Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Campylobacter isolated from food-producing animals on farms (1999-2001): results from the Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Program

Nationwide monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolated from food-producing animals on farms was performed in Japan. A total of 468 Campylobacter isolates were obtained during the period from June 1999 to March 2001. Campylobacter species showed high frequencies of resistance to oxytetracycline and dihydrostreptomycin. The frequencies of resistance in Campylobacter coli to aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracycline and quinolones were higher than those in Campylobacter jejuni to the same drugs. All of the C. jejuni isolates were susceptible to macrolide antibiotics, whereas 48.4% of the C. coli isolates were resistant to macrolides. Resistance to fluoroquinolones was observed in C. jejuni isolates from broilers (12%) and layers (2.6%), indicating that the level of fluoroquinolone resistance in Japan could be ranked as low.     

Characterization of antimicrobial resistance patterns and class 1 integrons in Escherichia coli O26 isolated from humans and animals

Antimicrobial resistance patterns and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes and class 1 integrons in 35 Escherichia coli O26 isolated from humans and food-producing animals were evaluated. All isolates were resistant to cefaclor, cefalothin and sulfonamide and were susceptible to amikacin, gentamicin, cefmetazole, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and trimethoprim. Most isolates were resistant to aztreonam, ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin and kanamycin. All ampicillin- and streptomycin-resistant E. coli O26 carried ampC and strA-strB gene sequences, respectively. Florfenicol- and chloramphenicol-resistant isolates carried floR but not cmlA. Class1 integrons were identified in 14% of E. coli O26 isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the presence of multiple antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli O26 isolated from human and animal origins.     

Antibiotic susceptibilities of livestock isolates of leptospira

Leptospirosis is the most common zoonotic disease and is endemic worldwide. The antibiotic susceptibilities of Leptospira strains isolated from both humans and animals are poorly documented. This issue is particularly important for isolates from food-producing animals which are regularly exposed to antibiotic treatments. This study assessed the susceptibility of 35 leptospira strains isolated from food-producing animals of diverse geographical origins between 1936 and 2016 to the antimicrobial agents used most commonly in animals. A broth microdilution method was used to determine the susceptibilities of Leptospira strains isolated from livestock to 11 antibiotics. All isolates were susceptible to penicillin, amoxicillin, clavulanate, cephalexin, ceftriaxone, doxycycline, tetracycline, streptomycin, enrofloxacin and spectinomycin, but not polymyxin [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?≥?4?μg/L]. For tetracycline and doxycycline, the MIC was significantly higher for the recent isolates from Sardinia, Italy than for the other isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were also determined with 10- and 100-fold higher inocula. High inocula significantly diminished the antibacterial effect by at least 10-fold for enrofloxacin (MIC ≥256?μg/L), streptomycin (MIC ≥16?μg/L) and tetracycline (MIC ≥32?μg/L), suggesting selection of resistant strains for high inocula. These findings contribute to the assessment of whether certain antibiotics are potentially useful for the treatment of leptospirosis, and point out the risk of failure for some antibiotics during infection with a high inoculum in both animals and humans. This study strengthens the need to detect and prevent the emergence of antimicrobial resistance of this major emerging zoonotic pathogen.     

肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌耐药性变迁分析

目的了解临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对抗生素耐药性变迁。方法采用VITEK-32微生物全自动分析系统进行细菌鉴定和药敏检测。结果4年中肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的发生率呈逐年上升的趋势。2005年至2008年肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌ESBLs菌发生率分别为36．6％、40．6％、41．5％、41．0％;产ESBLs菌对三代头孢、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类和磺胺类交叉耐药,且呈逐年上升趋势。结论肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌的发生率呈逐年上升趋势,耐药率升高,临床应及时了解它们的耐药特点和变化,合理使用抗生素,有效控制ESBLs的传播。     

