肝硬化上消化道出血和幽门螺杆菌感染的相关性研究

目的研究肝硬化患者幽门螺杆菌感染和上消化道出血之间的关系.方法肝硬化患者160例,内镜检查了解食管静脉曲张和消化性溃疡的发生情况及出血的原因,同时胃粘膜活检作尿素酶试验,检测幽门螺杆菌(Hp).结果Hp阳性组消化性溃疡发生率(64.1%)明显高于阴性组(37.8%,P＜0.01).出血率在Hp阳性组(38.5%)也明显高于阴性组(22%,P＜0.05).结论Hp感染和肝源性溃疡发生有关,Hp感染者的肝源性溃疡发生率增高及胃粘膜活动性炎症可能导致出血率升高,根除Hp有可能降低肝硬化上消化道出血.     

美罗培南治疗肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者对感染预防和再出血的影响*

目的 探讨应用美罗培南（MEM）治疗肝硬化（LC）并发上消化道出血（UGB）患者对感染预防和再出血的影响。方法 2016年11月~2018年10月期间我院重症医学科收治的92例LC并发UGB患者被随机分为对照组46例和观察组46例,在内科止血等综合治疗的基础上,分别在确定感染时再给予头孢曲松或在入院时即给予预防性应用MEM治疗。结果 在治疗10 d,观察组死亡1例,对照组死亡2例;观察组WBC计数为（5.6±1.9）×109/L,血清降钙素原（PCT）水平为（0.25±0.03） ng/mL,显著低于对照组的（9.8±1.2）×109/L和（0.42±0.06） ng/mL,而血小板计数为（106.2±15.7）×109/L,显著高于对照组的（93.6±20.1）×109/L（P<0.05）;观察组患者再出血率和感染发生率分别为8.9%和11.1%,均显著低于对照组的25.0%和43.2%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组共检出8株菌株,对照组检出24株。两组感染患者均以大肠埃希菌感染为主,其次为肺炎克雷伯菌。结论 预防性使用抗生素MEM治疗LC伴UGB患者能显著降低感染发生率,并对防止再出血有帮助,值得临床进一步验证。     

奥曲肽治疗血吸虫肝硬化上消化道出血的临床评价

[目的]探讨奥曲肽治疗血吸虫肝硬化上消化道出血的临床诊治特点和治疗效果。[方法]选择我院2011年4月~2014年1月收治的符合此次研究纳入标准的血吸虫肝硬化上消化道出血患者50例作为研究对象,按照随机对照原则,将患者随机分为对照组和实验组。实验组接受奥曲肽治疗,对照组进行垂体后叶素治疗,比较2组患者的临床疗效以及不良反应发生率等。[结果]实验组和对照组患者接受治疗后,实验组治疗总有效率为92.0%,对照组患者治疗总有效率为64.0%,2组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;实验组患者的平均止血时间、再出血率以及并发症发生率均低于对照组,2组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。[结论]奥曲肽在治疗血吸虫肝硬化上消化道出血方面较传统方法（垂体后叶素）临床效果显著,不良反应少,改善了患者的预后,提高了患者的生存质量,故该治疗方法值得在临床上进一步推广应用。     

预防性应用头孢曲松钠对肝硬化上消化道出血患者感染的影响*

目的 探讨预防性应用头孢曲松钠对肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者感染的影响。方法 在96例肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者,给予48例对照组常规止血和护肝治疗,48例观察组同时给予头孢曲松钠静脉滴注治疗。使用微生物分析仪行细菌培养与鉴定。结果 治疗1 w后,观察组感染和再出血发生率分别为10.4%和18.8%,明显低于对照组（35.4%和41.7%,P<0.05）,两组病死率无显著性差异（6.3%对10.4%,P>0.05）;观察组感染发生率为10.4%,共分离出致病菌10株,对照组为35.4%,分离出33株;观察组外周血白细胞计数和C反应蛋白显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 预防性应用头孢曲松钠治疗肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者能降低医院感染发生率,减轻炎性反应。     

