原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全股静脉形态学研究近况

下肢静脉病是外科的常见病和多发病 ,其中原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全占有很高的比例[1～ 3 ] ,约 5 3 .0 2 %～ 69% ,其主要的病理特征是 ,在致病因素作用下静脉瓣膜失去单向开放的基本功能 ,静脉扩张、高压 ,久之出现浅静脉曲张、肿胀、皮炎及皮肤营养障碍 ,甚至溃疡形成 ,严重影响患者的生活质量和劳动能力。因此 ,下肢静脉疾病的预防与治疗日益受到重视。本文试就原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的形态学研究近况综述如下。一、原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的病因及临床表现原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全是Ｋｉｓｔ ｎｅｒ[4] 在 1980年提出的…     

应用聚四氟乙烯戴戒治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全

对124例144条下肢静脉曲张患者进行术中造影，发现原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全属2级以上逆流的49条肢体中，有27条（28余下肢）属于股浅静脉扩张造成的瓣膜相对关闭不全，我们对其施行聚四氟乙烯股浅静脉瓣膜戴戒水。经平均35．6个月的随访，总有效率为96．4％，疗效满意。这种术式与已往的大隐静脉戴戒术相比，具有两个优点：1．此材料剪裁及操作简单、精确；2．“戒”的包裹作用可靠且持久，不会发生退行性变化。     

原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全合并溃疡52例治疗体会

原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全常合并溃疡形成，较难愈合且易复发。我院自1995年对原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全合并小腿溃疡52例行溃疡创面局部处理加蝮蛇抗栓酶静滴，同时行股静脉带戒、大隐静脉高位结扎加剥脱，效果良好。     

下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的瓣膜外修复成形术

目的研究和评价利用瓣膜外修复成形术治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的疗效。方法对下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的２６例患者（３７条肢体）施以股静脉瓣膜外修复成形术。其中男１２例,女１４例;年龄１６～６９岁,平均年龄（５０８±１００）岁。所有肢体均施行股浅静脉第一对瓣膜外修复成形术,其中７条肢体加施股浅静脉第二对瓣膜外修复成形术,６条肢体加施股总静脉外瓣膜修复成形术。结果８１１％（３０／３７）的患肢静脉性跛行、酸胀、疼痛等症状消失,１８９％（７／３７）的患肢症状明显改善,所有肢体静脉曲张消失,７／９的肢体溃疡愈合。彩超复查除有４条肢体瓣膜功能不全Ⅰ～Ⅱ度外,其余肢体（８９２％）瓣膜功能恢复正常。结论深静脉外瓣膜修复成形术是治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全比较理想和有效的方法     

原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的发病机制和手术治疗

自1980年,Kistner首先提出“原发性深静脉瓣膜不全”(primary deep venous insufficiency,PDVI)这一新的疾病概念以来,不少学者从实验和临床方面进行了探索,各种新的治疗方法相继问世,取得了一定进展.本文就该疾病的有关问题综述如下.1 PDVI发病机制的探讨1.1 瓣膜学说 早在1941年,Luke报道1例下肢静脉瓣膜功能不全(deep venous insufficiency,DVI),并首先提出其病因可能与先天性发育不全有关.以后刊Plate发现一些与 DVI有相似临床表现及一定规律的家族发病史,患者子女的发病率为1/2;近年的研究又明确先天性静脉瓣膜关闭不全     

股浅静脉第一对瓣膜包窄术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全

目的:评估应用股浅静脉第一对瓣膜包窄术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的疗效.方法:对原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的55例患才施以股浅静脉第一对瓣膜包窄术,包窄材料选用聚四氟乙烯人造血管.结果:本组病人术后均随访4-14个月,术前临床症状缓争,疗效好,结论:股浅静脉第一对瓣膜包窄术治疗瓣膜轻,中度倒流的原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全,有坚实的理论基础,并有并发症少,操作简单,疗铲好等优点,值得推广.     

