多个扩张器联合扩张修复大面积头皮瘢痕性秃发

目的:探讨多个扩张器联合扩张修复大面积头皮瘢痕性秃发的效果。方法:2003年5月~2013年5月间,应用2~4个扩张器联合扩张的方法修复缺损面积为50~350cm2的头皮瘢痕性秃。手术分两期:Ⅰ期根据秃发面积的大小及部位,选择适当大小、形状及数量的扩张器,并在瘢痕周围置入扩张器注水扩张;Ⅱ期根据瘢痕切除术后的缺损情况进行滑行推进或旋转皮瓣修复。结果:80例头皮瘢痕性秃发,74例取得良好效果;3例秃发面积过大,一次扩张未能完全修复,经二次扩张修复后效果良好;1例出现切口感染而取出扩张器;2例出现Ⅱ期术后头皮血肿,经处理后愈合良好。随访5个月~5年,头皮头发生长良好,缝线处无明显瘢痕增生,头部外观有明显改善,患者对手术效果均比较满意。结论:应用多个扩张器联合扩张修复大面积头皮瘢痕性秃发,可以彻底切除瘢痕,使秃发部位有毛发覆盖,头部整体外观得到明显改善,是修复大面积瘢痕性秃发较为理想的一种方法。     

Aesthetic considerations in scalp reconstruction

This article reviews common methods of reconstructive surgery in patients with wounds that involve the scalp, including primary wound repair, healing by secondary intention, and the use of skin grafts, local tissue flaps, regional myocutaneous flaps, and microvascular free flaps. Special attention is paid toward consideration of aspects of the reconstruction that affect the aesthetic outcome, including preservation of the hairline and hair follicle orientation, scar camouflage, avoidance of alopecia, and secondary restoration of alopecia.     

Aplasia cutis congenita of the scalp

Aplasia cutis congenita is the congenital absence of skin. The majority of these defects involve the vertex of the scalp in the area overlying the sagittal sinus. The larger defects are predisposed to sudden lethal hemorrhage and require urgent closure. Local rotational scalp flaps are recommended for closure of the larger defects because they provide the most reliable coverage, eliminate the risk of infection and/or hemorrhage, and avoid the alopecia of secondarily healed wounds.     

软组织扩张术治疗大面积头面部瘢痕

目的 探讨大面积头面部瘢痕的治疗方法.方法 头部采用1～3个扩张器行头部皮肤软组织扩张术.面部瘢痕均采用胸三角皮瓣预扩张后带蒂转移修复.结果 2003年至2007年,于临床应用12例,头胸部皮肤扩张充分.其中胸三角皮瓣预扩张的2例患者.扩张器自切口处外露,但未影响手术效果;3例因扩张过程中,注水过多,致妊娠纹形成.皮瓣转移后均无血运障碍成活良好,供区直接拉拢缝合,效果满意.结论 皮肤软组织扩张术是治疗大面积头面部瘢痕的较好方法.     

Reconstruction of Scalp Defects Using Simple Designed Bilobed Flap

We have devised a novel rational method to design a bilobed flap. In our method, two triangle flaps are designed; the angle of the first flap is three-fourths the angle of a rhombus at the defect site, and the angle of the second flap is also three-fourths that of the first flap. We have successfully performed reconstruction of scalp defects as large as 50 × 45 mm using simple designed bilobed flaps. The location of the defect was the parietal region in 10 cases, the frontal region in 6 cases, the temporal region in 3 cases, and the occipital region in one case. The advantages of this method for use in reconstruction of scalp defects are as follows: (1) the dispersion tension on the flap provides stable circulation and prevents expansion of scar formation; (2) since the suture line is zigzag, alopecia at the suture line can be hidden under the hair; (3) since this flap is a random pattern flap using galea aponeurotica with blood flow to the skin, flap design is possible for any part of the scalp; and (4) design and elevation of this flap are easy and do not take much time.     

Management of Large Surgical Defects of the Forehead and Scalp by Imbrication of Deep Tissues

BACKGROUND: When facing surgical defects, the dermatologic surgeon follows certain basic principles that help reduce the inherent tension to allow for a better cosmetic outcome. These commonly include the use of undermining, releasing technique such as galeotomy if applicable, selection of suture material of appropriate tensile strength, and closure along relaxed skin tension lines. OBJECTIVE: To review the imbrication of deep tissues, another surgical principle aimed at wound tension reduction and widely utilized by cosmetic surgeons in forehead lifts and scalp reductions, as it applies to dermatologic surgeons in the repair of large surgical defects of the upper face and scalp. The latter may be utilized both with primary closure and with local flaps. METHODS: We describe in detail the technique of imbrication of deep tissues and provide illustrations for a better understanding of how to correctly use this surgical principle. RESULTS: The dermatologic surgeon has an additional tool, termed imbrication of deep tissues, available to aid in the closure of sizable wounds of the forehead and scalp as seen following Mohs surgery for cutaneous malignancies by providing deep tissue support. CONCLUSION: Imbrication of deep tissue is an effective tool that may be used by dermatologic surgeons in conjunction with the more commonly utilized basic surgical principles to enhance the cosmetic outcome in the closure of large, high-tension defects of the forehead and scalp.     