Frequency of upper gastrointestinal lesions in patients with liver cirrhosis

The frequency of gastroduodenal lesions has been investigated in 142 patients with liver cirrhosis of various degrees of severity and in 63 patients with mild liver disease (controls) in whom liver biopsy excluded nodular regeneration. Cirrhotic patients were subdivided in three groups according to the Pugh modification of the Child-Turcotte criteria. Although the frequency of peptic ulcer was not different, gastroduodenal erosions were observed more frequently in cirrhotics than in controls (29.6% vs 11.1%, P<0.01 ). The occurrence of erosions was related to the severity of the disease: in Child A and B patients their frequency was 21 and 26% respectively, but rose to 48.4 (15 of 31 vs 7 of 63 in controls, P<0.001 ) in the Child C group. Both mild and severe gastroduodenitis occurred more frequently, although not significantly, in patients with liver cirrhosis. All together one or more endoscopic lesions were observed in almost 60% of cirrhotics but only in 25.4% of controls (P<0.001 ). In conclusion, our data do not show an increased prevalence of peptic ulcer in cirrhotic patients; in contrast, liver cirrhosis is significantly associated with the endoscopic finding of gastroduodenal erosions, especially in the more advanced stages of the disease. These findings would suggest a cautious use, in cirrhotic patients, of drugs which may damage the gastroduodenal mucosa; moreover, longterm administration of antacids or of other drugs with a protective effect on gastroduodenal mucosa might be taken into consideration for Child C patients.     

肝硬化上消化道出血预防性抗感染治疗失败的影响因素

目的探讨肝硬化上消化道出血患者接受预防性抗感染治疗失败的影响因素。方法回顾性分析2011年1月-2014年6月福建医科大学孟超肝胆医院收治的肝硬化上消化道出血患者82例,所有患者均接受三代头孢菌素预防性抗感染治疗7 d,观察抗感染治疗2周内的疗效,比较分析预防有效组和无效组之间临床特征的差异,计量资料组间比较采用t检验,计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验或Wilcoxon秩和检验。应用Logistic回归分析导致预防性抗感染失败的影响因素。结果 38例(46.4%)患者发生继发感染,预防有效组和预防无效组在凝血酶原时间、入住ICU的比例、入住ICU时间、接受深静脉穿刺的比例、Child-Pugh分级和Child-Pugh评分上比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05)。Child-Pugh分级和入住ICU是预防性抗生素治疗失败的独立危险因素,比值比分别为2.455[95%可信区间(95%CI):1.01~5.97,P=0.048]和4.12(95%CI:1.32~12.83,P=0.015)。结论三代头孢菌素预防性抗感染治疗失败率较高,入住ICU和高Child-Pugh分级是影响肝硬化上消化道出血预防性抗感染治疗失败的独立危险因素。     

Endotoxin inactivating action of plasma in patients with liver cirrhosis

The endotoxin inactivating action of plasma was evaluated in 62 patients with cirrhosis and 10 healthy subjects. Endotoxin from E. coli 0111: B4 was added to each plasma sample to a final concentration of 250 pg/ml and the percentage loss of endotoxin activity by incubation (37°C for 1 h) was calculated as the endotoxin inactivating rate. The plasma endotoxin inactivating rate in cirrhotics was significantly greater than that in healthy subjects, although patients with Child C cirrhosis and marked hyperbilirubinemia had a significantly lower endotoxin inactivating rate than other cirrhotics. The plasma endotoxin inactivating rate was positively correlated to serum HDL-cholesterol levels. In patients with Child A and Child B cirrhosis, the endotoxin inactivating rate was positively correlated to the endotoxin binding capacity of plasma albumin. The present results support the assumption that the plasma of cirrhotics has a high endotoxin inactivating capacity. Its decrease may augment endotoxicity in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis.     

