Effects of health education on HIV/AIDS related knowledge among first year university students in China

BackgroundThe number of new HIV infections has increased and implementation of school-based health education programs on AIDS have been advocated for a long time.ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the effectiveness of an intervention of HIV/AIDS on the knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention and control among first year university students.MethodsAn awareness questionnaire was adopted to assess awareness and knowledge of HIV/AIDS pre- and post-health education among first year university students in Qinghai, China. Independent sample t-test, chi-square test, and multiple logistic regression analyses were used.ResultsA total of 2,165 and 2,062 first year university students were respectively recruited pre- and post- HIV/AIDS health education. The awareness rate increased significantly after the health education intervention (from 48.59%, 95%CI: 46.47%–50.72% to 76.24%, 95%CI: 74.35%–78.06%). Students from Hui and Tibetan ethnicities, and those holding prejudices against AIDS patients were less knowledgeable than their counterparts regarding HIV/AIDS related knowledge, whereas urban-dwellers and those with higher paternal education were positively associated with awareness of HIV/AIDS related knowledge (p <0.05).ConclusionHIV/AIDS awareness among first year university students improved greatly after receiving an education intervention, which underscores its utility as part of the approaches of HIV/AIDS control and prevention.     

清远市高危人群HIV感染状况及艾滋病相关知识知晓情况调查

目的了解清远市高危人群HIV感染流行趋势和艾滋病相关知识知晓情况,为采取有针对性的行为干预措施和开展宣传教育工作提供准确的信息。方法于2005-2008年采用横断面调查的方法对强制戒毒者、暗娼和性病门诊就诊者等高危人群进行监测,并调查吸毒者和暗娼的艾滋病相关知识知晓情况。结果吸毒人群HIV抗体阳性率介于2.58%～4.15%之间;吸毒者中注射吸毒的比例为82.05%,其中共用注射器吸毒的比例为57.26%;吸毒者中42.39%有商业性行为,而且从未使用安全套的比例为52.53%。在227名暗娼中未发现HIV抗体阳性者,暗娼中最近1个月与客人发生性行为时坚持每次使用安全套的比例为39.43%。性病门诊就诊者HIV抗体阳性率介于0.20%～0.42%之间;34.56%的性病门诊就诊者最近3个月有非婚性伴,而且从未使用安全套的比例为16.25%。调查人群的艾滋病相关知识总体知晓率为57.17%,其中吸毒者和暗娼艾滋病相关知识总知晓率分别为53.05%、61.73%。结论清远市高危人群中以吸毒者HIV抗体阳性率较高,注射吸毒及共用注射器的比例较高,性乱人群中HIV流行水平较低,但存在不安全性行为;高危人群中艾滋病相关知识知晓率低,需采取有效的行为干预措施,加大宣传力度和覆盖面。     

HIV/AIDS knowledge among undergraduate university students: implications for health education programs in Ghana

Background

Globally, the spread of HIV/AIDS remains on the rise especially among adolescents who are at increased risk of infection. Sexual behavioural change remains one of the most effective ways of preventing further transmission among this vulnerable group.

Objective

To evaluate HIV/AIDS knowledge among undergraduate students'' and how it can be used in HIV prevention strategies in Ghana.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted using structured questionnaires among 324 conveniently selected students enrolled at a tertiary institution in Accra, Ghana.

Results

The mean age of the respondents was 23 years. Although the mean score of the participants'' responses to 12 HIV/AIDS knowledge questions was 7.7 of 12 points, there was an inconsistent level of AIDS knowledge with significant gender difference. While students could identify the transmission modes and preventive measure, they were less knowledgeable about the causative agent of AIDS. Majority of the students reported having received AIDS information from both print and electronic media, but few of them received such information from parents. Although over 90% of the students knew where to access VCT services, 45% of them have not had HIV test.

Conclusion

The data underscore the urgent need for HIV/AIDS-related health education and prevention efforts targeting university students as well as younger age groups in Ghana     

重庆市城区农民工HIV/AIDS防治知识和态度调查

目的了解重庆市主城区农民工HIV/AIDS防治知识和态度,为防治艾滋病提供科学依据。方法随机选取重庆市主城区3个区9个建筑工地的农民工,每个区400人,共1200人,由经过培训的专业人员进行问卷调查,内容包括基本情况、艾滋病知识与态度、获得艾滋病知识途径等。结果发放问卷1260份,有效问卷1243份。8个HIV/AIDS防治知识问题中回答正确范围为33.95%～80.13%,全部回答正确的占15.12%。10种获得艾滋病知识途径中处于前三位的分别是电视（53.50%）、广播（37.01%）、免费宣传材料（31.62%）。结论重庆市主城区农民工对艾滋病防治知识有所了解,但存在歧视。建议对农民工这一特殊群体加强健康教育宣传,以降低艾滋病在这部分人群中的传播危险。     