2014-2017年四川省儿童患者细菌耐药监测数据分析

目的 对2014-2017年四川省儿童患者(≤14岁)的主要病原菌及耐药性进行分析,为临床抗生素的合理使用提供依据。方法 2014-2017年四川省耐药监测网成员单位对儿童临床分离的病原菌进行鉴定,采用纸片扩散法或自动细菌鉴定系统测定细菌的耐药性,所有上报数据经WHONET5.6软件进行汇总、处理和分析。结果 2014-2017年,四川省儿童组革兰阳性菌分离率占前3位的分别为金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。革兰阴性菌中占前3位的细菌分别是大肠埃希菌、流感嗜血菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。分离的病原菌主要来自痰液,占70.6%~74.3%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌从21.5%上升到24.8%。耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌先升后降,2014年为69.4%,2015至2017年从81.7%降至78.2%,未检出对耐万古霉素、利奈唑胺的葡萄球菌属菌株。对耐万古霉素的粪肠球菌从0.9%降至0。非脑脊液分离的耐青霉素的肺炎链球菌检出率范围为1.1%~3.2%。耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌近3年呈下降趋势,从10.2%降至6.6%,略高于2014年6.1%;耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌的检出率从46.1%降至14.7%。耐亚胺培南大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别从0.4%升至1.1%,1.5%升至7.7%。头孢噻肟耐药大肠埃希菌从47.9%降至39.9%。耐氨苄西林流感嗜血菌从40.9%上升至69.4%。结论 近4年来,对耐亚胺培南的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌及耐氨苄西林流感嗜血菌都呈上升趋势,应加强临床抗生素合理应用的管理,减少或延缓耐药株的出现。     

Transferable antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from healthy Nigerian school children

Three hundred and ninety-six E. coli isolates obtained from apparently healthy school children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, were tested for their susceptibility to 11 different antibiotics. Of these, only gentamicin, cefotaxime and nalidixic acid were found to have significant in vitro activity against most of the isolates. The incidence of antibiotic resistances encountered varied between 24% for trimethoprim and 55.5% for the sulphonamide. It was further observed that 47.5% of the isolates were identified as being multiply resistant, since they were simultaneously resistant to at least three different antibiotics. The 86 trimethoprim-resistant isolates tested were found to be able to transfer this resistance trait together with resistance genes of to other antibiotics, into a plamidless strain of E. coli by conjugation. Seventy-seven of the trimethoprim-resistant isolates were also found to be classifiable into the types of dihydrofolate reductases responsible for the observed resistance on the basis of hybridization experiments. The results of this study indicate that there is a large reservoir of antibiotic resistances within the community, and that the resistance genes were easily transferable to other strains even without direct exposure to antibiotics.     

Multiple transmissible genes encoding fluoroquinolone and third-generation cephalosporin resistance co-located in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from food-producing animals in China

The aim of this study was to identify genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum β-lactams in non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) from food-producing animals in China. In total, 31 non-duplicate NTS were obtained from food-producing animals that were sick. Isolates were identified and serotyped and the genetic relatedness of the isolates was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of XbaI-digested chromosomal DNA. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute methodology. The presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and fluoroquinolone resistance genes was established by PCR and sequencing. Genes encoded on transmissible elements were identified by conjugation and transformation. Plasmids were typed by PCR-based replicon typing. The occurrence and diversity of numerous different transmissible genes conferring fluoroquinolone resistance [qnrA, qnrD, oqxA and aac(6′)-Ib-cr] and ESBLs (CTX-M-27 and CTX-M-14), and which co-resided in different isolates and serovars of Salmonella, were much higher than in European countries. Furthermore, different plasmids encoded fluoroquinolone resistance (ca. 6 kb) and β-lactam resistance (ca. 63 kb) and these co-resided in isolates with mutations in topoisomerase genes (gyrA and parC) giving very resistant Salmonella. The presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in food-producing animals in countries that export foodstuffs suggests that global transfer of antibiotic resistances from country to country on food is possible.     

2016—2018年河南省儿童医院细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解河南省儿童医院2016—2018年临床分离菌株的分布及常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,为儿科临床合理用药提供依据。方法 选择2016—2018年所有临床分离菌株,采用Phoenix 100微生物分析仪和纸片扩散法进行药敏实验,按照历年CLSI标准判读药敏结果,用WHONET5.6软件进行耐药性分析。 结果 2016—2018年共收集临床非重复分离株21404株,其中革兰阳性菌7772株,占36.3%,革兰阴性菌13632株,占63.7%。无菌体液标本共分离出致病菌2312株,排在前三位的细菌为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。 3105株非脑脊液分离的肺炎链球菌中青霉素不敏感率为0.5%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)平均检出率分别为34.2%和72.0%;MRSA和MRCNS对绝大多数测试抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MSCNS)。对万古霉素和利奈唑胺不敏感的葡萄球菌未检出。检出耐万古霉素屎肠球菌1株,未发现对万古霉素不敏感的粪肠球菌。流感嗜血菌β-内酰胺酶阳性率为53.7%,除了对复方磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率高于80.0%外,对大多数抗菌药物比较敏感。 2016—2018年大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)的检出率依次为70.4%、72.1%和66.6%,大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯仍高度敏感,3年来其对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率都低于10.0%。2016—2018年肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBL检出率依次为61.3%、75.6%和72.0%,对亚胺培南的耐药率为39.3%、32.7%和43.1%,对美罗培南的历年耐药率为40.4%、30.8%和43.2%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为22.8%和19.6%。鲍曼不动杆菌对美罗培南和亚胺培南的耐药率均为60.5%。结论 多重耐药细菌在儿童中的形势严峻,威胁着儿科临床的抗感染治疗,应加强耐药监测和采取行之有效的感染控制措施。     