下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的外科治疗

下肢慢性静脉功能不全（chronic venous insufficiency,CVI）是常见的血管外科静脉病变.人们最早认识的是以大隐静脉曲张为代表的浅静脉功能不全.消除曲张浅静脉以打断浅静脉反流,达到降低静脉高压的目的是治疗CVI的基本原则.然而,人们发现许多接受了浅静脉手术的病例,静脉功能不全仍未能纠正.随着彩色多普勒超声技术的发展,使人们充分认识并证实了深静脉反流和功能不全在CVI发病中的作用.     

联合瓣膜替代成形术治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全

联合瓣膜替代成形术治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全赵刚侯宪典蔺桂恒何涛自从Ｋｉｓｔｎｅｒ［１］提出原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全以来，众多学者为该病的诊断和治疗作出了不懈的努力，创造出多种术式解决深静脉返流所引起的慢性下肢深静脉功能不全。近年来，我院采用静...     

间接瓣膜成形术治疗下肢原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全

报道采用自体大隐静脉片一期股浅静脉间接瓣膜成形术，治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全２０例的临床效果。１６例疗效显著，２例良好，１例静脉血栓形成，１例无效。详细介绍了手术方法。讨论了手术适应证，并对手术进行了评价。     

原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的围手术期护理

<正> 原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全是由于深静脉瓣膜不能对抗近侧血柱重力而导致静脉血液倒流,下肢静脉淤血和高压,以致使下肢缺血而营养不良,出现一系列临床症状。大多数患者表现为患肢静脉曲张,行走后自觉酸困或肿胀,或伴有足靴区皮     

Continuous ambulatory venous pressure for diagnosis of venous insufficiency. Preliminary report

We have found that the venous pressure slope during minimal exercise is a sensitive measurement of venous disease. This parameter differed greatly in our two study populations. Due to increased venous pressure, venous insufficiency syndrome patients have a greater volume of pooled blood, which results in smaller pressure changes with each muscle contraction. In patients with incompetent valves, blood flows in a retrograde fashion in the vein, which leads to a higher steady state minimal pressure and notably to a decreased venous pressure slope. Venous pressure slope is a particularly sensitive measurement and a good prognosticator of venous insufficiency syndrome before symptoms become disabling to the patient. Our data indicate a strong correlation between venous pressure slope and venographic results. In fact, patients with abnormal venographic results invariably have demonstrated venous pressure slopes in the abnormal range.     

Angioscopy-assisted valvuloplasty for primary deep venous valvular insufficiency

Primary deep venous valvular insufficiency causes reflux syndrome. Angioscopy permits the surgeon not only to ascertain that venous valves have not been destroyed but to perform external valvuloplasty under visual control with the valves under pressure. We have performed angioscopy-assisted venous valvuloplasty in three men (mean age 36 years; range 30 to 38 years) and one woman (age 58 years). All four patients had class 3 disease (SVS/ISCVS classification). Descending phlebograms showed grade 3 reflux in one patient and grade 4 reflux in three patients. In all patients angioscopy-assisted valvuloplasty of the superficial femoral vein was combined with wrapping with a segment of polytetrafluoroethylene prosthesis, stripping of incompetent superficial veins, and subfascial ligation of perforating veins. Mean follow-up was 12 months (range 6 to 17 months). In three patients ulcers healed and did not recur; in the remaining patient nearly complete healing was obtained after skin grafting. In all patients ambulatory venous blood pressure improved significantly and venous filling time returned to normal (> 15 seconds). At duplex ultrasonography and descending phlebography, no residual reflux was demonstrated. At final follow-up, all repaired valves were patent and competent. Our experience demonstrates that angioscopy-assisted venous valvuloplasty combines the accuracy of valvuloplasty by means of phlebotomy and the simplicity of external valvuloplasty and thus is preferred to either of these methods.     

