缺血后处理对脑缺血大鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的研究缺血后处理(IP)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后的学习和记忆能力的影响,探讨各组大鼠脑缺血再灌注后海马CA1区β淀粉样蛋白前体(APP)表达。方法将48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组、对照组和缺血后处理组(IP组),每组16只大鼠。术后用Morris水迷宫方法测定大鼠认知记忆能力变化。3组大鼠脑组织切片行HE染色和APP染色,并行统计学分析。结果 Morris水迷宫试验显示,对照组大鼠训练第1~4天逃避潜伏期长于IP组(P 0. 01);跨越原平台次数IP组明显多于对照组(P 0. 05)。HE染色结果显示,对照组大鼠海马CA1区神经元细胞脱失明显,而IP可减轻这种形态学改变。免疫组化结果显示,在脑缺血再灌注144 h后对照组中APP表达明显高于假手术组(P 0. 01); IP组海马CA1区APP表达较对照组减少(P 0. 05)。结论缺血后处理可通过抑制APP的表达改善缺血再灌注后大鼠的记忆减退。     

亚低温抑制大鼠弥漫性脑损伤后细胞凋亡的研究

目的探讨大鼠不同程度弥漫性脑损伤后脑组织的凋亡变化过程及亚低温治疗对脑细胞凋亡的抑制作用.方法采用大鼠Marmarou颅脑创伤装置制作弥漫性脑损伤模型,然后将128只Wistar大鼠分为未损伤组(对照组)、重度损伤组、轻度损伤组和亚低温治疗组.通过电子显微镜、组织切片原位末端标记DNA片段(TUNEL染色)、琼脂糖凝胶电泳(DNA Ladder法)等方法,观察和比较不同程度脑损伤后,大鼠脑皮层及海马区凋亡细胞的形态、特点和数量.结果(1)损伤后24～48 h,皮层及海马区可见大量细胞皱缩、核碎裂、核不规则等细胞凋亡现象,48 h较24 h更为严重;亚低温治疗后24～48 h,电子显微镜观察皮层及海马区未见细胞皱缩、核碎裂等细胞凋亡现象.(2)TUNEL染色结果显示,随着损伤程度的加重凋亡明显加重,损伤后48 h达高峰,然后逐渐下降.轻度损伤组细胞凋亡主要限于海马CA2和CA3区;重度脑损伤组细胞凋亡涉及整个海马结构,同时还广泛累及额顶区皮质.损伤后第24、48、72 h,皮层及海马区的凋亡细胞数量较同期未治疗组明显减少.(3)重度损伤后48 h,海马和皮层区细胞琼脂糖电泳可见典型的DNA梯状带,其他时间未见梯状带.亚低温治疗组、轻度脑损伤组及未损伤组亦未见梯状带.结论轻度弥漫性脑损伤后,脑细胞凋亡多发生于海马CA2和CA3区;重度脑损伤后皮层及海马区细胞可发生广泛凋亡.细胞凋亡随着损伤程度的加重而加重,高峰位于伤后第2 d.亚低温治疗可有效地抑制大鼠弥漫性脑损伤后的细胞凋亡.     

γ-氨基丁酸对慢性脑缺血致血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的观察γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）对慢性脑缺血致血管性痴呆（VD）大鼠学习记忆能力及海马CA1区神经元形态学的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、GABA组,采用双侧颈总动脉永久性结扎法建立VD模型。GABA组术后腹腔注射GABA0.5g.kg-1.d-1,连续注射60d;用Morris水迷宫实验检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力;Nissl染色观察大鼠海马CA1区神经元形态学变化。结果 GABA能明显改善VD大鼠学习记忆能力,也能减轻海马CA1区神经元损伤。结论 GABA能改善慢性脑缺血致VD大鼠的学习记忆能力,减轻海马神经元损伤可能是其机制之一。     