2016—2018年河南省儿童医院细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解河南省儿童医院2016—2018年临床分离菌株的分布及常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,为儿科临床合理用药提供依据。方法 选择2016—2018年所有临床分离菌株,采用Phoenix 100微生物分析仪和纸片扩散法进行药敏实验,按照历年CLSI标准判读药敏结果,用WHONET5.6软件进行耐药性分析。 结果 2016—2018年共收集临床非重复分离株21404株,其中革兰阳性菌7772株,占36.3%,革兰阴性菌13632株,占63.7%。无菌体液标本共分离出致病菌2312株,排在前三位的细菌为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。 3105株非脑脊液分离的肺炎链球菌中青霉素不敏感率为0.5%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)平均检出率分别为34.2%和72.0%;MRSA和MRCNS对绝大多数测试抗菌药物的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MSCNS)。对万古霉素和利奈唑胺不敏感的葡萄球菌未检出。检出耐万古霉素屎肠球菌1株,未发现对万古霉素不敏感的粪肠球菌。流感嗜血菌β-内酰胺酶阳性率为53.7%,除了对复方磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率高于80.0%外,对大多数抗菌药物比较敏感。 2016—2018年大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)的检出率依次为70.4%、72.1%和66.6%,大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯仍高度敏感,3年来其对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率都低于10.0%。2016—2018年肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBL检出率依次为61.3%、75.6%和72.0%,对亚胺培南的耐药率为39.3%、32.7%和43.1%,对美罗培南的历年耐药率为40.4%、30.8%和43.2%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为22.8%和19.6%。鲍曼不动杆菌对美罗培南和亚胺培南的耐药率均为60.5%。结论     

2012年某市第一医院细菌分布和耐药分析

目的调查2012年我院临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性。方法采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行抗菌药物敏感试验,以WHONET5.4软件进行数据分析。结果 791株临床分离菌中,革兰阳性球菌293株,占37%,革兰阴性杆菌498株,占63%,前3位病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。MRSA在ICU、内科和外科的检出率分别为29%、18%和23%;MRSE检出率分别为32%、21%和26%,未检出对糖肽类抗生素耐药葡萄球菌属。产ESBLS大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属分别为48%和43%,铜绿假单胞菌耐亚胺培南的菌株占38.4%。结论临床常见病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌约占2/3,碳青霉烯类抗生素对肠杆菌科细菌保持最高活性。细菌耐药性呈上升趋势,特别是多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌较往年有显著的增加,应引起重视。     

医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌临床分布及其耐药性的分析

目的：讨论医院产ESBLs （超广谱β-内酰胺酶）大肠埃希菌临床分布情况,并对其进行耐药性分析,为临床医师合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法：以某院2012年1月-2015年1月各个临床科室送检的标本中分离724株大肠埃希菌作为研究对象,采用表型确证试验检测ESBLs,并分析其分布及耐药性情况。结果：某院自2012年1月-2015年1月共检出724株大肠埃希菌;感染部位以分泌物来源最为常见,分布的主要科室是呼吸科（含ICU）、普外科及肾内科。共分离得到产ESBLs菌株248株（34.3%）;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对美罗培南以及亚胺培南均无耐药性,而对于其他抗菌药物,其耐药率则均明显高于不产ESBLs大肠埃希菌。结论：产ESBLs大肠埃希菌具有较强的耐药性,临床应加强对其耐药性及感染率的监测。     

