莲心总碱及其甲基化物对牵张性心律失常的拮抗效应(英文)

目的　澄清莲心总碱 (TAL)与氨基糖苷类抗生素的共同化学结构带正电的氨基是否使之具有抗牵张性心律失常的共同效应。方法　通过膨胀心室腔内的球囊、夹闭升主动脉和牵拉乳头肌建立心律失常、动作电位时程的缩短和触发活动的模型。采用离体心电图、细胞内微电极和在体单相动作电位的标准技术进行记录。结果　①TAL和甲基莲心总碱 (TMAL) (2 .5 ,5和 10 μmol·L- 1)能剂量依赖性的缩短大鼠离体心脏牵张性心律失常的持续时间 ,从对照组的 (2 .16± 0 .38)s减少到 (1.5 3± 0 .14 ) ,(0 .93± 0 .2 1) ,(0 .5 2± 0 .35 )s (TAL )和(1.5 9± 0 .16 ) ,(0 .94± 0 .2 1) ,(0 .79± 0 .15 )s(TMAL)。②在麻醉豚鼠 ,TAL 2 .3mg·kg- 1iv和TMAL 2 .6mg·kg- 1iv能显著抑制夹闭主动脉引起的单相动作电位 5 0 %和 90 %复极时程的缩短及触发活动的发生率 ,分别从 (2 8.9± 8.1) %减少到(5 .4± 1.2 ) %和 (10 .8± 2 .3) %。③TAL和TMAL也能显著抑制牵拉豚鼠乳头肌所致的动作电位 5 0 %和 90 %复极时程的缩短。结论　TAL和TMAL能抑制牵张性心律失常和牵张引起的动作电位的改变 ,这种作用可能是通过阻断牵张活化的离子通道实现的。     

人重组生长激素对豚鼠离体心脏血流动力学及心肌细胞动作电位影响

目的 :观察人重组生长激素对正常豚鼠强心作用和对心室肌细胞动作电位的影响。方法 :采用langendorff离体心脏灌流法 ,悬浮玻璃电极法。结果 :注入人重组生长激素 10min后 ,左室最大收缩压 ,左室舒张末压 ,左室内压的最大升降速率的差值分别为 (6 .7± 5 .5 )kPa ,(0 .5 0± 0 .10 )kPa ,(139± 93)ps·s- 1,明显升高 ,心率差值为 (10± 16 )次·min- 1减慢 ,动作电位振幅值 (APA) ,超射 (OS) ,复极 5 0 %及 90 %水平的动作电位时程 (APD50 ,APD90 )分别为 (13.2± 6 )mv ,(9.6± 2 .2 )mv ,(84±2 9)ms,(90± 2 2 )ms ,显著延长 (均P <0 .0 1)。结论 :人重组生长激素对正常豚鼠具有正性肌力作用 ,可使动作电位时程延长     

葛根素对豚鼠心肌细胞动作电位及有效不应期的影响

目的　观察葛根素对豚鼠乳头肌动作电位及有效不应期的影响 ,以探讨其抗心律失常的作用机制。方法　采用标准玻璃微电极细胞内记录技术。结果　①葛根素 0 0 0 5 ,0 0 1,0 0 15mmol·L-1能使豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位复极5 0 %时程 (APD50 )和复极 90 %时程 (APD90 )明显延长 ,APD50分别由 ( 176 4 3± 5 1 3 7)ms延长至 ( 192 86± 60 82 )ms(n=7,P <0 0 5 ) ,( 2 0 0 71± 63 0 8)ms和 ( 2 0 7 71± 65 4 5 )ms(n =7,P <0 0 1) ;APD90 分别由 ( 2 0 0 71± 5 9 75 )ms延长至 ( 2 2 1 4 3± 70 4 6)ms(n =7,P <0 0 5 ) ,( 2 3 5 0 0±5 8 88)ms和 ( 2 4 0 0 0± 5 8 4 5 )ms(n =7,P <0 0 1) ,并且这种延长呈现量效关系。②采用 0 2 ,0 5 ,1,2 ,4Hz频率的方波刺激 ,发现在 0 0 1mmol·L-1时葛根素延长心肌细胞APD50 有明显的非逆向频率依赖性。③使用双脉冲刺激发现在 0 0 1mmol·L-1时葛根素能明显延长心肌细胞的有效不应期 ,由 ( 98 0 0± 16 4 3 )ms延长至 ( 168 0 0± 13 0 4 )ms(n =5 ,P <0 0 1)。结论　葛根素能延长心肌细胞APD50 和APD90 以及心肌细胞有效不应期 ,其抗心律失常的机制源于此作用。     