姜黄素对Aβ诱导的AD大鼠海马CRMP-2表达的影响

目的探讨姜黄素对Aβ诱导的老年痴呆大鼠认知功能和海马CRMP-2的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、AD对照组和姜黄素给药组。Aβ1-40微量注射至大鼠右侧海马制作AD大鼠模型。Morris水迷宫试验测定大鼠学习记忆能力。RT-PCR检测海马内CRMP-2mRNA的表达,Western blotting方法检测海马内CRMP-2和p-CRMP-2蛋白表达,免疫组织化学方法检测海马内轴突蛋白表达。结果姜黄素干预后AD大鼠空间学习记忆能力明显改善(P<0.05)。与空白对照组相比,AD对照组大鼠海马区CRMP-2表达显著降低(P<0.05),轴突蛋白NFP-200阳性纤维排列紊乱,不规则,纤维数目显著减少(P<0.05);而在姜黄素组大鼠海马区可见CRMP-2表达升高,p-CRMP-2表达降低,而轴突蛋白表达明显增加(P<0.01)。结论姜黄素能够改善Aβ1-40诱导的AD模型大鼠空间学习记忆障碍,其机制可能与姜黄素提高CRMP-2的表达并抑制CRMP-2的磷酸化从而促进轴突再生有关。     

皮质发育障碍大鼠模型学习记忆行为和海马长时程增强的研究

目的:研究皮质发育障碍(DCD)大鼠模型空间学习记忆及离体海马长时程增强(LTP)变化,探讨DCD大鼠模型认知功能损伤的机制.方法:建立DCD大鼠模型,采用Morris水迷宫实验对DCD大鼠模型和正常对照组进行空间学习、记忆的行为学检测,应用膜片钳技术研究DCD大鼠模型海马脑片CA1区LTP的改变.结果:Morris水...     

氯化锂-匹罗卡品致痫大鼠海马EphA5及ephrinA3的表达及意义

目的探讨颞叶癫痫发作后海马EphA5及ephrinA3基因的表达变化和轴突出芽的关系。方法建立氯化锂-匹罗卡品颞叶癫痫大鼠模型,利用原位杂交方法检测致痫后12h、24h、7d、15d、30d、60d海马CA3区、CA1区EphA5及ephrinA3 mRNA的表达,快速Golgi染色观察CA1区的轴突出芽。结果致痫后,EphA5 mRNA在CA3区表达下调,ephrinA3 mRNA在CA1区表达下调,均在7d降至最低点,与对照组相比差异有显著意义(P<0.01),此后逐渐回升,但15d时仍低于对照组(P<0.05),在30d和60d与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。快速Golgi染色显示,对照组大鼠CA1区轴突走行正常,匹罗卡品致大鼠SE后7dCA1区锥体细胞层出现显著增多的轴突染色。结论CA3区的EphA5和CA1区的ephrinA3的表达下调可能与CA1区的轴突出芽、突触重建有关。     

雌激素对血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆功能及海马IGF-1表达的影响

目的探讨雌激素对血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆功能及海马CA1区胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)表达的影响。方法 30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和雌激素组,每组10只。采用双侧颈总动脉结扎法制备VD大鼠模型;雌激素组腹腔注射17-β雌二醇(花生油溶解)1mg/kg,同时假手术组和模型组腹腔注射等量的花生油,均为隔日1次,共30次。60d后,用Morris水迷宫测定各组大鼠进行学习和记忆功能,HE染色观察大脑海马CA1区神经细胞形态学变化,免疫组化染色检测其IGF-1阳性神经细胞数目的表达。结果假手术组海马CA1区未见明显的病理变化,模型组细胞数和神经元层次明显减少,雌激素组偶见小的软化灶,细胞数和形态接近假手术组组;与假手术组相比,模型组及雌激素组认知能力明显下降,海马CA1区IGF-1表达增加(P均0.05);与模型组比较,雌激素组认知能力改善,海马CA1区IGF-1表达明显增加(P均0.05)。结论 17-β雌二醇对VD大鼠脑组织损伤及学习记忆功能减退有明显的改善作用,这可能与增加大鼠海马IGF-1的含量有关。     

头孢曲松对大鼠弥漫性轴索损伤后细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨头孢曲松对大鼠弥漫性轴索损伤后海马CA1区神经元凋亡的影响。方法选择雄性Wistar大鼠120只,随机分为药物干预组(n=36):制作弥漫性轴索损伤模型,于制作模型后即刻给予头孢曲松200 mg·kg-1。假手术组(n=36):仅行头皮切开缝合处理,给予等量生理盐水腹腔注射。脑损伤组(n=36):制作弥漫性轴索损伤模型,给予等量生理盐水腹腔注射。正常对照组(n=12):不给予任何干预措施。采用免疫组化技术检测干预后12、24和36h时相海马CA1区凋亡蛋白酶激活因子-1(Apaf-1)蛋白的表达水平。结果脑损伤组和药物干预组大鼠海马CA1区Apaf-1蛋白表达水平均于12 h开始增加,24 h达高峰,此后逐渐下降。药物干预组大鼠海马CA1区Apaf-1蛋白表达水平在各个时相点均低于脑损伤组,均差异有统计学意义。结论弥漫性轴索损伤可引起大鼠海马CA1区神经元凋亡,头孢曲松可改善凋亡的发生、发展。     

