甲状腺髓样癌的超声诊断

目的探讨超声在甲状腺髓样癌（MTC）的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析我院经病理证实的38个甲状腺髓样癌及83个甲状腺乳头状癌结节的声像图表现,以106个良性结节为对照组,组间差异使用卡方检验。结果甲状腺髓样癌结节声像图表现为实性（100％）,低或极低回声（97．4％）,边缘规则（57．9％）,呈圆形或卵圆形（63．2％）,结节内伴钙化（63．1％）,粗大钙化（34．2％）,微小钙化（28．9％）,合并颈部淋巴结转移（52．6％）;与甲状腺乳头状癌相比,甲状腺髓样癌多表现为边缘规则,呈圆形或卵圆形,易发生淋巴结转移,结节内钙化多为粗大钙化（P〈0．05）。结论甲状腺髓样癌具有一定的声像图特点,超声检查有助于甲状腺髓样癌的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

甲状腺乳头状癌多层螺旋CT诊断与影像分析

目的通过对有完整资料的患者颈部甲状腺CT平扫及增强扫描后的影像分析,有助于提高CT对甲状腺乳头状癌诊断的检出率,减少误诊,为临床提供最佳的治疗方案。方法对59例病理证实的有完整临床资料的甲状腺乳头状癌多层螺旋CT(MSCT)征象进行分析、总结、整理。结果 59例甲状腺乳头状癌,有63个乳头状癌性灶。病灶包膜破损的有39个,占62%。镶嵌征有23个,占36%。钙化有18个,占29%,其中粗钙化(除砂砾样钙化外)有12个,占总钙化灶67%。结论甲状腺MSCT征象中,病灶包膜破损、镶嵌征、钙化(特别是大钙化),对甲状腺乳头状癌诊断有重要价值。     

16层螺旋CT在甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断价值

目的：总结甲状腺乳头状癌16层螺旋CT表现,提高其诊断准确性。方法回顾性分析52例经手术病理证实的甲状腺乳头状癌的16层螺旋CT表现。结果大部分甲状腺乳头状癌境界不清楚,瘤周“半岛状”瘤结节强化13例,瘤周“残圈征”14例。合并钙化者28例,其中细颗粒状钙化15例,粗颗粒状钙化8例,混合性钙化5例。52例患者中31例发生颈部淋巴结转移,增强后淋巴结明显强化,囊性变5例,合并壁结节4例。结论甲状腺乳头状癌16层螺旋CT表现有一定的特点,16层螺旋CT对甲状腺乳头状癌的定性、显示肿瘤与周围重要器官的关系方面非常有价值。     

甲状腺乳头状癌的彩色多普勒超声血流特点

目的：探讨甲状腺乳头状癌的彩色多普勒超声（CDFI）血流表现的特点。方法：回顾性分析经术后病理证实的88例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的彩色多普勒超声图像,观察病灶内部回声,有无钙化,血流分布特点、血流形态,测量肿瘤内部血管阻力指数（RI）,收缩期峰值流速（Vmax）,并分析频谱的形态。结果：甲状腺乳头状癌结节内多为高血供（81．8％）,而微钙化与结节内部丰富血流同时出现具有特征性。甲状腺乳头状癌结节以结节内部血流为主（68．7％）,血流分布异常杂乱,结节内部更低回声区团块状异常丰富血流及无级别差异的分支血管的出现可提高对甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断。频谱多普勒峰值血流多出现于收缩期上升支的前1／3,RI〉0．7可作为甲状腺结节良恶性鉴别的指标。颈部转移淋巴结CDFI多为包膜下异常紊乱血流信号,并向内部分支,其血流丰富程度及血流形态与甲状腺内原发病灶相似。结论：甲状腺乳头状癌的彩色多普勒血流表现有一定的特点,将其与二维声像图结合可提高甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断率。     

彩色多普勒检查甲状腺乳头状癌临床价值分析

目的 探讨甲状腺乳头状癌超声特征,并分析其超声表现与病变MVD的关系。方法 选择42例甲状腺乳头状癌患者进行超声学检查,并经病理证实。观察甲状腺乳头状癌的超声图像特征及多普勒超声特征。分析其血流动力学特征〔最大血流速度（Vmax）、搏动指数（Pulsation index,PI）及阻力指数（Resistance index,RI）〕与MVD的关系。结果 42例甲状腺乳头状癌患者单发37例,多发5例,平均径线（3.47±1.18）cm。边界不清34例、包膜不完整或未见包膜、回声不均匀31例、有钙化回声29例、伴有颈部淋巴结转移30例。平均MVD值为（65.54±19.21）个/HP。伴有淋巴结转移的甲状腺乳头状癌MVD值（71.34±21.21）个/HP,显著高于未合并淋巴结转移者的（55.45±18.56）个/HP（P〈0.05）。甲状腺乳头状癌多普勒超声参数Vmax值大于对照组,PI值低于对照组（P〈0.05）。甲状腺乳头状癌MVD计数与多普勒超声参数Vmax间存在显著正相关（r=4.35,P〈0.05）。结论 甲状腺乳头状癌超声学表现具有一定的特征,且MVD计数与多普勒超声参数Vmax间存在正相关。     

