The social contagion hypothesis: comment on ‘Social contagion theory: examining dynamic social networks and human behavior’

I reflect on the statistical methods of the Christakis–Fowler studies on network‐based contagion of traits by checking the sensitivity of these kinds of results to various alternate specifications and generative mechanisms. Despite the honest efforts of all involved, I remain pessimistic about establishing whether binary health outcomes or product adoptions are contagious if the evidence comes from simultaneously observed data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Social networks, social support, health and HIV-positive gay men

The present pilot study explored the experiences of social support on the part of a number of HIV-positive gay men. It drew upon the growing body of literature that highlights links between social support, and the health and well-being of people with chronic illnesses. In particular, it drew upon the way in which social network analysis can be used to illustrate patterns of both emotional support and instrumental support. The study informants were 30 HIV-positive gay men who were recruited through community support organisations which they accessed at the time of the study. The findings highlighted patterns of support among members of this marginalised community. At a time when access to treatment is extending the life expectancy of people infected with HIV and when, in the UK at least, there are major changes in the funding of HIV services, this paper raises pertinent questions about the impact of social support on people suffering from this illness and about the development of appropriate services.     

Social networks of HIV-positive women and their association with social support and depression symptoms

Social support is important to the mental health and well-being of HIV-positive women. Limited information exists about the specific structure and composition of HIV-positive women’s support networks or associations of these network properties with mental health outcomes. In this pilot study, the authors examine whether support network characteristics were associated with depressive symptoms. Survey and network data were collected from HIV-positive women (N = 46) via a web-based survey and an iPad application in August 2012. Data were analyzed using multivariate linear regression models in SAS. Depressive symptoms were positively associated with a greater number of doctors in a woman’s network; having more HIV-positive network members was associated with less symptom reporting. Women who reported more individuals who could care for them had more family support. Those who reported feeling loved were less likely to report disclosure stigma. This work highlighted that detailed social network data can increase our understanding of social support so as to identify interventions to support the mental health of HIV-positive women. Most significant is the ongoing need for support from peers.     

Sexual networks: the integration of social and genetic data

New methods for studying sexual networks are presented, drawing upon routine procedures followed in genitourinary medicine clinics in the UK for tracing partners and identifying strains of infection. The routine social procedures were developed to incorporate a structured interview. The routine microbiological diagnosis of gonorrhoea was augmented by phenotyping and the development of new genetic techniques for the fine discrimination of gonococcal strains (opa-typing). Selected results from a study in Sheffield, UK show that each method has limitations, when conducted separately, but these are minimised when the methods are combined. Moreover, the use of simple and routine methods of data collection resolve issues of scale and sample that have beset other network studies, as they provide a means of covering a larger and defined population. Popular concepts about these methods are discussed in the conclusion. The integrated approach employed in our research raises questions both about social methods, 'of people who lie, particularly when they talk about sex', and about microbiological methods, 'of genes that tell the truth' and bypass what people say and think altogether. We argue that these stereotypes are misleading insofar as they suggest that genetic techniques can substitute for the social, and we suggest that even the finest discrimination of organisms at the genetic level will never obviate the need for their interpretation in the light of social data.     

Social networks, social support, personal empowerment, and the adaptation of psychiatric consumers/survivors: Path analytic models

In this paper, we examine the relationships between social network characteristics, personal empowerment, social support, and adaptation of psychiatric consumer/survivors. Using path model analyses, we found that: (1) personal empowerment had statistically significant direct effects on positive affect, meaningful activity, and negative affect; (2) positive social support mediated the relationship between the proportion of women in consumer/survivors' networks and positive affect and meaningful activity; and (3) negative social interaction mediated the relationship between consumer/survivors' gender and negative affect. The results point out the importance of gender effects in social support processes, the differential association between type of social interaction (positive vs negative) and adaptation indices (positive vs negative), and the importance of personal empowerment for consumer/survivors' adaptation. We discuss the findings in terms of their implications for further research and community-based housing programmes for psychiatric consumer/survivors.     