亚低温抑制大鼠弥漫性脑损伤后细胞凋亡的研究

目的：探讨大鼠不同程度弥漫性脑损伤后脑组织的凋亡变化过程及亚低温治疗对脑细胞凋亡的抑制作用。方法：采用大鼠Marmarou颅脑创伤装置制作弥漫性脑损伤模型,然后将128只Wistar大鼠分为未损伤组（对照组）、重度损伤组、轻度损伤组和亚低温治疗组。通过电子显微镜、组织切片原位末端标记DNA片段（TUNEL染色）、琼脂糖凝胶电泳（DNA Ladder法）等方法,观察和比较不同程度脑损伤后,大鼠脑皮层及海马区凋亡细胞的形态、特点和数量。结果：（1）损伤后24-48h,皮层及海马区可见大量细胞皱缩、核碎裂、核不规则等细胞凋亡现象,48h较24h更为严重;亚低温治疗后24-48h,电子显微镜观察皮层及海马区未见细胞皱缩、核碎裂等细胞凋亡现象。（2）TUNEL染色结果显示,随着损伤程度的加重凋亡明显加重,损伤后48h达高峰,然后逐渐下降。轻度损伤组细胞凋亡主要限于海马CA2和CA3区;重度脑损伤组细胞凋亡涉及整个海马结构,同时还广泛累及额顶区皮质。损伤后第24、48、72h,皮层及海马区的凋亡细胞数量较同期未治疗组明显减少。（3）重度损伤后48h,海马和皮层区细胞琼脂糖电泳可见典型的DNA梯状带,其他时间未见梯状带。亚低温治疗组、轻度脑损伤组及未损伤组亦未见梯状带。结论：轻度弥漫性脑损伤后,脑细胞凋亡多发生于海马CA2和CA3区;重度脑损伤后皮层及海马区细胞可发生广泛凋亡。细胞调亡随着损伤程度的加重而加重,高峰位于伤后第2d。亚低温治疗可有效地抑制大鼠弥漫性脑损伤的细胞凋亡。     

脑室注射痴呆大鼠海马胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达与学习记忆能力的关系

目的探讨星形胶质细胞在老年性痴呆大鼠海马中的表达与老年性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力减退的关系。方法雄性SD大鼠20只,随机分为痴呆组与假手术组;用Morris水迷宫检测大鼠的学习、记忆能力;用免疫组化技术定量检测大鼠海马CA1区胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达;分析海马星形胶质细胞变化与学习、记忆能力的关系。结果假手术组海马CA1区锥体细胞排列紧密有序,细胞核大而圆、染色浅、核仁明显、未见明显胞浆浓染、核固缩等神经元变性受损征象。而痴呆大鼠海马CA1锥体神经细胞排列疏松、数目减少、细胞形态异常,许多细胞出现体积缩小、核浓染、核固缩;痴呆鼠海马CA1区GFAP阳性细胞数目明显增多,胞体肥大,突起增粗、变长现象明显,而假手术组海马CA1区仅见少量GFAP阳性细胞,突起较少、短,染色较淡。计数和测量海马CA1区GFAP阳性细胞数目、总面积、平均光密度,痴呆组与假手术组相比均明显增加,有显著意义(P<0.05);水迷宫测试显示痴呆组大鼠隐藏平台获得时间比假手术组明显延长,空间探索时间明显缩短,具有显著意义(P<0.05);显示痴呆组大鼠学习记忆能力与假手术组比较均明显下降;将痴呆大鼠学习成绩与海马CA1区GFAP表达数目之间进行相关分析,两者间存在负相关关系,认为星形胶质细胞参与了学习记忆过程。结论提示海马星形胶质细胞的过度表达可能影响痴呆大鼠的学习记忆能力。     

Evaluation of learning and memory dysfunction and histological findings in rats with chronic stage contusion and diffuse axonal injury

