Intracortical bone porosity is a key microstructural parameter that determines bone mechanical properties. While clinical MRI visualizes the cortical bone with a signal void, ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI can acquire high signal from cortical bone, thus enabling quantitative assessments. Magnetization transfer (MT) imaging combined with UTE‐MRI can indirectly assess protons in the bone collagenous matrix, which are inversely related to porosity. This study aimed to examine UTE‐MT MRI techniques to evaluate intracortical bone porosity. Eighteen human cortical bone specimens from the tibial and fibular midshafts were scanned using UTE‐MT sequences on a clinical 3 T MRI scanner and on a high‐resolution micro‐computed tomography (μCT) scanner. A series of MT pulse saturation powers (500°, 1000°, 1500°) and frequency offsets (2, 5, 10, 20, 50 kHz) were used to measure the macromolecular fraction (MMF) and macromolecular T2 (T2MM) using a two‐pool MT model. The measurements were made on 136 different regions of interest (ROIs). ROIs were selected at three cortical bone layers (from endosteum to periosteum) and four anatomical sites (anterior, mid‐medial, mid‐lateral, and posterior) to provide a wide range of porosity. MMF showed moderate to strong correlations with intracortical bone porosity (R = ?0.67 to ?0.73, p < 0.01) and bone mineral density (BMD) (R = +0.46 to +0.70, p < 0.01). Comparing the average MMF between cortical bone layers revealed a significant increase from the endosteum towards the periosteum. Such a pattern was in agreement with porosity reduction and BMD increase towards the periosteum. These results suggest that the two‐pool UTE‐MT technique can potentially serve as a novel and accurate tool to assess intracortical bone porosity. 相似文献
Measurement of the cerebral blood flow (CBF) with whole‐brain coverage is challenging in terms of both acquisition and quantitative analysis. In order to fit arterial spin labeling‐based perfusion kinetic curves, an empirical three‐parameter model which characterizes the effective impulse response function (IRF) is introduced, which allows the determination of CBF, the arterial transit time (ATT) and T1,eff. The accuracy and precision of the proposed model were compared with those of more complicated models with four or five parameters through Monte Carlo simulations. Pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling images were acquired on a clinical 3‐T scanner in 10 normal volunteers using a three‐dimensional multi‐shot gradient and spin echo scheme at multiple post‐labeling delays to sample the kinetic curves. Voxel‐wise fitting was performed using the three‐parameter model and other models that contain two, four or five unknown parameters. For the two‐parameter model, T1,eff values close to tissue and blood were assumed separately. Standard statistical analysis was conducted to compare these fitting models in various brain regions. The fitted results indicated that: (i) the estimated CBF values using the two‐parameter model show appreciable dependence on the assumed T1,eff values; (ii) the proposed three‐parameter model achieves the optimal balance between the goodness of fit and model complexity when compared among the models with explicit IRF fitting; (iii) both the two‐parameter model using fixed blood T1 values for T1,eff and the three‐parameter model provide reasonable fitting results. Using the proposed three‐parameter model, the estimated CBF (46 ± 14 mL/100 g/min) and ATT (1.4 ± 0.3 s) values averaged from different brain regions are close to the literature reports; the estimated T1,eff values (1.9 ± 0.4 s) are higher than the tissue T1 values, possibly reflecting a contribution from the microvascular arterial blood compartment. 相似文献
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are intracellular proteins with pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory actions, playing an important role in the pathogenesis of Behcet's disease (BD). Diagnosis of BD uveitis in early stages is still problematic, thus this study was undertaken to determine diagnostic values of serum HSP‐ and anti‐HSP‐70 in BD uveitis. Serum levels of HSP‐ and anti‐HSP‐70 were measured in 53 patients with BD (26 with and 27 without uveitis). In control group, 25 age‐ and sex‐matched idiopathic uveitis patients were enrolled consecutively. Both groups had no medical problems save uveitis at the time of sampling. Confounders like medications were analysed subsequently. HSP‐ and anti‐HSP‐70 values were measured by commercial ELISA kits. Data were analysed by spss 11.5 and medcalc 11.5.1 software. The Mean HSP‐70 serum levels were different among aforementioned subgroups (P = 0.001, anova ). They were elevated in BD uveitis compared with BD without uveitis (4.84 ± 4.21 versus 2.24 ± 2.08 ng/ml; P = 0.045). HSP‐70 in sera of BD uveitis was also higher than that parameter in patients with idiopathic uveitis (4.84 ± 4.21 versus 2.37 ± 3.30 ng/ml; P = 0.001; cut‐off point value 1.0 9 ng/ml, 95% CI 0.61–0.86, P = 0.0002, ß = 0.06). However, there was not any statistical difference among those groups in the serum anti‐HSP‐70 levels (P = 0.63, anova ). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that among different confounders, only prednisolone increases and BD uveitis decreases HSP‐70 levels independently. This prospective cross‐sectional study suggested that HSP‐70 serum level is impressed over the course of BD uveitis, and it could be utilized to diagnose or predict developing it. 相似文献