Antibiotic sensitivity of enteric pathogens in Vietnam

The in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of 675 common enteropathogenic isolates from faecal specimens of patients with diarrhea (E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella and V. cholerae), and 568 E. coli isolates from faecal flora of healthy persons, which were collected as part of a National antibiotic resistance surveillance in Vietnam, were determined. The agar dilution method was used for the following nine antibiotics: ampicillin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, kanamycin, trimethoprim, trimethoprim in combination with sulfamethoxazole (1/20), and sulfisomidin. Gentamicin was the most active of the antibiotics tested against all bacterial species with MICs in the range 0.125-4 mg/l. All strains were susceptible to nalidixic acid (0.125-8 mg/l) and more than 90% were susceptible to kanamycin. Among E. coli and Shigella isolates from patients the frequencies of resistance to commonly used antibiotics were high: ampicillin 73% and 84%, doxycycline 83% and 94%, chloramphenicol 71% and 91%, sulfisomidin 82% and 92%, respectively. Resistance to trimethoprin, as well as to the combination with sulfamethoxazole was found in 21% and 23%, respectively. The frequencies of multiple resistance (resistance to three or more antibiotics) were also high (77% and 89%, respectively). Less than 10% of Salmonellae and V. cholerae isolates were resistant to ampicillin, sulfisomidin or trimethoprim. Among E. coli from healthy people the frequencies of resistance were lower than in isolates from patients: ampicillin 23%, doxycycline 40%, chloramphenicol 21% and sulfisomidin 34%. However, the same patterns of multiple resistance were found in both groups.     

Multi-resistance to antimicrobial agents for the ten most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens

Cross-resistance and multi-resistance to selected antibiotics was determined for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Amikacin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae often showed cross-resistance to ss-lactam antibiotics. Only 1% of the Escherichia coli isolates showed resistance to more than four antibiotics from a set of seven. This rate was higher for other Enterobacteriaceae and there were high levels of cross-resistance for P. aeruginosa. The cross-resistance of oxacillin with other antibiotics is well known in staphylococci. Penicillin-resistant pneumococcal isolates were cross-resistant to macrolides. Cross-resistance was only a minor problem in H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. Cross- and multi-resistance are important problems for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria but not for fastidious bacteria with the exception of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae.     

High levels of multidrug resistance in clinical isolates of Gram-negative pathogens from Nigeria

In Nigeria, quinolones and β-lactam antibiotics are widely used to treat bacterial infections. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of resistance to these drugs and to determine the mechanisms of resistance to these agents. In total, 134 non-duplicate, Gram-negative enteric isolates of 13 species from different hospitals were investigated for susceptibility to a panel of antibiotics, carriage of plasmid-mediated quinolone and β-lactam resistance genes, production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), and mutations within topoisomerase genes. The level of resistance to all antibiotics tested was extremely high, with minimum inhibitory concentrations for 90% of the organisms (MIC(90) values) of ≥ 256 μg/mL for all drugs. Of the 134 isolates, 92 had mutations within the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA or within gyrA and parC. In addition, the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes qnrA, qnrB, aac(6')-Ib-cr and qepA were identified. The qnrD allele, which has previously only been found in Salmonella isolates from China, was identified in two Proteus isolates and one Pseudomonas isolate. Of the 134 isolates, 23 (17.2%) carried aac(6')-Ib-cr, 11 (8.2%) carried a qnr variant and 5 (3.7%) were positive for qepA. Twenty-eight isolates (20.9%) produced ESBL variants, with a CTX-M variant being carried by 25 isolates (18.7%). In addition, six isolates (4.5%) carried ampC variants [ACT-1 (1 isolate), DHA-1 (4 isolates) and CMY-2 (1 isolate)]. This study demonstrates a very high level of multidrug resistance amongst Gram-negative enteric bacilli isolated from different sites from patients in Nigerian hospitals as well as the presence of a variety of plasmid-associated resistance genes, including some identified from Africa for the first time.     

Prevalence and determinants of antibiotic resistance in faecal Escherichia coli among unselected patients attending general practitioners in Southwest Germany

PURPOSE: Widespread use of antibiotics is thought to be the main reason for the world-wide increase in antibiotic resistance. Although a great majority of antibiotics are prescribed outside hospitals, little is known about the prevalence and determinants of antibiotic resistance in the general population. METHODS: Escherichia coli (E. coli) was cultured from and minimal inhibitory concentrations against six commonly prescribed antibiotic substances were tested in 750 stool samples of 484 unselected, consecutive outpatients aged 40-74 years attending general practitioners. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between potential risk factors and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance were estimated using generalised estimating equations. RESULTS: Prevalence of E. coli resistance against ampicillin, doxycycline, cotrimoxazole or quinolones was 24%. Current antibiotic use was strongly associated with antibiotic resistance, adjusted OR: 11.1, 95% CI: 2.3-53, but antibiotic resistance was unaffected by antibiotic use stopped weeks before. Recent hospitalisations were the only other significant predictor of an increased prevalence of resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The strong association between current use of antibiotics and colonisation with antibiotic resistant E. coli suggests a major role for selection of resistant strains while using antibiotics that seem to be quickly reversible, though.     