We previously reported a modified fluid percussion device capable of consistently producing experimental cortical contusion (CC) and diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in separate groups of rats by lateral and midline fluid percussion, respectively. The purpose of the present study was to compare the differences in learning acquisition and memory retention impairments between these two types of injured rats in the chronic stage using the Morris water maze technique. We also compared the histological differences between these two different types of traumatic brain injury. The results showed a statistically significant difference in learning acquisition impairment between the sham and CC rats and also between the sham and DAI rats. However, a significant difference in memory retention impairment was observed only between the sham and DAI rats. Histologically, the neuronal cell loss of CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus was observed on the ipsilateral side in the CC and bilaterally in DAI. The neuronal cell loss was seen in bilateral entorhinal cortex layer II in DAI, but it was not seen in CC. From these results, we speculate that the marked cell loss in the hippocampus CA3 region in both CC and DAI rats was related to the impairment of spatial learning acquisition. The marked cell loss in entorhinal cortex layer II in DAI rats may be one of the important factors in the impairment of spatial memory retention.     

亚低温条件下弥漫性脑损伤海马区凋亡蛋白酶激活因子1蛋白的表达

The influence of mild hypothermia on neural cell apoptosis remains poorly understood. Therefore, the present study established rat models of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) at 33 ℃. Morris water maze results demonstrated significantly better learning and memory functions in DAI rats with hypothermia compared with DAI rats with normothermia. Expression of apoptotic protease activating factor-1 in the hippocampal CA1 region was significantly lower in the DAI hypothermia group compared with the DAI normothermia group. Expression of apoptotic protease activating factor-1 positively correlated with latency, but negatively correlated with platform location times and time of swimming in the quadrant area. Results suggested that post-traumatic mild hypothermia in a rat model of DAI could provide cerebral protection by attenuating expression of apoptotic protease activating factor-1.     

非典型弥漫性轴索损伤的磁共振诊断：液体衰减反转恢复序列和氢质子磁共振波谱较常规MRI更有价值？

目的 探讨磁共振特殊技术,液体衰减反转恢复序列（Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery, FLAIR）和氢质子MR波谱（1H-MR spectroscopy,1HMRS）在非典型弥漫性轴索损伤（diffuse axonal injury,DAI）临床诊断上的价值。 方法 搜集我科2002年10月至2008年1月收治的58例符合本研究纳入标准的颅脑外伤病例,根据诊断标准将全部病例分为DAI组和非典型DAI组,进行FLAIR和1HMRS检查,再随机选择20名健康成年人作为对照组。观察FLAIR对DAI组及非典型DAI组病例的诊断能力;利用1HMRS比较DAI组和非典型DAI组胼胝体膝部、压部和基底节N-乙酰天门冬氨酸/肌酸和磷酸肌酸（NAA/Cr）、胆碱复合物/肌酸和磷酸肌酸（Cho/Cr）、肌醇/肌酸和磷酸肌酸（mINs/Cr）以及谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺/肌酸和磷酸肌酸（Glx/Cr）等指标的差异。 结果 较之常规MRI,FLAIR对轴索病灶的发现能力明显提高,非典型DAI组的病灶分布及形态和DAI组类似,两者不同在于非典型DAI组分布于间脑以下水平的病灶明显少于DAI组。DAI组、非典型DAI组和对照组的NAA/Cr与Cho/Cr在胼胝体膝部、压部和基底节部位均具有显著差异,mINs/Cr和 Glx/Cr在胼胝体膝部和压部有显著差异;和对照组及非典型DAI组相比,DAI组于胼胝体膝部、压部和基底节有NAA/Cr降低和Cho/Cr升高,于胼胝体膝部和压部有mINs/Cr和 Glx/Cr升高;和对照组相比,非典型DAI组于胼胝体膝部和压部有NAA/Cr降低和Cho/Cr升高,于胼胝体膝部有mINs/Cr升高,但变化程度均比DAI组低。结论 非典型DAI组不仅有和DAI组类似的病灶分布和形态,还在胼胝体部位有与DAI组类似的伤后生化代谢改变,区别在于损伤波及范围和严重程度的不同。笔者认为,DAI不仅是重型脑伤的一种,它也存在于轻中型脑伤中,磁共振特殊技术在非典型DAI诊断上有很大价值。     

Myelinated and unmyelinated axons of the corpus callosum differ in vulnerability and functional recovery following traumatic brain injury