Aim: To examine the effects of low‐volume muscle endurance training on muscle oxidative capacity, endurance and strength of the forearm muscle during 21‐day forearm immobilization (IMM‐21d). Methods: The non‐dominant arm (n = 15) was immobilized for 21 days with a cast and assigned to an immobilization‐only group (Imm‐group; n = 7) or an immobilization with training group (Imm+Tr‐group; n = 8). Training comprised dynamic handgrip exercise at 30% of pre‐intervention maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) at 1 Hz until exhaustion, twice a week during the immobilization period. The duration of each exercise session was 51.7 ± 3.4 s (mean ± SE). Muscle oxidative capacity was evaluated by the time constant for phosphocreatine recovery (τoffPCr) after a submaximal handgrip exercise using 31phosphorus‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy. An endurance test was performed at 30% of pre‐intervention MVC, at 1 Hz, until exhaustion. Results: τoffPCr was significantly prolonged in the Imm‐group after 21 days (42.0 ± 2.8 and 64.2 ± 5.1 s, pre‐ and post‐intervention respectively; P <0.01) but did not change for the Imm+Tr‐group (50.3 ± 3.0 and 48.8 ± 5.0 s, ns). Endurance decreased significantly for the Imm‐group (55.1 ± 5.1 and 44.7 ± 4.6 s, P <0.05) but did not change for the Imm+Tr‐group (47.9 ± 3.0 and 51.7 ± 4.0 s, ns). MVC decreased similarly in both groups (P <0.01). Conclusions: Twice‐weekly muscle endurance training sessions, each lasting approx. 50 s, effectively prevented a decrease in muscle oxidative capacity and endurance; however, there was no effect on MVC decline with IMM‐21d. 相似文献
Blood clotting is a fundamental biochemical process in post‐hemorrhagic hemostasis. Although the varying appearance of coagulating blood in T1‐ and T2‐weighted images is widely used to qualitatively determine bleeding age, the technique permits only a rough discrimination of coagulation stages, and it remains difficult to distinguish acute and chronic hemorrhagic stages because of low T1‐ and T2‐weighted signal intensities in both instances. To investigate new biomedical parameters for magnetic resonance imaging‐based characterization of blood clotting kinetics, sodium imaging and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) were compared with conventional T1‐ and T2‐weighted imaging, as well as with biochemical hemolysis parameters. For this purpose, a blood‐filled spherical agar phantom was investigated daily for 14 days, as well as after 24 days at 7 T after initial preparation with fresh blood. T1‐ and T2‐weighted sequences, a three‐dimensional (3D) gradient echo sequence and a density‐adapted 3D radial projection reconstruction pulse sequence for 23Na imaging were applied. For hemolysis estimations, free hemoglobin and free potassium concentrations were measured photometrically and with the direct ion‐selective electrode method, respectively, in separate heparinized whole‐blood samples along the same timeline. Initial mean susceptibility was low (0.154 ± 0.020 ppm) and increased steadily during the course of coagulation to reach up to 0.570 ± 0.165 ppm. The highest total sodium (NaT) values (1.02 ± 0.06 arbitrary units) in the clot were observed initially, dropped to 0.69 ± 0.13 arbitrary units after one day and increased again to initial values. Compartmentalized sodium (NaS) showed a similar signal evolution, and the NaS/NaT ratio steadily increased over clot evolution. QSM depicts clot evolution in vitro as a process associated with hemoglobin accumulation and transformation, and enables the differentiation of the acute and chronic coagulation stages. Sodium imaging visualizes clotting independent of susceptibility and seems to correspond to clot integrity. A combination of QSM and sodium imaging may enhance the characterization of hemorrhage. 相似文献
Bulk homopolymerizations of vinyl acetate and vinyl pivalate are studied by EPR experiments between ?65 °C and 60 °C with dicumyl peroxide acting as the photoinitiator. No mid‐chain radicals are seen, which demonstrates that backbiting plays no role. The chain‐length dependence of the termination rate coefficients measured up to 13% monomer conversion is adequately represented by the composite model. The power‐law exponents αs and αl for short‐chain and long‐chain radicals are: αs(VAc) = 0.57 ± 0.05, αs(VPi) = 0.67 ± 0.15, αl(VAc) = 0.16 ± 0.07, and αl(VPi) = 0.16 ± 0.07. The crossover chain lengths differ largely: ic(VAc) = 20 ± 10 and ic(VPi) = 110 ± 30. The rate coefficient for termination of two radicals of chain length unity, , which is the fourth composite‐model parameter, depends on temperature, as does the monomer fluidity.