Enhancing social networks: a qualitative study of health and social care practice in UK mental health services

People with severe mental health problems such as psychosis have access to less social capital, defined as resources within social networks, than members of the general population. However, a lack of theoretically and empirically informed models hampers the development of social interventions which seek to enhance an individual's social networks. This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study, which used ethnographic field methods in six sites in England to investigate how workers helped people recovering from psychosis to enhance their social networks. This study drew upon practice wisdom and lived experience to provide data for intervention modelling. Data were collected from 73 practitioners and 51 people who used their services in two phases. Data were selected and coded using a grounded theory approach to depict the key themes that appeared to underpin the generation of social capital within networks. Findings are presented in four over‐arching themes – worker skills, attitudes and roles; connecting people processes; role of the agency; and barriers to network development. The sub‐themes which were identified included worker attitudes; person‐centred approach; equality of worker–individual relationship; goal setting; creating new networks and relationships; engagement through activities; practical support; existing relationships; the individual taking responsibility; identifying and overcoming barriers; and moving on. Themes were consistent with recovery models used within mental health services and will provide the basis for the development of an intervention model to enhance individuals’ access to social capital within networks.     

Longitudinal analysis of large social networks: estimating the effect of health traits on changes in friendship ties

We develop novel mixed effects models to examine the role of health traits on the status of peoples' close friendship nominations in the Framingham Heart Study. The health traits considered are both mutable (body mass index (BMI), smoking, blood pressure, body proportion, muscularity, and depression) and, for comparison, basically immutable (height, birth order, personality type, only child, and handedness); and the traits have varying degrees of observability. We test the hypotheses that existing ties (i.e. close friendship nominations) are more likely to dissolve between people with dissimilar (mutable and observable) health traits whereas new ties are more likely to form between those with similar (mutable and observable) traits while controlling for persons' age, gender, geographic separation, and education. The mixed effects models contain random effects for both the nominator (ego) and nominated (alter) persons in a tie to account for the fact that people were involved in multiple relationships and contributed observations at multiple exams. Results for BMI support the hypotheses that people of similar BMI are less likely to dissolve existing ties and more likely to form ties, while smoker to non-smoker ties were the least likely to dissolve and smoker to smoker ties were the most likely to form. We also validated previously known findings regarding homophily on age and gender, and found evidence that homophily also depends upon geographic separation.     

Effect of social networks and well‐being on acute care needs

The effect of social surroundings has been noted as an important component of the well‐being of elderly people. A strong social network and strong and steady relationships are necessary for coping when illness or functional limitations occur in later life. Vulnerability can affect well‐being and functioning particularly when sudden life changes occur. The objective of this study was to analyse how the determinants of social well‐being affect individual acute care needs when sudden life changes occur. Empirical evidence was collected using a cross‐sectional mail survey in Finland in January 2011 among individuals aged 55–79 years. The age‐stratified random sample covered 3000 individuals, and the eventual response rate was 56% (1680). Complete responses were received from 1282 respondents (42.7%). The study focuses on the compactness of social networks, social disability, the stability of social relationships and the fear of loneliness as well as how these factors influence acute care needs. The measurement was based on a latent factor structure, and the key concepts were measured using two ordinal items. The results of the structural model suggest that the need for care is directly affected by social disability and the fear of loneliness. In addition, social disability is a determinant of the fear of loneliness and therefore plays an important role if sudden life changes occur. The compactness of social networks decreases social disability and partly diminishes the fear of loneliness and therefore has an indirect effect on the need for care. The stability of social relationships was influenced by the social networks and disability, but was an insignificant predictor of care needs. To conclude, social networks and well‐being can decrease care needs, and supportive actions should be targeted to avoid loneliness and social isolation so that the informal network could be applied as an aspect of care‐giving when acute life changes occur.     