超声显像下甲状腺结节内微钙化对乳头状癌的诊断价值

目的探讨超声显像下甲状腺结节内微钙化对乳头状癌的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析161例甲状腺结节患者超声检查与术后病理结果。结果乳头状癌组微钙化的发生率（88．5％）高于良性结节组（11．9％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）;超声检查中有微钙化组乳头状癌的发生率（78．0％）高于无微钙化组（5．9％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）,前者与后者相比发生乳头状癌的相对危险度（RelativeRisk,RR）为7．4,即超声显像发现有微钙化组患者获得乳头状癌的危险性是无微钙化组患者的7．4倍。结论超声显像下结节内微钙化是诊断甲状腺癌的良好指标。对超声检查发现甲状腺结节微钙化的患者,应高度警惕甲状腺癌可能。     

31例甲状腺乳头状癌的临床病理分析

目的：探讨甲状腺乳头状癌的形态学特点。方法：对我院1998年～2001年收治的31例甲状腺乳头状癌进行回顾性分析。结果：良性病变、滤泡型腺瘤发病率最高，占55．O％；恶性肿瘤中，乳头状癌发病率最高，占76．O％。乳头、核沟、毛玻璃样核、核体积增大、核重叠、砂粒体及核内假包涵体是乳头状癌的主要形态学特点。结论：甲状腺乳头状癌与乳头状增生、滤泡型腺瘤、滤泡癌的鉴别依靠细胞参数。     

甲状腺乳头状癌的64层螺旋CT诊断

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT在甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析36例经手术病理证实的甲状腺乳头状癌的64层螺旋CT资料,主要对原发病灶及颈部转移淋巴结的CT表现进行分析。结果:36例均为单发病灶,左叶17例,右叶19例,大部分病灶境界不清楚增强后表现为囊性伴壁结节灶5例,其余表现为不均匀强化,有5例周围可见晕环征,合并钙化者17例,其中细颗粒状钙化4例,粗颗粒状钙化8例,混合性钙化5例。36例患者中30例发生颈部淋巴结转移,增强后淋巴结强化明显,囊性变7例,合并壁结节4例,11例病灶内见钙化,其中细颗粒状钙化4例。结论:甲状腺乳头状癌CT表现有一定的特点,64层螺旋CT多维重建能够更好地评价原发病灶及淋巴结转移。     

甲状腺乳头状癌及淋巴结转移的CT表现

目的:评价甲状腺乳头状癌及淋巴结转移的CT特点。方法:回顾性分析我院手术病理证实的53例甲状腺乳头状癌伴淋巴结转移的CT表现。结果:44例为单发病灶,9例呈多发病灶;25例单发病灶和9例多发病灶表现为边缘模糊;25例肿块内见有钙化,14例颗粒状钙化,5例乳头状钙化,6例不规则钙化。49例转移淋巴结边缘规则,另4例边缘模糊或呈融合趋势;转移淋巴结有明显钙化的25例(颗粒状钙化19例,乳头状钙化4例,不规则钙化2例);22例淋巴结有囊性变,13例囊壁内见有乳头状强化。结论:甲状腺体积增大,肿块呈浸润性生长,边界不清的伴有颗粒状钙化的,是诊断甲状腺乳头状癌的重要指征;若同时伴有颈部淋巴结囊性变、囊壁内乳头状结节及颗粒状钙化,是诊断甲状腺乳头状癌的最可靠征象。     

增强CT扫描在甲状腺肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨增强CT扫描在甲状腺肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值及重要性.方法回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的27例甲状腺肿瘤的术前CT增强前后表现,其中甲状腺腺瘤18例,甲状腺乳头状癌9例.结果增强扫描18例腺瘤中,12例囊性腺瘤有完整性强化环,6例实体腺瘤瘤内岛形强化结节.9例乳头状癌中均无完整强化环,其中4例瘤壁强化结节.9例乳头状癌中7例瘤内有钙化(呈斑点状、细颗粒状或二者混合状),4例甲状腺周围器官侵犯.结论甲状腺肿瘤必须强调增强扫描才能显示甲状腺肿瘤的病理特征,对鉴别诊断具有重要价值.甲状腺周围器官侵犯是诊断甲状腺癌的肯定征象.瘤壁乳头状强化结节和瘤内斑点状、颗粒状钙化是甲状腺乳头状癌的可靠诊断征象.瘤周完整性强化环、瘤壁光滑锐利是良性腺瘤的征象.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）