甲基莲心碱对豚鼠心肌电—机械活动的影响

甲基莲心碱(Nef)0.1mM使豚鼠右心室乳头状肌的收缩力降低68. 3％,使动作电位APA和Vmax分别从112±5mV,240±37V/s降低到97±9 mV和86±25V/s;APD_(50),APD_(90)和ERP分别从173±23ms,205±17ms和201±16ms延长到201±26ms,239±28ms和249±23ms。Nef 1-200μM浓度依赖性地延长APD_(50),APD_(90)和ERP,降低Vmax和收缩力。30μM Nef能明显对抗10μM乙酰胆碱缩短豚鼠左心房APD的作用。结果提示,Nef对心肌Na~+,K~+,Ca~(2+)的跨膜转运均有抑制作用。     

双黄连粉针剂对豚鼠心肌电生理的影响

目的探讨双黄连粉针剂对豚鼠心脏电生理的影响,以及其心脏安全性及作用机制。方法①在体实验:双黄连粉针剂325.5,1627.5和3255.0mg·kg-1分别在两组动物进行,每组15只。一组动物按照生理盐水→双黄连粉针剂325.5→1627.5mg·kg-1,另一组按照生理盐水→双黄连粉针剂3255.0mg·kg-1的顺序经颈外静脉缓慢推注,持续5min。于给生理盐水及静脉推注各剂量药物后5min记录心电图,分析P-R间期和校正QT间期(QTc)。②离体实验:按照灌流液(空白对照)→双黄连粉针剂0.3→1.5→3→9g·L-1→洗脱的顺序灌流,持续5min。于灌流5min末记录豚鼠离体心脏心电图,分析7只豚鼠的P-R间期和QTc间期;记录左心室乳头肌动作电位,分析5只豚鼠的动作电位复极50%水平时程(APD50)和90%水平时程(APD90)。结果①在体豚鼠心电图表明,双黄连粉针剂325.5和1627.5mg·kg-1显著延长P-R间期,从生理盐水处理时的(59±5)ms分别延长到(74±10)ms和(88±20)ms(P<0.05),各浓度组的QTc间期无明显变化;双黄连粉针剂3255.0mg·kg-1处理P-R间期则从生理盐水处理时的(58±5)ms延长到(133±29)ms(P<0.05),QTc从(247±16)ms延长到(301±65)ms(P<0.05),并显示明显的室内传导阻滞。②离体豚鼠心电图表明,双黄连粉针剂3和9g·L-1使空白对照组P-R间期从(84±17)ms延长到(113±39)ms和(130±23)ms(P<0.05),伴有明显的室内传导阻滞,而各浓度组的QTc间期无明显变化。双黄连粉针剂各浓度组对正常豚鼠左心室乳头肌动作电位APD50与APD90无明显作用。结论注射用双黄连粉针剂能引起豚鼠房室和室内传导阻滞,其作用机制可能是抑制心肌细胞钠通道。     

蟾酥对豚鼠心脏电生理的影响

目的探讨蟾酥对豚鼠心脏的急性毒性。方法豚鼠一次性ig给予蟾酥125和250 mg·kg-1,记录心电图并监测左心室内压力上升最大速率(dp/dtmax),最大收缩压(Pmax),心率血压乘积(RPP)和心室最小舒张压(Pmin)。结果蟾酥使豚鼠心电图发生显著改变;与正常对照组P-R间期(27.8±5.1)ms相比,蟾酥125和250 mg·kg-1组显著延长,分别为44.5±7.2和(57.1±8.9)ms(P<0.01);蟾酥也引起心电图QRS时程增宽和心率加快;dp/dtmax,Pmax和RPP显著下降以及Pmin显著升高(P<0.05)。与阳性对照地高辛300mg·kg-1相比,蟾酥组P-R间期,QRS时程,dp/dtmax,Pmax,RPP和Pmin无显著性差异,但心率显著增快(P<0.01)。结论蟾酥导致豚鼠心律失常和心功能下降。     