Novel polymers are synthesized from 5‐phenyl‐2‐norbornene (PhNb) and its saturated side group analog, 5‐cyclohexyl‐2‐norbornene, using ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Polymers of both endo‐rich and all‐exo PhNb show glass transition temperatures (Tg) = 88 ± 1 °C, indicating a negligible effect of monomer stereoisomerism on segmental packing or the energy barriers to motion at the glass transition, despite the substantial size of the side group. Post‐polymerization hydrogenation of the PhNb polymers using catalysts with different selectivities reveals that saturation of the backbone produces a 17 °C decrease in Tg (for both aromatic and cycloaliphatic side groups), whereas saturation of the side groups produces a 14 °C increase in Tg (for both saturated and unsaturated backbones). 相似文献
Peripheral nerves are a composite tissue consisting of neurovascular elements packaged within a well‐organized extracellular matrix. Their composition, size, and anatomy render nerves a challenging medical imaging target. In contrast to morphological MRI, which represents the predominant approach to nerve imaging, quantitative MRI sequences can provide information regarding tissue composition. Here, we applied standard clinical Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill (CPMG) and experimental three‐dimensional (3D) ultrashort echo time (UTE) Cones sequences for quantitative nerve imaging including T2 measurement with single‐component analysis, T2* measurement with single‐component and bi‐component analyses, and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) analysis. We demonstrated the feasibility and the high quality of single‐component T2*, bi‐component T2*, and MTR approaches to analyze nerves imaged with clinically deployed 3D UTE Cones pulse sequences. For 24 single fascicles from eight nerves, we measured a mean single‐component T2* of 22.6 ±8.9 ms, and a short T2* component (STC) with a mean T2* of 1.7 ±1.0 ms and a mean fraction of (6.74 ±4.31)% in bi‐component analysis. For eight whole nerves, we measured a mean single‐component T2* of 16.7 ±2.2 ms, and an STC with a mean T2* of 3.0 ±1.0 ms and a mean fraction of (15.56 ±7.07)% in bi‐component analysis. For nine fascicles from three healthy nerves, we measured a mean MTR of (25.2 ±1.9)% for single fascicles and a mean MTR of (23.6 ±0.9)% for whole nerves. No statistically significant correlation was observed between any MRI parameter and routine histological outcomes, perhaps due to the small sample size and lack of apparent sample pathology. Overall, we have successfully demonstrated the feasibility of measuring quantitative MR outcomes ex vivo, which might reflect features of nerve structure and macromolecular content. These methods should be validated comprehensively on a larger and more diverse set of nerve samples, towards the interpretation of in vivo outcomes. These approaches have new and broad implications for the management of nerve disease, injury, and repair. 相似文献
A sustained anti‐β‐adrenergic effect of adenosine has been reported. This study was initiated to investigate this topic and especially elucidate the role of protein kinase C (PKC). Contractile force amplitude and action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90) were measured in guinea‐pig papillary muscles before and after 5 min challenge with 5 nm isoproterenol. Protocols contained 30 min exposure to the test agents adenosine 33 μm (ado), adenosine + PKC‐inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide 20 nM (ado + BIM), PKC‐activator 1,2‐dioctanoyl‐sn‐glycerol 10 μm (DOG) and α‐agonist phenylephrine 5 μm (phe). Isoproterenol was given at the end of test exposure and after 15 min washout. Results are mean ± SEM of percentage‐change, P ≤ 0.05 considered significant and labelled *. The first isoproterenol challenge significantly increased contractile force (27 ± 7%*) in the control group. Responses in the test groups were 2 ± 4 (ado), 1 ± 5 (ado + BIM), 14 ± 4* (DOG), 0 ± 2% (phe). After washout of adenosine, DOG and phenylephrine, isoproterenol induced 3 ± 8 (ado), 23 ± 5* (ado + BIM), 13 ± 5* (DOG), 15 ± 7% (phe) increase in test groups compared with 22 ± 5%* increase in contractile force in the control group. After 45 min washout of adenosine the inotropic response was still significantly reduced compared with control (29 ± 4 vs. 79 ± 8%*). Isoproterenol stimulation shortened APD90 in controls at both time points (5 ± 1%* and 4 ± 1%*), with no significant shortening in test groups. Adenosine induces sustained anti‐β‐adrenergic effects on contractile force as well as APD90. A role for PKC in signal transduction is supported with respect to contractile force. 相似文献