到血管再通时间延长、收缩压升高、高血糖、高 cTnI、GGT 升高及高MIA 是 STEMI 溶栓再通患者住院期间发生心力衰竭的危险因素。     

蛛网膜下腔出血早期应激性高血糖及超敏C反应蛋白的相关性研究

目的 通过对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)患者48 h内进行神经系统功能(Hunt-Hess)评分、血糖及超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)的分析,探讨三者之间的关系,从而达到早期评估患者病情严重程度的目的.方法 选取我院神经外科145例符合入选标准的动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者,入院后次日采用静脉血糖法测定空腹血糖,ELISA法测定血清hsCRP,Hunt-Hess五级评分法评估神经系统功能.结果 ①Hunt-Hess分级Ⅲ～Ⅴ级组较Ⅰ～Ⅱ级组的患者48 h内血糖水平明显升高,hsCRP水平明显升高;②Hunt-Hess分级Ⅲ～Ⅴ级组较Ⅰ ～Ⅱ级组的患者出现应激性高血糖的比例明显升高;③无论在无应激性高血糖组或应激性高血糖组,Hunt-Hess分级Ⅲ～Ⅴ级组较Ⅰ ～Ⅱ级组的hsCRP水平均明显升高,而无论在Hunt-Hess分级Ⅰ～ Ⅱ级组或Ⅲ～Ⅴ级组,应激性高血糖组与无应激性高血糖组的hsCRP水平差异均无统计学意义.结论 aSAH患者早期血糖升高及hsCRP水平升高均是病情严重程度的预测指标,而hsCRP水平与应激性高血糖无关.     

颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后发生脑血管痉挛的危险因素与预防措施研究

目的总结颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后发生脑血管痉挛的危险因素及预防脑血管痉挛的措施。方法将2010年8月至2016年5月期间所收治颅内动脉瘤患者作为研究对象,共110例。所有患者均经全脑血管造影检查确诊,采用颅内动脉瘤夹闭术治疗。对患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,统计发生脑血管痉挛的20例患者相关临床资料,根据年龄、性别、蛛网膜下腔出血次数、以及Fisher分级作为分组标准,计算不同组别脑血管痉挛的发生率差异。结果年龄≤50岁、蛛网膜下腔出血2次、Fisher分级Ⅱ级患者脑血管痉挛发生率分别为80.00%(16/20)、75.00%(15/20)、65.00%(13/20),均显著高于其他组别,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。年龄≤50岁、蛛网膜下腔出血2次、Fisher分级Ⅱ级与颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后发生脑血管痉挛有相关性(P0.05)。结论年龄≤50岁、蛛网膜下腔出血2次、Fisher分级Ⅱ级患者均为颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后脑血管痉挛事件发生的高危因素,需术前对患者风险程度、术后并发症危险性进行准确评估,加强围术期全面监测与护理,以达到预防脑血管痉挛事件发生的目的。     

延长睡眠时间与中风风险的荟萃分析

目的：分析延长睡眠时间与中风风险,对睡眠时间延长是否增加中风风险做出循证医学分析。方法检索 MEDLINE、PUBMED、EMBASE、WOS 1997~2015年相关文献,Jadad 评分评估所涉及研究的质量,剔除评分小于4分的研究,取得每项研究的睡眠时间与中风风险的相对风险度(RR )值及95%可信区间(95% CI ),STATA 11.0合并分析睡眠时间延长与中风风险的 RR 及 P 值,并通过分层(按性别、短暂延长睡眠时间、长时延长睡眠时间)进一步分析睡眠时间延长与中风的风险。结果延长睡眠时间(>8小时)中风总风险增高(RR =1.28,95% CI =1.22~1.35,P =0.00);短暂延长睡眠时间(8~10小时)中风风险增高(RR =1.15,95% CI =1.07~1.24,P =0.00);其中未分性别研究中风风险度增高(RR =1.12,95% CI =1.00~1.24,P =0.052);男性中风风险增高(RR =1.11,95% CI =0.95~1.29,P =0.198);女性中风风险增高(RR =1.24,95% CI =1.09~1.43,P =0.002)。长时间延长睡眠时间(≥10小时)中风风险增高(RR =1.41,95% CI =1.32~1.52,P =0.00);其中未分性别中风风险增高(RR =1.30,95% CI =1.17~1.45,P =0.00);男性中风风险增高(RR =1.46,95% CI =1.29~1.66,P =0.00);女性中风风险增高(RR =1.56,95% CI =1.36~1.78,P =0.00)。结论延长睡眠眠时间(>8小时)中风风险发生率明显增加。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.