Traumatic axonal injury (TAI), a common feature of traumatic brain injury, is associated with postinjury morbidity and mortality. However, TAI is not uniformly expressed in all axonal populations, with fiber caliber and anatomical location influencing specific TAI pathology. To study differential axonal vulnerability to brain injury, axonal excitability and integrity were assessed in the corpus callosum following fluid percussion injury in the rat. In brain slice electrophysiological recordings, compound action potentials (CAPs) were evoked in the corpus callosum, and injury effects were quantified separately for CAP waveform components generated by myelinated axons (N1 wave) and by unmyelinated axons (N2 wave). Ultrastructural analyses were also conducted of TAI-induced morphological changes in these axonal populations. The two populations of axons differed in response to brain injury, and in their functional recovery, during the first week postinjury. Amplitudes of N1 and N2 were significantly depressed at 3 h, 1 day, and 3 days survival. N1 amplitudes exhibited a recovery to control levels by 7 days postinjury. In contrast, N2 amplitudes were persistently suppressed through 7 days postinjury. Strength-duration properties of evoked CAPs further differentiated the effects of injury in these axonal populations, with N2 exhibiting an elevated strength-duration time constant postinjury. Ultrastructural observations revealed degeneration of myelinated axons consistent with diffuse injury sequelae, as well as previously undocumented pathology within the unmyelinated fiber population. Collectively, these findings demonstrate differential vulnerabilities of axons to brain injury and suggest that damage to unmyelinated fibers may play a significant role in morbidity associated with brain injury.     

The occurrence of diffuse axonal injury in the brain：associated with the accumulation and clearance of myelin debris

The accumulation of myelin debris may be a major contributor to the inlfammatory response after diffuse axonal injury. In this study, we examined the accumulation and clearance of myelin debris in a rat model of diffuse axonal injury. Oil Red O staining was performed on sections from the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and brain stem to identify the myelin debris. Seven days after diffuse axonal injury, many Oil Red O-stained particles were observed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and brain stem. In the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, the amount of myelin debris peaked at 14 days after injury, and decreased signiifcantly at 28 days. In the brain stem, the amount of myelin debris peaked at 7 days after injury, and decreased signiifcantly at 14 and 28 days. In the cortex and hippocampus, some myelin debris could still be observed at 28 days after diffuse axonal injury. Our ifndings suggest that myelin debris may persist in the rat central ner-vous system after diffuse axonal injury, which would hinder recovery.     

弥漫性轴索损伤后早期磁共振弥散张量成像与工作记忆障碍的相关性研究

目的探讨磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)对弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI)导致工作记忆障碍早期诊断及预后评估的价值。方法分别对10例DAI患者(DAI组)和10例健康志愿者(正常对照组)行DTI检查,并对两组DTI图像的钩束、皮质脊髓束、胼胝体和扣带回感兴趣区的部分各向异性(FA)值进行比较分析。DAI后6个月对患者与健康志愿者行认知量表评估,并行对比分析;另外将DAI组FA值与其认知量表评分行直线相关分析。结果与对照组相比,DAI患者4个感兴趣区的FA值显著降低(P<0.05),恢复期总体认知能力略降低,但无统计学意义(P>0.05),而工作记忆功能却显著降低(P<0.05)。DAI患者中的钩束和皮质脊髓束的FA值与工作记忆功能呈正相关(r分别为0.898和0.797,P<0.05);胼胝体和扣带回FA值与工作记忆功能无明显相关性(r分别为0.432和0.387,P>0.05)。结论 DTI技术可为DAI导致的工作记忆障碍早期诊断和预后评估提供依据。     

The expression and changes of heat shock protein 70, MDA and haemorheology in rat cortex after diffuse axonal injury with secondary insults.

In the present study the role of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression, changes of malonyldialdehyde (MDA) in rat cortex and haemorheology with time after diffuse axonal injury (DAI) only and DAI with secondary insults (SI) were studied. The rat DAI and DAI with SI model were made according to our previous work and animals were divided into a control and another five injury groups with time after injury. Immunohistochemical assay was used to detect the neuronal expression of HSP70 at 0.5h, 3h, 12h, 24h, 72h after DAI or DAI with SI. In the meantime, the high (etah ) and low whole blood viscosity (etaL ), haematocrit (HCT) and RBC aggregation index (AI = etaL/etah ) were also detected and calculated. MDA in the homogenised brain tissue was assayed by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction. The results showed that HSP70 positive neurons were not detected at 30 minutes, but the number of HSP70 positive neurons begin to increase obviously at 3 hours, reach a peak at 24 hours (P< 0.01), and decrease at 72 hours (P= 0.05) after brain injury. The trend of expression of HSP70 was alike for both DAI only or DAI with SI. Meanwhile, MDA, etah, etaL, HCT and AI changes showed the same tendency. Compared with DAI only group, MDA and blood viscosity indexes in DAI with SI were significantly higher at respective time points (P< 0.01). It is concluded that HSP70 expression, MDA and haemorheology indices increased after brain injury and brain injury with SI. Free radicals and haemorheological changes play an important role in the aggravation of brain damage and HSP70 expression upregulation.     