Prevalence and risk factors of HIV and syphilis,and knowledge and risk behaviors related to HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with men in Chongqing,China

High HIV prevalence and incidence burdens have been reported in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Chongqing, China. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), to appraise the knowledge and risk behaviors related to HIV/AIDS among MSM, and to analyze the possible causes of deviation between behavior and knowledge to make better strategies. We recruited 617 MSM from February to July in 2008 by using a respondent-driven sampling (RDS) method in Chongqing, China. Through the collection of questionnaire-based data and biological testing results from all objects, we launched a cross-sectional survey. STATA/SE was used for data analysis by frequency, ANOVA, rank sum test and logistic regression models. MSM with syphilis (OR=4.16, 95%CI: 2.35-7.33, P<0.0001) were more likely to be HIV infected. Being a company employee (OR=3.64, 95%CI: 1.22-10.08, P<0.0001) and having bought male for sex (OR=3.52, 95%CI: 1.10-11.32, P < 0.034) were associated with a higher probability of syphilis. MSM with younger age, higher education and greater monthly income had a higher mean knowledge score. MSM who had HIV testing had a higher mean knowledge score than those who never had. Students, venues for finding sex partners by Internet and homosexuals in MSM had a higher mean knowledge score compared to other occupations, venues for finding sex partners and sexual orientation. There is an urgent need for delivery of barrier and biomedical interventions with coordinated behavioral and structural strategies to improve the effect of HIV interventions among MSM.     

HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA): a cross-sectional study of primary school teachers

BackgroundTeachers are in advantage position to propagate correct information with regard to HIV/AIDS thereby influencing attitude towards PLWHA. With correct information stigmatization leading to spread of the scourge might be prevented.Aims & ObjectivesThe study was conducted to determine knowledge and attitude of primary school teachers towards PLWHA.Methods & MaterialsThe cross-sectional survey was used to study a sample of 400 primary school teachers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The instrument used for data collection was researchers'' designed questionnaire. Out of 400 copies of questionnaire administered; 394 representing 98.5% return rate, were used for analysis of data.ResultsResults showed respondents had moderate (57.4%) knowledge concerning HIV/AIDS and positive attitude (3.09 ± 0.98) to PLWHA. Female teachers'' dispositions to PLWHA were better than the males based on their attitude scores and the difference was not significant in general knowledge of HIV/AIDS and attitude to PLWHA.ConclusionOur findings underscore the need for a universal health education programme, focusing on HIV/AIDS education, in education institutions that train teachers in Nigeria so as to possibly mitigate the discrepancy in knowledge regarding curability of AIDS and any undesirable attitude towards PLWHA that may arise among teachers.     

某学院医学生艾滋病知识、态度与行为调查

目的了解医学生艾滋病知识、态度和相关行为,为医学院校开展艾滋病健康教育提供科学依据。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法,抽取咸宁学院医学生共260人,通过匿名自填式问卷调查的方式,对艾滋病知识、态度、行为进行调查。结果医学生艾滋病基本知识的答对率大部分在80%以上,但仍有40%左右的学生不能正确判断蚊虫叮咬能否传播艾滋病。对于共用剃须刀、牙刷能否传播艾滋病的答对率不同年级之间的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;在对AIDS患者的态度上,80%以上的学生觉得应该对艾滋病患者的隐私保密。回答愿意与感染了艾滋病的同学交往和愿意照顾患有艾滋病的亲属的人数从低到高年级呈上升趋势;在艾滋病相关行为上,80%以上的学生表示怀疑患艾滋病后会选择公立医院就医,但仍有少数同学会选择去私立诊所或自己买药等方式处理。结论大部分医学生对艾滋病的基本知识掌握较好,但对传播途径仍存在一些误区。建议今后在医学生中加强性道德和医学伦理学的教育,引导学生增强自我保护意识,促进他们对AIDS的认识与态度、行为统一。     

HIV Treatment Beliefs and Sexual Transmission Risk Behaviors among HIV Positive Men and Women

People are living longer and healthier with HIV infection because of successful combination antiretroviral therapies. HIV treatment beliefs are often associated with sexual practices among people living with HIV/AIDS but these associations may depend on the HIV status of sex partners. In a sample of 158 HIV positive men and women who were receiving HIV treatments, we examined the association between HIV treatment beliefs, HIV transmission risk perceptions, medication adherence, viral load and engaging in unprotected intercourse with any sex partners and specifically with sex partners who were not HIV positive (non-concordant). Results showed having missed medications in the past two days and treatment-related beliefs were significantly associated with engaging in unprotected intercourse with all sex partners as well as non-concordant partners. However, multivariate models showed that only treatment beliefs were significantly associated with engaging in unprotected intercourse with non-concordant partners. These results extend past research by demonstrating that the HIV status of sex partners sets the context for whether prevention-related treatment beliefs are associated with HIV transmission risk behaviors among people living with HIV/AIDS.     

艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者生存质量与社会支持调查

目的了解艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者与艾滋病(AIDS)患者的生活质量、社会支持现状及其影响因素。方法选择山西省运城市夏县某村57例,以简明健康调查问卷(SF-36)及社会支持评定量表(SSRS)进行问卷调查,对相关数据进行统计分析。结果①HIV感染者/AIDS患者生存质量在生理职能、躯体疼痛以及情感职能方面的得分显著低于常模(t=-5.795,-3.359,-6.010;P<0.01),在精力方面的得分显著高于常模(t=2.639,P<0.05);②社会支持主要与健康状况、精力、社会功能和情感职能明显正相关(r=0.298,0.337,P<0.05;r=0.410,P<0.01;r=0.290,P<0.05)。结论 HIV感染者/AIDS患者获得的社会支持越多,其生活质量越好。     

HIV感染者/AIDS病人生存质量现状及相关因素研究

目的了解HIV感染者/AIDS病人生存质量的现状并分析其相关因素。方法应用世界卫生组织生存质量量表（WHOQOL-BREFF）中文版评价HIV感染者及AIDS病人的生存质量,同时调查可能影响生存质量的人口学特征、HIV感染有关情况和社会支持等。采用t检验、方差分析进行单因素分析,多元线性回归模型分析生理、心理、社会关系及环境4大领域的影响因素。结果 112例HIV感染者/AIDS病人生存质量4大领域平均得分分别为：生理领域（60.5±16.2）分、心理领域（51.8±17.5）分、社会关系领域（58.1±19.3）分,环境领域（47.5±15.6）分。各维度得分均低于全国常模,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。主观支持得分越高,HIV感染者/AIDS病人生存质量4个领域得分就越高;静脉吸毒途径感染的HIV感染者/AIDS病人生理领域总分低于性途径感染者;有工作/学习的HIV感染者/AIDS病人生理和心理领域得分高于无业者;对支持利用度高者,其心理领域得分也高;在环境领域得分中,患者文化程度越高,其得分越高。结论应加强失业、文化程度低、抗病毒治疗患者、静脉注射感染者以及社会支持差者的心理健康辅导,以提高其生存质量。     

中国HIV/AIDS患者外周血单核细胞上TLR4表达和血浆TNF-α水平

目的 观察中国HIV/AIDS患者外周血单核细胞上Toll样受体4(TLR4)表达水平和血浆TNF-α浓度,初步探讨TLR4在HIV感染中的作用.方法 分别运用流式细胞术、ELISA法测定46例HIV/AIDS患者和30例健康对照者的外周血单核细胞上TLR4的表达及血浆TNF-α浓度,采用t检验和相关分析进行数据分析.结果 HIV/AIDS患者外周血单核细胞TLR4的表达率、血浆TNF-α浓度分别是52.19%±4.37%和(35.79±5.08)pg/ml,均显著高于健康对照组;单核细胞上TLR4的表达率与血浆TNF-α浓度、HIV-1病毒载量的相关系数分别是0.645和0.708,呈正相关.结论 中国HIV/AIDS患者外周血单核细胞TLR4表达上调,并且与患者体内HIV复制存在一定的相关性.     

Characteristics of African-Americans with multiple risk factors associated with HIV/AIDS

Multiple risk factors in young African-Americans have tremendous implications for the spread of AIDS. Two hundred forty-two heterosexual college students were classified as having low, moderate, or high risk for HIV infection based upon their self-reported sexual practices. Results indicated that subjects differed in AIDS knowledge and attitudes toward condoms with respect to both Gender and Risk level, with men and High Risk individuals being less knowledgeable and having more negative attitudes than their female and Low Risk counterparts respectively. Interaction effects revealed that High Risk men were less knowledgeable than both Low Risk men and High Risk women. High Risk men as well as High and Low Risk women reported more anger surrounding condom usage than Low Risk men. Low perceptions of vulnerability for AIDS were reflected in the entire sample. The implications of this study for primary prevention and future research are discussed.     