Closure of Recurrent Frontal Skull Base Defects with Vascularized Flaps – A Technical Case Report

Summary  Techniques for vascularized reconstruction of the anterior cranial fossa floor defects causing recurrent cerebrospinal fluid fistula are discussed in this report. The closure employs the use of local random- or axial-pattern vascularized flaps in simple cases. In complicated cases (for instance, status after repeated exploration) the tissue of the cranial base is severely compromised and shows low potential for healing. Non-vascularized grafts only add avital scars to the already present ones leading to recurrent fistulas. Free vascularized flaps show more mechanical strength and less scar contraction, resistance to infections and survive better in a compromised surrounding, thus leading to long term sealing in such cases. The technical issues of vascularized closure of defects of the frontal skull base are discussed in this report.     

应用局部皮瓣治疗会阴区瘢痕挛缩

目的：探讨各种原因引起的会阴区瘢痕挛缩的修复方法。方法：1991年1月－2000年1月共治疗会阴区瘢痕挛缩20例分别采用局部皮瓣转移术＋游离皮片移植，皮瓣移植术修复。如会阴周围有可供利用的正常皮肤，最好首先采用扩张术，将正常皮肤扩张后形成局部皮瓣加游离皮片移植修复。功能重要区域如耻骨联合，阴囊部可采用轴型皮瓣修复。结果：20例会阴区瘢痕，其中一次手术修复18例，近期效果满意。10例患者获得随访仍有部分功能障碍，需再次手术修复。结论：会阴区瘢痕挛缩的治疗，功能重要区域采用轴型皮瓣修复，其他区域以局部皮瓣加游离皮片移植修复为佳。     

胸腹部扩张后穿支皮瓣跨区远位修复颌面部及上肢瘢痕术后缺损

目的探讨胸腹部扩张后穿支皮瓣跨区远位修复颌面部及上肢瘢痕切除后创面的方法及疗效。方法 2000年8月-2011年2月,收治25例颌面部及上肢烧烫伤后瘢痕患者。男14例,女11例;年龄7～36岁,平均27岁。颌面部瘢痕15例,其中双侧6例;上肢及手部瘢痕10例,其中双侧6例。瘢痕形成时间6个月～7年,平均4.5年。一期手术于胸三角及腹部穿支发出点附近埋置扩张器,常规注水并持续扩张3个月。二期手术彻底切除瘢痕后,缺损范围为9 cm×7 cm～17 cm×8 cm。颌面部瘢痕患者采用大小为17 cm×7 cm～20 cm×8 cm的胸三角穿支皮瓣修复,上肢及手部瘢痕患者采用大小为10 cm×9 cm～25 cm×14 cm的腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣修复。供区直接拉拢缝合。结果 2例扩张过程中未见明显穿支血管,皮瓣切取后远端坏死,经换药及植皮后愈合;其余皮瓣扩张过程中均见明显穿支血管,切取后皮瓣完全成活。供区切口均Ⅰ期愈合。10例获随访,随访时间6个月～4年,平均13个月。皮瓣色泽、质地及弹性佳,外形满意。结论应用胸腹部扩张后穿支皮瓣跨区远位修复颌面部、上肢及手部瘢痕切除后创面,可获满意疗效。     

Closure of craniofacial defects after cancer resection

Resection of malignancies of the upper face and skull base may result in complex bone and soft tissue defects. To better define the optimal management of these defects, we conducted a retrospective review of 75 consecutive patients who underwent closure of 76 craniofacial defects after malignant tumor excision from 1966 to 1990. Wound complications requiring further surgery occurred in 30% of the defects (23 of 76). Wound complications at anterior, temporal, or combined sites were correlated with each method of reconstruction (scalp flap or split thickness skin graft, pedicled myocutaneous flap, and free flap). The presence of a large combined defect involving both frontal and temporal areas was the only significant risk factor for development of a wound complication requiring secondary surgery. These data suggest that anterior or temporal craniofacial defects may be closed with either scalp flaps and split thickness skin grafts or pedicled myocutaneous flaps with reasonable wound complication rates of 16% to 22%. Large combined defects have high wound complication rates (90%) when local tissue is used; therefore, other methods of closure such as free tissue transfer should be strongly considered in these patients.     

