努力提高炎症性肠疾病的外科治疗水平

炎症性肠疾病（IBD）包括溃疡性结肠炎（UC）和克罗恩病（CD），未定型结肠炎（indeterminate colitis，IC）则介于两者之间。IBD的发病机制尚未明确。近年来，UC的发病率无显著变化，但CD发病率逐年增加。IBD的治疗包括药物、外科手术、营养支持及干细胞移植治疗，IBD的治疗成功取决于病人、外科医生、胃肠病医生之间的多学科合作。本期专题亦体现出IBD现代治疗的趋势，由多学科专家分别从不同的重点撰文，全面介绍IBD的治疗。虽然UC和CD同属炎症性肠疾病范畴，但其病理、病程演变存在诸多不同。UC通常是连续性病变，为求根治可选择切除结直肠段的全部原发病变，被认为是可以经外科治愈的炎症性肠疾病，约30％～40％的UC病人须手术治疗。CD具有节段性、多部位发生和几乎不可避免术后复发的特点，约70％～80％的CD病人在明确诊断后的某一时期需要手术，手术目的是提高病人的生活质量，只切除病变明显的肠段，尽可能多保留肉眼所见的正常肠段。目前有关IBD的外科治疗还存在不少争议，须加强有关研究以提高IBD的外科治疗水平。     

炎症性肠病152例临床病理分析

为探讨炎症性肠病（IBD）的临床病理特点和治疗方法,回顾性分析152例IBD患者的临床资料,肠镜、病理检查及治疗方法。结果显示,临床主要表现：93例溃疡性结肠炎（UC）以腹泻为主,伴有腹痛和黏液脓血便,腹痛多位于左下腹和左腰腹部;59例克罗恩病（CD）以腹痛为主,伴有腹泻和黏液或水样便,腹痛多位于右下腹和脐周。病变范围：UC以直肠和全结肠为主;CD以末端回肠及其邻近结肠为主。临床类型：UC以初发型及慢性复发型多见;CD以狭窄型为主。内镜及病理大体检查：UC为多发性表浅溃疡、连续性弥漫性黏膜充血糜烂,病理检查镜下隐窝脓肿较多见;CD为节段性、非对称性的黏膜炎症,病理检查镜下黏膜下层见结节样肉芽肿。CD并发症较多,主要为肠梗阻、瘘管及肠穿孔。UC结肠镜病理活检确诊率为96．8％,3．2％的病例是经手术标本病理活检确诊。CD结肠镜病理活检确诊率为59．3％,40．7％的病例是经手术标本病理活检而确诊。结果表明,IBD临床表现多样,CD并发症较UC多见,误诊率较高,结肠镜病理活检是诊断UC和CD的有效方法。合理内科治疗和选择性外科治疗可提高IBD的治疗效果。     

克罗恩病的诊断进展

克罗恩病（Crohn disease，CD）是一种可累及全消化道的慢性炎性疾病，与溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis，UC）共同构成炎症性肠疾病（inflammatory bowel disease，IBD）。其病因尚不明确，可能与遗传、免疫、感染等因素有关；临床表现以反复发作的非特异性肠道症状为特征，可伴有局部或全身的并发症。目前推测我国CD的患病率为1．4／10万，并有明显的逐年上升趋势。但至今尚无诊断的金标准，且与CD表现相似而需鉴别诊断的疾病较多，因此只有联合CD的临床表现、内镜检查、组织学诊断、影像学检查、实验室诊断等来确诊疾病，评估活动性及预后。近几年，各种新的诊断技术和方法的提出，大大提高了CD诊断的准确性。本文将对CD的诊断进展做一概述。     