阿米洛利抗心律失常作用的机制

目的:研究阿米洛利(amiloride)抗心律失常的作用机制.方法:恒速静脉灌注哇巴因(ou8bain)引起心律失常,记录正常对照组及给予阿米洛利组豚鼠开始出现心律失常及出现室颤的哇巴因剂量;用希氏束电图探讨阿米洛利对家兔心脏传导系统的作用;用标准微电极技术记录阿米洛利对豚鼠乳头状肌动作电位的影响.结果:在体实验中,阿米洛利能提高哇巴因致心律失常的阈剂量;133μg·kg-1阿米洛利可减慢麻醉兔的心率,对希氏束传导速度无明显影响;10μmol·L-1,100μmol·L-1阿米洛利均可降低动乳头状肌动作电位幅度,延长动作电位时程.结论:阿米洛利具有预防哇巴因引起心律失常作用;其减慢心率、延长复极的作用与其抗心律失常作用有关.     

氦氖激光血管内照射对老年冠心病心电图QT离散度的影响

目的 :了解低能量氦氖激光血管内照射 (IL IB)对老年冠心病患者心电图 QT离散度 (QTd)的影响 ,并评价其临床价值。方法 :选择 70例心率校正后的 QTd(QTcd) >5 0 ms的老年冠心病患者 ,按是否接受 IL IB治疗分为两组 ,比较治疗前后 QTcd的变化。结果 :接受 IL IB治疗者治疗后 QTcd值 (5 5 .3 8± 2 5 .71) m s,比未接受 IL IB治疗者QTcd值 (68.40± 2 7.5 3 ) ms明显减少 ,两者差异有显著性 (t=2 0 .44 ,P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :IL IB能有效地降低老年冠心病患者心电图 QT离散度 ,使心室肌组织间复极时间趋向一致 ,从而可减少室性心律失常的发生 ,预防心源性猝死     

注射用丹参多酚酸盐对豚鼠心脏电生理和hERG电流的影响

目的：研究注射用丹参多酚酸盐（ZDDY）对豚鼠心脏电生理的影响,并对注射用丹参多酚酸盐的心脏安全性做出评价。方法：采用常规豚鼠在体心电图技术,改进的Langendoff灌流系统,常规细胞内动作电位记录法和膜片钳全细胞记录方法,观察药物对整体和离体心电图,动作电位时程（Action Potential Durations,APDs）以及人ether-a-go-go-related gene(hERG)通道电流的影响。结果： ZDDY 460.0 mg?kg-1使在体心电图PR间期从（61.0±2.8）ms延长到（70.9±0.9）ms;QRS间期从（15.3±1.8）ms延长到（17.0±2.1）ms,比较差异均具有统计学意义。ZDDY 0.51 mg?mL-1使离体心脏的心率(Heart Rate,HR)从（177.3±11.1）bpm减慢到（152.0±1.7）bpm,差异具有统计学意义。ZDDY 各浓度组对APDs和动作电位振幅(Amplitudes of Action Potential,APA)无影响。ZDDY 抑制50%hERG电流的浓度(Half Maximal Inhibitory Concentration,IC50)为（10.8±0.6）mg?mL-1。结论： 注射用丹参多酚酸盐在临床剂量下对豚鼠在体心脏作用安全;高剂量下对离体豚鼠心脏有减慢心率作用。     

蜂毒肽对豚鼠心室肌细胞钾电流和动作电位的影响(英文)

目的:研究蜂毒肽(Melittin,Mel)对豚鼠心室肌细胞钾电流和动作电位的影响.方法:全细胞膜片箝记录.结果:蜂毒肽可呈浓度依赖性促进延迟整流钾电流(I_k),在测定电压为40 mv时,0.05,0.1,0.2μmol·L~(-1)蜂毒肽分别使I_k从(295±109)增大到(371±142)(n=5 P<0.05),(467±180)(n=5,P<0.05),(552±248)pA(n=5,P<0.05).但药物在三个浓度时对内向整流钾电流(I_(k1))均无显著影响.蜂毒肽0.05,0.1,0.2 μmol·L~(-1)分别使动作电位APD_(50)由(520±55)减小到(459±91)(n=5,P>0.05),(385±102)(n=5,P<0.01),(281±81)ms(n=5,P<0.01),使APD_(90)由(613±96)减小到(536±93)(n=5,P>0.05),(467±96)(n=5,P<0.01),(354±95)ms(n=5,P<0.01).结论:蜂毒肽促进延迟整流钾电流,缩短动作电位时程.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.