Prevalence and associated factors of TB/HIV co-infection among HIV Infected patients in Amhara region,Ethiopia

BackgroundTuberculosis is one of the world''s most common causes of death in the era of Human immunodeficiency virus. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of TB/HIV co-infection.MethodsHospital based retrospective studies were conducted among adult HIV-positive patients. Logistic regression method and Chi square test were applied.ResultsA total of 571 HIV positive study participants were enrolled. Of these, 158 (27.7%) were found to have pulmonary tuberculosis. Lower baseline CD4 count<200cell/µl, patients who drunk alcohol, patients who were ambulatory at the initiation of ART, patients whose marital status was single were significant predictors for increased risk of tuberculosis in PLWHIV (P <0.05). Non smoker patients, patients in WHO clinical stage I, patients in WHO clinical stage II and ownership of the house had significant protective benefit against risk of TB (P <0.05).ConclusionThe prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection in adults on ART in our study was moderately high. Having advanced clinical status and presence of risk factors were found to be the predicting factors for co-infection. The health office should open TB/HIV co-infection units in the hospitals and health workers should be cautious when a patient has an advanced disease.     

柳州市性服务工作者艾滋病相关知识和相关危险行为因素分析

目的了解柳州市及柳江、柳城县娱乐场所性服务工作者（FSW）艾滋病相关知识和相关危险行为,为艾滋病行为干预提供依据。方法采用分层抽样方法抽取娱乐场所性服务工作者1047名,采用一对一匿名的问卷调查和采血。结果调查对象平均年龄为（25.8±6.4）岁,FSW艾滋病知识较缺乏,蚊虫叮咬会感染艾滋病正确率依然最低,为79.2%;不同对象安全套使用率有差异,最近一次与客人发生性关系时有80.3%的FSW使用安全套,而最近一次与配偶/同居男友发生性关系时安全套使用率为50.0%,两者差异有统计学意义（χ2=9.1,P〈0.05）。FSW感染艾滋病的有4例,占0.4%;感染梅毒的有28例,占2.7%。结论柳州市FSW艾滋病相关知识缺乏和性行为的反应因素,提示应加大性病知识宣传力度,以控制艾滋病、性病传播。     

2010—2012年中山市孕产妇艾滋病哨点监测情况分析

目的了解中山市孕产妇艾滋病感染情况及艾滋病防治相关知识水平,为预防控制工作提供依据。方法按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案》要求,2010—2012年对1198名孕产妇进行问卷调查和血清学检测。结果监测的1198名孕产妇中,仍存在孕产妇受教育程度低、有多性伴以及其配偶有吸毒、多性伴等高危行为。艾滋病知识知晓率可能与调查对象的文化程度、怀孕次数、生育次数有关（P〈0．001）,即文化程度越高、初次怀孕及尚未生育,艾滋病知识知晓率越高;2010、2011、2012年监测对象的艾滋病防治知识知晓率分别为45．48％（181／398）、82．25％（329／400）、78．25％（313／400）,3年知晓率比较差异有统计学意义（X2=150．93,P〈0．001）。艾滋病防治总知晓率为68．70％,孕产妇艾滋病HIV阳性率为0。结论中山市孕产妇艾滋病感染率还处在较低水平,但艾滋病防治相关知识仍存在误区,应加强健康教育和行为干预、艾滋病HIV筛查工作,预防艾滋病母婴传播。     

校医对艾滋病知识、态度、行为的调查

目的 了解校医对艾滋病的偏见或歧视行为,分析其影响因素,并对减少歧视的方法进行初步调查.方法 采用横断面研究方法,于2015年4-7月在洛阳市6个区分别随机选取6所学校,在每个学校选择3名校医(总计92人),采取封闭式问卷调查的方式,对调查对象人口特征、艾滋病态度、艾滋病知识、造成歧视的原因以及减少歧视的办法进行了调查.结果 在被调查对象中,79.4％对因卖血、输血患病者表示值得同情,90.2％对母婴传播而患病者表示同情,90.3％对因吸毒而患病表示不值得同情,64.1％对因性接触而患病表示不值得同情.80.6％的调查对象不会购买感染者家生产的食品,65.0％的调查对象禁止子女接触感染者子女.不同年龄调查对象对艾滋病歧视程度有统计学差异(x2=10.776,P ＜0.05).不同性别被调查对象,艾滋病知识评分高低与艾滋病歧视行为持有率无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 虽然洛阳市校医对艾滋病的防治知识知晓率较高,但部分校医仍然存在对艾滋病的歧视和偏见,应采取有针对性的措施减少歧视行为.     