Foot venous pressure measurement for evaluation of lower limb venous insufficiency

Purpose: Foot venous pressure measurement is considered to be useful for assessing lower limb venous insufficiency, because venous hypertension is the main factor predisposing to venous insufficiency. In this study, we investigated the utility of foot venous pressure measurement in the evaluation of venous insufficiency. Methods: A total of 148 limbs of 101 patients with venous insufficiency associated with varicose veins and treated over 5 years were studied. The measurements assessed were percentage decrease in foot venous pressure with manual calf compression (%drop), rate of increase in foot venous pressure during a 4-second period after release of compression (4SR%), and time to 50% recovery of foot venous pressure (RT50). Results: A higher incidence of skin changes (clinical, etiologic, anatomic, and pathophysiologic classification classes 4 to 6) caused by venous insufficiency was associated with %drop, 4SR%, and RT50 values. Skin changes were found in more than 50% of the limbs with a %drop less than 50%, 4SR% more than 50%, or RT50 less than 4 seconds. After tourniquets were applied to occlude the superficial veins, limbs with severe below-knee deep venous reflux (%drop 60.3 ± 14.6, 4SR% 36.7 ± 30.2, RT50 13.9 ± 14.7) showed significantly worse values than those with no reflux (%drop 79.9 ± 3.2, 4SR% 8.1 ± 3.1, RT50 48.9 ± 17.9) or with mild above-knee reflux (%drop 77.0 ± 5.0, 4SR% 7.1 ± 3.2, RT50 46.9 ± 26.7). After sclerotherapy or surgical treatment, including deep venous reconstruction for severe below-knee reflux, all limbs showed significant improvement in clinical manifestations and foot venous pressure values (%drop 68.1 ± 7.5 to 76.5 ± 5.8, 4SR% 33.1 ± 12.9 to 12.7 ± 7.6, RT50 7.5 ± 4.2 to 20.1 ± 6.5). Conclusion: Foot venous pressure measurements showed a good correlation with clinical severity and degree of venous reflux and were very useful for evaluating the outcome of therapy for venous insufficiency. (J Vasc Surg 1998;27:671-76.)     

Ascending cinevenography in chronic venous insufficiency: a comparison with ambulatory venous pressure measurements

Thirty-seven patients (49 limbs) with chronic venous insufficiency who were being considered for venous surgery were studied using a modified technique of ascending venography (Ascending cinevenography) and ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) measurements. AVP and ascending cinevenography results, in each patient, were assessed by a different investigator, each of whom was blind to the other result. The results of AVP measurements and ascending cinevenography were then compared. There is good correlation between AVP measurements and results of ascending cinevenography. Ascending cinevenography can be used instead of combined ascending and descending venography.     

腰鼓式股浅静脉环缩术治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全

目的 应用改良的腰鼓式浅静脉环缩术治疗原发性下肢静脉瓣膜功能不全,评价治疗效果.方法 对原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的25例患者(共29条下肢)进行股浅静脉瓣膜腰鼓式环缩手术.结果 25例(29条患肢)近期症状和体征全部或基本消失,24例(28条患肢)瓣膜功能恢复至Kistner 0～Ⅰ级,Ⅱ级1例,痊愈率96%(24/25),有效率100%(25/25).结论 腰鼓式股浅静脉瓣环缩术在缩窄扩张的股静脉同时,又可防止股静脉瓣窦部因静脉血的重力作用进一步扩张,是治疗深静脉瓣膜功能不全确切手段,结合术中造影可有效解决如何确定缩窄管径的大小及修复瓣膜的数目的 难题.     

Quantitative photoplethysmography in chronic venous insufficiency: a new method of noninvasive estimation of ambulatory venous pressure

We estimated ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) noninvasively with a new technique of quantitative photoplethysmography (PPG). Postural changes of hydrostatic pressure permitted in vivo calibration of the PPG. We recorded quantitative PPG and AVP in 14 normal subjects and 14 patients with postthrombotic chronic venous insufficiency. The results were contrasted with qualitative PPG recordings on 41 consecutive patients with chronic venous insufficiency. All but one of the latter patients demonstrated a decrement in skin blood content with exercise of the calf muscle, and shortened recovery time ws the only significant indicator of venous disease. Quantitative PPG correlated closely with AVP with respect to both estimated drop in superficial venous pressure (r = 0.97, P less than 0.001) and recovery time (r = 0.98, P less than 0.001). PPG estimates of intravenous pressure in normal and postthrombosis patients, 42 +/- 10 and 62 +/- 18 mm Hg, respectively, agreed with AVP measurements, 39 +/- 9 and 61 +/- 18 mm Hg, respectively. Quantitative PPG may prove to be an accurate estimate of AVP in patients with suspected chronic venous insufficiency.     