Social medicine,feminism and the politics of population: From transnational knowledge networks to national social movements in Brazil and Mexico

ABSTRACT

This article examines the role of national actors articulated with an explicitly counter-hegemonic transnational knowledge network (TKN) mobilising around social medicine in policy debates on population control and family planning. It focuses primarily on Brazil, using Mexico as a shadow case to highlight salient points of contrast. In doing so, it makes two contributions to larger debates about TKNs. First, it highlights the plural and contested nature of the knowledge production they enact, underscoring contestation around a global reproductive regime that consolidated around family planning. Second, it underscores how the position and relative influence of actors articulated with TKNs is shaped by political and institutional contexts at the national level, producing variable opportunities for the mobilisation of applied knowledge. Reflecting its advocates’ embeddedness in larger opposition movements to authoritarian states, social medicine had a greater influence on these debates in Brazil, where synergies with a resurgent feminist movement reinforced a shared insistence on comprehensive women’s healthcare and increased the salience of sterilisation abuse on the political agenda.     

Sexual health promotion in Chennai, India: key role of communication among social networks

Communication about sex and sexual health is an important facilitator in gaining accurate knowledge about prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and promotion of sexual health. Understanding how and with whom communication about sex occurs and the nature of the information exchanged is valuable in designing sexual risk prevention interventions. In this study of low-income communities residents in Chennai, India, our aim was to understand the composition of personal communication networks, the nature of information related to sex and sexual health that is exchanged in these networks and the value of communication among members of these networks. We conducted in-depth open-ended interviews using a structured interview guide with 43 individuals. We also conducted 12 focus group discussions. Individuals were selected using snowball sampling. Our results indicate that information about sex and sexual health is exchanged within and between four groups: married women, married men, unmarried men and unmarried women. Communication leads to an expansion of sexual networks among unmarried men and treatment seeking behaviour for STDs in all groups. Unmarried men offer immense potential for intervention given the range of topics related to sex and sexual health that are discussed and the risky sexual behaviours practiced. Spousal communication about sexual behaviour or sexual health is minimal and shifting norms for prevention would be difficult. Interventions identifying communication networks and influencing the natural communication patterns in these networks may be a viable HIV prevention strategy in the study area.     

Fostering the healthcare workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: Shared leadership,social capital,and contagion among health professionals

Health professionals managing patients with COVID-19 disease are at high risk of contagion. All medical personnel involved in caring for patients need coordination, knowledge and trust. Empirical work on human resources has tended to focus on the effects of human resource practices on performance, whereas leadership and social interactions have been overlooked. Based upon interviews with medical staff working in specialised medical units, this study uses the social capital theory to examine relationships among shared leadership, social capital, and contagion rates. First, shared leadership was found to positively affect COVID-19 contagion among health professionals. Second, by sharing information and a common language, and showing high levels of trust, namely social capital, medical units seem to reduce contagion rates of COVID-19. In other words, shared leadership plays a fundamental role in improving performance in healthcare by means of social capital.     

Social medicine and international expert networks in Latin America, 1930–1945

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the international networks that influenced ideas and policy in social medicine in the 1930s and 1940s in Latin America, focusing on institutional networks organised by the League of Nations Health Organization, the International Labour Organization, and the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau. After examining the architecture of these networks, this paper traces their influence on social and health policy in two policy domains: social security and nutrition. Closer scrutiny of a series of international conferences and local media accounts of them reveals that international networks were not just ‘conveyor belts’ for policy ideas from the industrialised countries of the US and Europe into Latin America; rather, there was often contentious debate over the relevance and appropriateness of health and social policy models in the Latin American context. Recognition of difference between Latin America and the global economic core regions was a key impetus for seeking ‘national solutions to national problems’ in countries like Argentina and Chile, even as integration into these networks provided progressive doctors, scientists, and other intellectuals important international support for local political reforms.     