我院2009-2011年大肠埃希菌感染的耐药性分析

目的了解我院2009-2011年大肠埃希菌的分离情况及耐药性变化趋势,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法收集2009-2011年临床分离的大肠埃希菌1 045株,对其药敏结果进行统计、分析。结果 1 045株大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物均产生不同的耐药性,对氨苄西林、复方新诺明、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛、哌拉西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦耐药率较高,3年平均耐药率均>50%;对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物亚胺培南敏感率为100%;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌的检出率分别为5.3%、5.2%、12.8%。结论大肠埃希菌耐药性基本稳定,临床医师应根据药敏试验结果有针对性地合理选用抗菌药物,以提高疗效,并减少耐药菌株产生。     

大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌耐药分析

目的了解院内致病菌的耐药及变迁情况,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法对医院2005—2006年从各类临床标本中分离出的大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌作回顾性分析和统计。结果共分离致病菌1850株,其中大肠埃希菌308株(占16.6%),金黄色葡萄球菌208株(11.2%);药物敏感试验结果显示,所分离大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌对常用抗菌药物耐药性呈上升趋势。结论分离菌株耐药现象普遍存在,临床应重视病原学检查,开展细菌耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物。     

Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates obtained from animals, foods and humans in Spain.

Antibiotic resistance was investigated in 474 Escherichia coli isolates recovered from animal faeces (broilers, pigs, pets, bulls and horses), human faeces (patients and healthy volunteers) and food products of animal origin. E. coli isolates (3260) recovered from human significant infectious samples were also included. There was a high frequency of nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin resistance in E. coli isolates from broilers (88, 38 and 40%, respectively), and from foods (53, 13 and 17%). High levels of resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline have been found in E. coli isolates from broilers, pigs and foods. These data raise important questions about the potential impact of antibiotic use in animals and the possible entry of resistant pathogens into the food chain.     

2014-2016年邯郸市中心医院细菌耐药性监测结果分析

目的 了解2014-2016年邯郸市中心医院临床所分离细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法 收集2014年1月1日-2016年12月31日邯郸市中心医院临床所分离的细菌,只分析同一患者同一部位的第一株菌。采用Vitek2-Compact和珠海美华MA120进行鉴定,药敏试验方法采用MIC和KB法,并采用WHONET 5.6软件进行统计分析。结果 邯郸市中心医院2014-2016年分离的菌株分别为3237、4484和4778株,共12499株细菌,其中革兰阴性菌8780株,占70.2%,革兰阳性菌3719株占29.8%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率分别为38.38%和65.07%。屎肠球菌对绝大多数所测抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌,葡萄球菌属和肠球菌属中均未发现万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药的菌株。肺炎链球菌以非脑脊液来源为主,成人多于儿童,且儿童分离株对青霉素均敏感,成人分离株青霉素耐药率为1.2%。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)的检出率分别为49.4%和28.3%,对碳青霉烯类药物耐药率分别为1.8%和4.4%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为20.3%和13.6%,鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为63.8%和63.7%。结论 3年间细菌耐药性发生了变化,医生应该依据药敏监测结果合理选择抗菌药物。     

我院2010-2012年肠杆菌科细菌耐药性研究

目的：了解某儿童医院2010-2012年临床分离的肠杆菌科菌群分布及其耐药性。方法：收集2010-2012年该院临床分离的肠杆菌科细菌2494株,对其药敏试验结果进行统计、分析。结果：2494株肠杆菌科菌株中,分离最多的是肺炎克雷伯菌1069株（42．9％）,其次是大肠埃希菌1044株（41．9％）和阴沟肠杆菌134株（5．4％）。肠杆菌科细菌对常用抗菌药物均有不同程度耐药,对哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟的耐药率较低（〈27．7％）,对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率最低（〈1．3％）。结论：肠杆菌科细菌对多数抗菌药物有不同程度的耐药,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物最为敏感。定期进行耐药性监测有助于了解医院细菌耐药性变迁,为临床经验用药提供依据。