Total scalp reconstruction with bilateral anterolateral thigh flaps

Large scalp defects can require complicated options for reconstruction, often only achieved with free flaps. In some cases, even a single free flap may not suffice. We review the literature for options in the coverage of all reported large scalp defects, and report a unique case in which total scalp reconstruction was required. In this case, two anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps were used to resurface a large scalp and defect, covering a total of 743 cm(2). The defect occurred after resection and radiotherapy for desmoplastic melanoma, with several failed skin grafts and local flaps and osteoradionecrosis involving both inner and outer tables of the skull. The reconstruction was achieved as a single-stage reconstruction and involved wide resection of cranium and overlying soft-tissues and reconstruction with calcium phosphate bone graft substitute, titanium mesh, and two large ALT flaps. The reconstruction was successfully achieved, with minor postoperative complications including tip necrosis of one of the flaps and wound breakdown at one of the donor sites. This is the first reported case of two large ALT flaps for scalp resurfacing and may be the largest reported scalp defect to be completely resurfaced by free flaps. The use of bilateral ALT flaps can be a viable option for the reconstruction of large and/or complicated scalp defects.     

Bilateral, extended V-Y advancement flap

A modification of the V-Y advancement flap for the closure of circular skin defects is presented to decrease the tension in the closure and to break the midline vertical scar. Bilateral, extended V-Y advancement flaps with additional limbs extending to the advancing edges of the standard flaps were marked on both sides of the wound. After advancement of the V-Y flaps on their subcutaneous pedicle, the upper and lower extensions were hinged downward as transposition flaps to close the middle portion of the circular defect, where maximum tension occurs. This procedure was applied to 10 patients with sacral and trochanteric pressure sores. No complications or recurrences were noted during the 2 to 10 months of follow-up. Bilateral, extended V-Y advancement flaps enable the reconstruction of large defects without midline tension. Also, the resulting scar where the flaps meet is a zigzag line, so a straight midline scar is avoided.     

Scalp expansion flaps

A mean 5 year review of 20 patients who had surgery for localised alopecia of the scalp is presented. The technique of using scalp expansion flaps is described and evaluated: it is associated with a low morbidity and high patient satisfaction rate; it provides an excellent one-stage procedure for intermediate size defects and, in the frontal area, for larger defects. Particular emphasis is laid on making incision lines at right angles to the direction of hair growth in order to cover stretched scars, and in performing Z-plasties when closing small scalp defects. Finally, a rationale for the treatment of localised areas of baldness according to their size is put forward.     

多只扩张器超量扩张修复大面积瘢痕性秃发

目的 探讨应用多只扩张器超量扩张头皮修复大面积瘢痕性秃发的临床效果.方法 Ⅰ期手术：根据秃发区的形状、面积大小,选择多只扩张器,在肿胀麻醉下,置于头部有发区帽状腱膜下,注射壶外置.超量扩张3～6个月,以获得额外有发头皮.Ⅱ期手术：将扩张器取出,切除瘢痕,将扩张后的有发头皮,采用滑行推进皮瓣、旋转皮瓣与易位皮瓣联合运用的手术方式,修复头皮秃发区.结果 23例患者术后秃发区修复效果良好,外观满意.结论 多只扩张器超量扩张可获得大量额外扩张头皮.合理设计皮瓣转移术,最大限度地提高了扩张皮肤的利用率,可修复大面积瘢痕性秃发,修复效果良好.     

Suspension Sutures Aid Facial Reconstruction

Background.  Suspension, pexing or tacking sutures, which have a long history of use in facial cosmetic surgery, have only recently begun use in reconstruction.
Objective.  In this study, the suspension suture was used to fix the closure line at the junction of cosmetic units, to prevent distortion of free margins secondary to wound contraction, eg, ectropion or eclabium, to prevent tenting across concavities, and to prevent scar spreading of wounds closed under tension. The acute complications and long-term effectiveness of this suturing technique in achieving the 4 desired results were evaluated.
Methods.  During a 10-year period, 136 cases of surgical defects of the face created by the removal of nonmelanoma skin cancer by Mohs micrographic surgery were repaired using absorbable suspension sutures. The wounds were evaluated initially for acute complications of hemorrhage, infection, dehiscence, and necrosis; and later over 3 years for chronic sequela of hypertrophic scar, spread scar, contraction deformities such as distortion of free margins, and pigmentary changes.
Results.  Suspension sutures were used in 60 cases of primary layered closure and 76 flaps of the face. Suspension sutures allowed primary closure of defects that would have required flaps in 72% of the cases and prevented distortion of free margins. There were more acute and long-term complications related to excess tension with primary closure than with flaps. Suspension sutures fixed the closure line at the junction of cosmetic units, prevented tenting across concavities, and both features were maintained over the duration of the study.
Conclusion.  Suspension sutures aided in obtaining linear closures, prevented distortion of free margins, prevented tenting across concavities, and fixed the closure line at the junction of cosmetic units; however, they did not prevent spread scars.     