Gross morphology and morphometric sequelae in the hippocampus, fornix, and corpus callosum of patients with severe non-missile traumatic brain injury without macroscopically detectable lesions: a T1 weighted MRI study

OBJECTIVE: The gross morphology and morphometry of the hippocampus, fornix, and corpus callosum in patients with severe non-missile traumatic brain injury (nmTBI) without obvious neuroradiological lesions was examined and the volumes of these structures were correlated with performance on memory tests. In addition, the predictability of the length of coma from the selected anatomical volumes was examined. METHOD: High spatial resolution T1 weighted MRI scans of the brain (1 mm3) and neuropsychological evaluations with standardised tests were performed at least 3 months after trauma in 19 patients. RESULTS: In comparison with control subjects matched in terms of gender and age, volume reduction in the hippocampus, fornix, and corpus callosum of the nmTBI patients was quantitatively significant. The length of coma correlated with the volume reduction in the corpus callosum. Immediate free recall of word lists correlated with the volume of the fornix and the corpus callosum. Delayed recall of word lists and immediate recall of the Rey figure both correlated with the volume of the fornix. Delayed recall of the Rey figure correlated with the volume of the fornix and the right hippocampus. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that in severe nmTBI without obvious neuroradiological lesions there is a clear hippocampal, fornix, and callosal volume reduction. The length of coma predicts the callosal volume reduction, which could be considered a marker of the severity of axonal loss. A few memory test scores correlated with the volumes of the selected anatomical structures. This relationship with memory performance may reflect the diffuse nature of the damage, leading to the disruption of neural circuits at multiple levels and the progressive neural degeneration occurring in TBI.     

DWI及SWI序列对弥漫性轴索损伤的诊断价值

目的探讨弥散加权（DWI）和磁敏感加权（SWI）序列在脑弥漫性轴索损伤（DAI）中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析17例经临床和影像证实的急性DAI患者的MRI资料,包括常规T1WI、T2WI、液体衰减反转恢复（FLAIR）序列以及DWI和SWI序列,分别比较各序列对DAI非出血性和出血性病灶的检出数目,并分析其分布特点和信号特征。结果DAI病灶主要分布在白质、皮髓交界区、基底节、胼胝体、脑干及小脑等区域。DWI对非出血性DAI病灶的检出率最高,与其它序列的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。而SWI对出血性DAI病灶的检出率最高,与其它序列的差异也均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论DWI和SWI序列联合应用大大提高DAI病灶的检出率,为临床早期诊断提供更加可靠的影像学依据,应作为MRI检查DAI的常规和首选序列。     

CPG15在大鼠脑弥漫性轴索损伤中的表达及意义

目的探讨大鼠脑弥漫性轴索损伤（diffuse axonal injury，DAI）中不同时间点脑额叶皮层组织中候选可塑性相关基因15（candidate plasticity related gene 15，CPG15）的表达及意义。方法雄性SD大鼠54只，随机分为正常对照组18只和DAI组36只；采用头颅侧向旋转致伤方法制作DAI模型，并按伤后大鼠处死时间分为第1d、4d、7d、10d、14d、21d组，每组6只。用免疫组化方法检测大鼠脑额叶皮层CPG15的表达，并分析其表达变化特点。CPG阳性结果判断标准以细胞浆内出现棕黄染色颗粒为阳性，反之为阴性。结果正常对照大鼠额叶皮质中无CPG15的表达；DAI后，CPG15表达于神经元细胞的胞浆内。DAI后1d，大鼠大脑皮层仅见少量CPG15表达；DAI后4d、7d、10dCPG15表达逐渐增强，至14d达到峰值；损伤后第21d仍维持在较高水平。DAI后不同时间，神经元数量逐渐增多。结论DAI后，随着脑内CPG15表达增强，神经元数量也逐渐增多，提示二者存在正相关；本文对有关机理进行了讨论。