原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全手术方法的选择

目的观察不同手术方法治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的疗效。方法150例（240条肢体）经顺行静脉造影证实为原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的患者分为A、B、C3组，每组80条患肢。A组行股浅静脉瓣膜外戴戒术，B组行股浅静脉瓣膜外修补术，C组行胭静脉半腱肌-股二头肌肌襻代瓣膜术，3组均同时行大隐静脉高位结扎剥脱术加交通支结扎术。以CEAP临床分级与临床记分评价疗效。结果3组术后临床记分呈不同程度下降：A组中C2-C4者手术效果较好；B组中C2～C4者手术效果较好；C组中C2-C6者手术效果较好；A、B、C3组手术效果比较，对C2～C4者，3组无明显差异；对C5，者，B、C组无明显差异，但A组效果较差；对C6者，C组效果较好，但A、B组效果较差。结论原发性股浅静脉瓣膜功能不全的手术治疗，应依据深静脉瓣膜功能不全的程度决定手术方式。     

瓣膜包窄术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全47例分析

目的　研究应用股浅静脉瓣膜包窄术治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的临床效果 ,总结其手术体会。方法　自体阔筋膜片或人造血管片对 47例下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全患者施行股浅静脉第一对瓣膜包窄术。结果　 47例手术效果均满意 ,其症状完全或基本消失 ,近期随访无复发。结论　瓣膜包窄术治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全具有较好的疗效和实用性     

术中超声辅助下腔外瓣膜成形术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全

目的探讨术中超声辅助下腔外瓣膜成形术对原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全（PDVI）的治疗效果和应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院从2004年10月至2009年2月PDVI患者63例（74条肢体）,CEAP分级：C274条肢体,C317条肢体,C436条肢体,c513条肢体,C68条肢体。下肢顺行静脉造影提示深静脉返流Ⅱ～Ⅳ级,浅静脉迂曲扩张。在术中超声辅助下行腔外瓣膜成形术,同时行大隐静脉激光烧灼术及小腿交通静脉点状剥脱术。结果术后所有患者症状全部消失,下肢慢性溃疡者在2～4周愈合,色素沉着逐渐改善。术后6个月进行患肢VCSS评分,表明症状明显缓解,术后6个月复查彩超表明瓣膜成形处直径及返流时间与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,48例患者术后随访1～5年无复发。结论术中超声辅助下腔外瓣膜成形术治疗PDVI,方法客观,疗效确切。     

Intermediate-term results of angioscopy-assisted anterior valve sinus plication for primary deep venous insufficiency

AIM: The intermediate-term efficacy of angioscopy-assisted anterior valve sinus plication for primary deep venous insufficiency was evaluated. METHODS: Twelve limbs in 11 patients had class 4 or higher disease on the SVS/ISCVS classification. Descending venography revealed grade-3 or 4-reflux in all limbs. The limbs were treated with angioscopy-assisted anterior valve sinus plication of the highest valve of the superficial femoral vein. Clinical evaluation and air plethysmography were performed at the final follow-up. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 38.4 months with a range of 24 to 48 months. Postoperative descending venography revealed significant improvement of the reflux of the superficial femoral vein. At the final follow-up, all patients reported relief of subjective symptoms. The ulcers healed and did not recur in the single limb with class-6 disease, the ulcers did not recur in four class-5 limbs, and there was a distinct clinical improvement with resolution of skin changes in the seven class-4 limbs. The venous filling index measured by air plethysmography was in a normal range in 8 of the 12 limbs. CONCLUSIONS: Angioscopy-assisted anterior valve sinus plication may be a surgical technique that results in intermediate-term clinical and hemodynamic improvement in patients with primary deep venous insufficiency.