Surgical treatment of secondary cicatricial alopecia of scalp and eyebrow

Secondary cicatricial alopecia occurs as a result of destruction of hair follicles by scar tissue formed in the scalp and eyebrows. It is a permanent condition and regrowth of hairs in the area is not expected. The purpose of the study was to select the appropriate method for treating cicatricial alopecia. 24 patients were admitted to our hospital during the period from June 2006 to July 2007. They were suffering from acquired cicatricial alopecia affecting the scalp and the eyebrow. Their ages ranged from 6-48 years with mean age 26-25 years. They were treated surgically by total excision of the lesions with direct closure of the defect in ten cases, excision of alopecia with advancement flaps with the aid of scalp expanders in seven cases, scalp reduction through serial excision of alopecia in three cases and excision of alopecia and reconstruction of the defect by strip composite hair-bearing scalp grafts in four cases. Our results suggest there are three key factors that decide the surgical methods for treating alopecia: size, location and shape. We also discuss and evaluate the various techniques of reconstruction. Good results were obtained in 18 patients.     

Surgical management of aplasia cutis congenita.

A child born without scalp, or dura to cover the brain (aplasia cutis congenita) was successfully treated by a multidiscipline team. A coexisting rupture omphalocele forced a change in treatment from the currently recommended regimen of mandatory early scalp closure. Homograft skin was used to protect the brain during the time the omphalocele was treated and skin flaps were delayed. Fluoroscein dye was utilized to determine flap viability and predicted ischemia until after a third delaying procedure was performed. The successful outcome suggests that the present philosophy of early surgical closure being essential for survival in infants with large cranial defects can be altered and, in fact, permanent full-thickness flaps may be designed, tested for viability, and delayed while homograft skin protects the infant's brain from infection and thrombosis.     

Face rehabilitation for post-burn deformities

Severe post-burn sequelae of the face can result from deep initial burns or inappropriate (initial or secondary) treatment. They still remain a surgical challenge, leading to both aesthetic and functional diseases. The acute treatment is preventive, and usually consists in early split thickness skin grafts from the scalp, while full thickness skin grafts and local flaps are employed for the sequels. Our surgical treatment consists in scar replacement using expanded supraclavicular skin. Depending on the location of the scars and depending on available skin, surgical procedure can use expanded full thickness skin graft or expanded advancement flaps. Some “aesthetic” procedures like lipofilling, rhinoplasty or botulinum toxin can be performed in order to improve the final aspect. Good aesthetic and functional results are usually obtained if fundamental rules are respected: preservation of aesthetic units of the face, good management of skin availability. In any case, whatever techniques are employed, numerous surgical procedures and months of rehabilitation are necessary to achieve good cosmetic and functional results.     

应用双侧舌形皮瓣即刻修复头皮缺损

目的:为头皮肿瘤、瘢痕等切除后形成的近似圆形的头皮缺损,寻求一种较简便安全、损伤小、无秃发的即刻修复方法。方法:在直径4～6cm的头皮缺损区周围,选择、设计双侧反向舌形皮瓣,剥离后将皮瓣旋转移位修复创面,供区拉拢缝合。自1998年6月至2004年6月共修复21例。结果:术后皮瓣全部成活,仅1例有一侧皮瓣尖端表皮坏死,其余伤口均I期愈合。其中19例获随访1～6年,局部病变无复发,修复区平整,头发生长良好,瘢痕不显露。结论:双侧舌形皮瓣即刻修复中等大小的头皮缺损,可充分利用邻近的头皮组织,具有设计灵活,操作简单,创伤相对较小,术后不遗留秃发,瘢痕不显露等优点。但缺损直径大于6cm或形状不规则者不宜应用。     

The role of the anterolateral thigh flap in complex defects of the scalp and cranium

In this study, we introduced scalp reconstruction using free anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps and evaluated postoperative outcomes in nine patients between March 2000 and April 2012. Five patients had problems of exposed prosthesis, three required reconstruction after resection of scalp tumor and one patient presented with third degree flame burns of the scalp. All flaps survived without re‐exploration, except three flaps with tip necrosis requiring secondary procedures of debridement and small Z‐plasty reconstructions. The superficial temporal artery and its concomitant vein were used as recipient vessels, apart from two cases where previous surgery and flame burns excluded these choices, for which facial arteries and veins were used instead. Primary closure of the donor‐site was possible in six cases; with skin grafting performed for the other three patients. All donor sites healed without complications. The ALT flap offers the advantage of customizable size, option of fascia lata as vascularized dural replacement, and minimal flap atrophy typical of muscle flaps. Indications include very large defects, defects with exposed prosthesis, or defects with bone or dural loss. Our experience lends credible support to the use of customized free ALT flaps to achieve functional and cosmetically superior result for the reconstruction of large scalp defects, especially with bone exposure. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:14–19, 2014.