Attitude of Lesotho health care workers towards HIV/AIDS and impact of HIV/AIDS on the population structure

Background

The impact and management of HIV/AIDS in Lesotho in the context of disaster management was investigated.

Objectives

Lesotho health care workers'' perception on HIV/AIDS progression, whether HIV/AIDS was managed as a disaster, and the impact on the demographic profile was investigated.

Methods

The empirical investigation included a literature study, and primary and secondary data analyses. Questionnaires (n=116) determined health care workers'' perception of HIV/AIDS. Interviews with officers of Lesotho Disaster Management determined how HIV/AIDS was managed as a disaster. National population censuses and data from surveys were summarised to describe the impact of HIV/AIDS on the population structure.

Results

Respondents'' modal age group was 25 to 39 years, 28.4% viewed HIV/AIDS related deaths as very high and perceived that HIV/AIDS changed the age composition, sex and dependency ratio of the population. Although HIV/AIDS was declared a disaster, the Lesotho Disaster Management Authority only aided the National AIDS Commission. There was evidence that HIV/AIDS caused the population pyramid base to shrink, and an indentation in the active population.

Conclusion

Health care workers attributed HIV/AIDS to changing the demographic profile of Lesotho, also reflected in the population pyramid. Lesotho Disaster Management Authority played a supporting role in HIV/AIDS disaster management.     

Behaviour change and treatment of core groups: its effect on the spread of HIV/AIDS

Email; yhhsieh{at}dragon.nchu.edu.tw A general model is considered for treatment and behaviour changeof the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infecteds in a highlysexually active core group of female commercial sex workers(CSWs) and a ‘bridge population’ of young unpartneredmales. In this model, the spread of HIV/AIDS in the communityis carried out mainly through the sexual interaction betweenthe core group and the bridge population which acts as a bridgefor the spread of disease to the general population. We willconsider the effect of treatment of the infecteds and/or thesubsequent behaviour change when targeted toward the core groupand the bridge population. Analytical results will be givenfor a strategy which targets treatment and behaviour changeat either the core group or the bridge population. Numericalexamples are also provided to illustrate the biological significanceof the treatment/behaviour change and its effect on the thresholdparameter values. The results show that if the contact ratesand transmission probabilities of the treated individuals aresufficiently reduced, the treatment/behaviour change can eradicatethe disease provided that the level of treatment in the infectedpopulation is sufficiently high. However, an ill-planned treatmentprogram which fails to meet the required reductions in contactrate or transmission probability could have a detrimental effecton the spread of the epidemic.     

203例农村有偿献血感染人类免疫缺陷病毒者的神经认知及社会生活功能

目的:调查通过献血途径感染人类免疫缺陷病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)的203例患者的神经认知状况和社会生活功能.方法:横断面研究,采用神经心理成套测验和日常生活能力量表对安徽阜阳203例通过献血途径感染HIV的患者进行调查,选取198例年龄、性别和受教育年限相匹配的HIV阴性献血者为对照.神经心理成套测验包括执行功能、词语流畅、学习、记忆、精细运动、信息处理速度和工作记忆7个认知领域.以总体缺陷分≥0.5分作为认知损害的划界分.结果:HIV阳性受试总体认知功能[(45.7±5.9) vs.(49.4±6.0),P<0.01]和7个认知领域都较HIV阴性受试差.在精细运动功能方面HIV与丙型肝炎病毒(Heptitis C virus,HCV)感染存在交互作用(F=5.28,P<0.05).临床无症状期的HIV感染者和获得性免疫缺陷综合征(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome,AIDS)患者认知损害率分别为29.2%和43.0%.HIV阳性受试的日常生活能力下降得分高于HIV阴性受试[(0.49±1.32 vs.(0.14±0.75),P<0.01],工作月数、个人和家庭月收入少于HIV阴性受试(P<0.01).认知损害组患者最低CD4细胞计数低于非认知损害组[(214.3±144.0) vs.(274.8±161.1),P=0.010],日常生活能力下降更明显[(0.75±1.58)vs.(0.34±1.13,) P<0.01].总体认知功能和日常生活能力下降相关(r=-0.22,P<0.01).结论:HIV感染者7个神经认知领域均有损害,合并丙型肝炎病毒感染可加重精细运动功能损害,随着疾病进展认知损害率提高;HIV感染者日常生活能力下降、职业功能和经济收入更差.最低CD4细胞计数对神经认知功能受损有一定预测作用;神经认知功能对日常生活能力下降造成一定影响,进而影响个人和家庭的经济收入.