中职生新型毒品使用及使用倾向与计划行为理论和社会学习理论相关要素关系

目的 了解中职生新型毒品使用和使用倾向,探讨其与计划行为理论(TPB)及社会学习理论(SLT)相关要素的关系。方法 于2013年9-10月,采用判断抽样方法对湖北省武汉市3所代表性中职学校共2032名在校学生进行匿名问卷调查。结果 新型毒品使用率为1.82%,新型毒品使用倾向率为4.77%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,新型毒品使用影响因素为高拒绝技能(OR=0.873)、反对毒品态度(OR=0.813)、父母反对态度(OR=0.058)、获得毒品容易(OR=6.683)、朋友吸毒比例<50%(OR=4.860)、朋友吸毒比例≥50%(OR=12.113)、家族成员吸毒比例<50%(OR=3.537)。新型毒品使用倾向影响因素为高拒绝技能(OR=0.928)、反对毒品态度(OR=0.914)、朋友反对态度(OR=0.468)、朋友吸毒比例<50%(OR=2.296)、朋友吸毒比例≥50%(OR=3.147)、家族成员吸毒比例<50%(OR=2.643)。结论 中职生新型毒品使用率和使用倾向率一般,计划行为理论要素与社会学习理论要素对新型毒品使用及使用倾向有重要影响,但影响并非完全独立。     

Who's there and who cares: age as an indicator of social support networks for caregivers among people living with motor neurone disease

This paper explores the social support networks available to the informal carers of people living with motor neurone disease (MND). An ethnographic case study was undertaken using eco mapping, observation and conversational interviews to collect data from 18 primary carers of people living with MND. Interviews took place in participants' homes in metropolitan, regional and rural locations. Participants discussed the content of their support network and drew lines between individuals to indicate the type and strength of relationship. Changes to the network were depicted on eco maps during subsequent interviews. While health policy-makers assume that healthy social capital exists in Australian communities and that social cohesion will ensure active and available support networks in times of illness or disability, data from this exploratory study indicated that this was not consistently the case. Support networks varied in size and composition; however, age was identified as a discriminator of the availability and consistency of support. People in older age groups identified more diverse but consistent support systems while people in younger age groups reported more fluctuations in the strength of relationships and declines in support as caregiving became more demanding. Individual assessment of support networks at regular intervals in the caregiving trajectory is vital for all carers. However carers in younger age groups may need specific support to manage the psychological crises that occur and more access to paid care. Older carers may need consistent support to handle more of the instrumental aspects of care and assistance to mobilise their support networks. Community workers should be alert to the possible need for crisis intervention when tensions in relationships threaten carers' ability to provide effective care.     

Social networks and health in later life: a state of the literature

Late life is a period frequently marked by decline in personal health and heightened need for social support. Consequently, the social networks in which individuals are embedded assume an increasingly central role in the health and wellbeing of older adults. In the present article, I review the state of the literature on social networks and health in later life. By drawing on insights from the sociology of ageing and the life course, I address new developments and current challenges within the field. Chief among these developments and challenges is the recognition that the ageing process does not occur in a vacuum. Rather, individuals are consistently exposed to numerous changes to their social lives which have strong implications for current and future health outcomes. Upon highlighting the latest innovations within the field of networks and health, I conclude with useful directions for future research.     

Life in and after the Armed Forces: social networks and mental health in the UK military

This study focuses on the influence of structural aspects of social integration (social networks and social participation outside work) on mental health (common mental disorders (CMD), that is, depression and anxiety symptoms, post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and alcohol misuse). This study examines differences in levels of social integration and associations between social integration and mental health among service leavers and personnel still in service. Data were collected from regular serving personnel (n = 6511) and regular service leavers (n = 1753), from a representative cohort study of the Armed Forces in the UK. We found that service leavers reported less social participation outside work and a general disengagement with military social contacts in comparison to serving personnel. Service leavers were more likely to report CMD and PTSD symptoms. The increased risk of CMD but not PTSD symptoms, was partially accounted for by the reduced levels of social integration among the service leavers. Maintaining social networks in which most members are still in the military is associated with alcohol misuse for both groups, but it is related to CMD and PTSD symptoms for service leavers only.