炎症性肠疾病的内镜诊断

炎症性肠疾病（IBD）是一种迄今原因尚不十分清楚的慢性非特异性炎症，通常特指溃疡性结肠炎（UC）和克罗恩病（CD），目前认为溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病有相似的发病机制，但二者有不同的临床特点。对该类疾病的诊断仍以内镜检查为金标准，内镜结合病理组织学检查对明确病变性质，累及范围及活动性程度，摘除较大的假性息肉，发现早期癌变，治疗策略的制定及预后的估计均有重要意义。已出现肠穿孔、腹膜炎、中毒性巨结肠，严重衰竭病人，精神病，严重心肺疾病等应禁忌或暂缓镜检。     

炎性肠病外科治疗进展

炎性肠病（IBD）是一组特发性的慢性炎性肠道疾病。主要包括克罗恩病（CD）和溃疡性结肠炎（UC）。IBD整体发病率处于上升趋势。与西方国家相比．我国男性发病率略高;UC患者发病年龄相对晚;大多数病变为轻中度,瘘及肛周病变少。虽然IBD药物治疗近些年取得了长足发展．但仍有30％以上的UC患者需手术治疗．有70％的CD患者毕生要接受至少1次手术。本文就近年来IBD的外科治疗进展作一综述。     

大肠外科进展

大肠外科疾病主要包括炎症性大肠疾病和大肠肿瘤。从近几年报告资料来看，无论是炎症性大肠疾病还是大肠肿瘤，发病率均有上升趋势。随着分子生物学技术及诊断治疗方法的改进，大肠外科研究也取得了一定进展，现将其综述如下。一、炎症性大肠疾病炎症性大肠疾病（IBD）主要包括溃疡性结肠炎（UC）和克隆病（CD）。该病在西方国家较为常见，UC发病率5～21／10万人，Clj发病率2～9／10万人。在我国该病也不少见，近年来发病率呈明显上升趋势。1．发病机制：（）rholm［'」统计IBD有阳性家族史占5％～35％，I．eeD］发现散发的及有遗传家…     

炎症性肠疾病的手术时机与围手术期处理

炎症性肠疾病（inflammatory bowel diseases，IBD）是一种病因尚不十分清楚的慢性非特异性炎症性疾病，包括溃疡性结肠炎（UC）和克罗恩病（CD）。UC与CD都可表现为难以控制的出血性腹泻、腹痛、发热、贫血等，治疗上虽以内科药物为主，但在某些特殊情况下仍须行手术治疗。     

炎症性肠疾病的药物治疗及选择

炎症性肠疾病（IBD）包括溃疡性结肠炎（UC）和克罗恩病（CD）。IBD的传统药物治疗仍以水杨酸类、糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂三类为主。随着IBD发病机制的深入研究，尤其是在免疫学、细胞分子生物学方面的重大进展推动了IBD治疗的发展。特别是生物制剂的应用，使IBD的治疗有了更有效、安全的选择。     

炎症性肠疾病的免疫学基础及免疫治疗

炎症性肠疾病（IBD）主要指克罗恩病（CD）和溃疡性结肠炎（UC），是一种遗传因素、环境因素和免疫因素共同参与的肠道持续性炎症疾病。大量的研究显示肠道黏膜免疫机制紊乱是IBD发病的重要机制。近年来，IBD的免疫学发病机制研究取得了很大进展，而且炎症性肠疾病的免疫学治疗也取得了良好效果。本文就IBD的免疫学发病机制及免疫学治疗进行简要评述。     

炎症性肠病的腹腔镜手术治疗

广义的炎症性肠病（inflammatory bowel disease,IBD）,是以肠道炎症为主要表现的不同疾病的总称。而狭义的IBD则特指一组病因尚不卜分清楚的慢性特异性肠道炎症性疾病,主要包括溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis,UC）和克罗恩病（Crohn’s disease,CD）。IBD在西方国家的发病率较高[UC为（2～10）／10万,CD为（6～10）／10万1,多为青壮年发病,并发症多且重．严重影响病人的生活和劳动能力。     

Under diagnosis and over diagnosis of prostate cancer

PURPOSE: We quantified the rates of over and under diagnosis of prostate cancer in 2 large patient cohorts during the last 15 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 2,126 men with clinical stage T1c prostate cancer were treated with radical prostatectomy during 1 of the 3 periods 1989 to 1995, 1995 to 2001 and 2001 to 2005. The respective proportions of men with a tumor that met our criteria for over diagnosis (0.5 cm3 or less, confined to the prostate with clear surgical margins and no Gleason pattern 4 or 5) and under diagnosis (nonorgan confined, pathological stage T3 or greater, or positive surgical margins) were examined. RESULTS: The proportion of men with an over diagnosed tumor was 1.3% to 7.1%. The proportion with prostate cancer that was under diagnosed was 25% to 30%. An ancillary finding was that decreasing the prostate specific antigen threshold for biopsy from 4.0 to 2.5 ng/ml in the screened population resulted in a lower rate of under diagnosis from 30% to 26%, a higher rate of over diagnosis from 1.3% to 7.1% and an increase in the 5-year progression-free survival rate from 85% to 92%. Men who were 55 years or younger were significantly more likely to meet our criteria for over diagnosed cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Under diagnosis of prostate cancer continues to occur more frequently than over diagnosis. Lowering the prostate specific antigen threshold for recommending biopsy to 2.5 ng/ml resulted in a lower rate of under diagnosis and a higher progression-free survival rate.     

脐尿管占位性病变的CT诊断及鉴别诊断

目的 探讨CT检查在诊断和鉴别诊断脐尿管占位性病变方面的价值。方法根据临床病理证实的24例脐尿管占位性病变患者的CT影像学特征，分析其大小、部位、形态、性质、Retzius间隙影像学变化及增强后的影像学特征。结果 24例均明确诊断。4例为脐疝，其中3例疝囊内容物为网膜组织，另1例为肠管。20例为脐尿管占位性病变，均位于Retzius间隙内的脐尿管行走区，其中单纯性脐尿管囊肿6例，CT表现为长条椭圆形完整囊状包块，囊壁薄、光滑，囊内容物呈均匀低密度回声，增强后无强化；感染性脐尿管囊肿7例，CT表现为内部回声不均，灶周Retzius间隙内可见絮状或条索状密度增高影，其中4例囊壁明显增厚，3例囊壁不完整，2例呈多房性囊肿；脐尿管憩室伴结石3例，CT表现为中线处膀胱壁内可见高密度结石影；脐尿管肿瘤性病变4例，均于膀胱顶壁区中线处发现不规则软组织肿块影，增强后明显强化。结论 脐尿管占位性病变并不常见，多为感染性囊肿，结合临床术前确诊并不困难。CT是脐尿管占位性病变术前明确诊断和鉴别诊断的重要措施之一。     

Orbital diagnosis

Accurate localization and diagnosis of orbital lesions is necessary to select the appropriate treatment. A systematic method of evaluating a patient with orbital disease is presented. The most common orbital lesions among children and adults are listed, and abnormalities that mimic exophthalmos are described. The tests that are most useful in evaluating orbital disease are described in detail. Several case reports illustrate the value of ultrasonography and three-dimensional computed tomography in the localization and diagnosis of space-occupying lesions of the orbit. Special tissue-processing techniques can be performed on some tumors to aid in establishing a diagnosis and in planning treatment.     

Classification,differential diagnosis,and diagnosis of pouchitis

Evaluation of patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis after total proctocolectomy who present with symptoms suggestive of pouchitis requires a systematic approach. Although idiopathic pouchitis is the most common cause of symptoms, evaluation for possible secondary causes of pouch inflammation and for potential disease mimickers is essential. After appropriate testing and assessement of response to treatment, disease can be classified based on response to antibiotics and as idiopathic or secondary. A systematic approach and the use of different modalities of testing including pouch endoscopy, pathology and imaging, should lead to an appropriate diagnosis and a well-planned treatment plan. A proposed algorithm for evaluation of symptomatic patients will be outlined.