普萘洛尔预防肝硬化初次上消化道出血的meta分析

对普萘洛尔能否预防肝硬化上消化道出血进行系统评价。检索1980年1月至2000年12月期间发表的有关普萘洛尔预防肝硬化初次上消化道出血的随机对照临床试验。按照入选标准，有9项临床试验纳入本研究，由两名作者各自独立地对入选研究中有关试验设计、研究对象的特征、干预措施、研究结果等内容进行摘录，并用RevMan3.1软件进行分析。上消化道出血、死亡及因出血死亡的合并优势比（OR）分别为0.45[95%CI0.34，0.60]、0.73[95%CI0.55，0.96]、0.44[95%CI0.28，0.69]。肝功能越差，预防效果越差；腹水患者的预防效果亦较差。普萘洛尔可以预防肝硬化上消化道出血，并可降低总死亡率以及出血所致的死亡率。肝功能的状况和腹水的有无是影响普萘洛尔的预防效果的重要因素。     

氩离子凝固术联合中药治疗上消化道出血的临床研究

[目的]探讨内镜下氩离子凝固术（APC）联合自拟止血一号方治疗非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的临床疗效。[方法]对120例确诊为非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者,在内镜下行APC止血,予以质子泵抑制剂、静脉补液等常规治疗后,随机分为2组：治疗组（60例）,在常规治疗的基础上加用自拟止血一号方煎剂口服;对照组（60例）仅予常规治疗。比较2组治疗总有效率及再出血率、死亡率、输血量、平均住院日、住院费用等指标。[结果]治疗组和对照组的总有效率分别为96．61％和88．33％（P〈0.05）;再出血率为3．33％和11．67％（P〈0.05）;死亡率为1．67％和5．00％（P〈0.05）;输血量为（2．34±2．05）U和（4．35±3．45）U（P〈0．05）;平均住院日为（10．59±4．88）d和（15．79±8．00）d（P〈0．05）;住院费用为（8．16±1．43）千元和（13．35±1．91）千元（P〈0．05）。[结论]APC联合中药治疗上消化道出血是一种疗效显著、死亡率及输血量低、住院天数短、经济实惠的治疗方法。     

洛赛克治疗老年急性上消化道出血80例疗效观察

本文比较了洛赛克（ｌｏｓｅｃ）与信法丁（ｆａｍｏｔｉｎｅ）治疗８０例老年人急性上消化道出血的止血疗效。结果洛赛克总有效率为９６．７％，较信法丁８３．３％显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。在应用中，未发现其对各重要器官的功能和合并症造成影响，实验室检查无异常发现，副作用轻微。提示了对患有４种以上合并症，出血量达＞１０００亳升，病因为急性胃粘膜病、胃癌的老年人急性上消化道出血，洛赛克是一种可供优先选择的药物，疗程一般为５天左右。     

特利加压素联合埃索美拉唑治疗肝硬化上消化道出血患者肝静脉压力梯度的变化*

目的 比较奥曲肽和特利加压素分别联合埃索美拉唑治疗肝硬化上消化道出血患者的止血效果及对肝静脉压力梯度（HVPG）的影响。方法 将73例肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者随机分为对照组36例和观察组37例,分别给予醋酸奥曲肽或特利加压素联合埃索美拉唑治疗,比较两组患者止血效果,检测肝静脉游离压（FHVP）、肝静脉锲入压（WHVP）及WHVP变化情况。结果 治疗后1 w,两组止血率无明显差异（P>0.05）,观察组RBC、Hb和血肌酐水平差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;与治疗前比,治疗后5~30 min 两组FHVP、WHVP和HVPG均明显降低（P<0.05）,治疗后5 min观察组HVPG[（9.0±2.1）mmHg]明显高于对照组[（7.4±1.2）mmHg],10 min、20 min和30 min 观察组HVPG[（6.0±0.9） mmHg、（5.4±0.8） mmHg、（5.3±1.1）mmHg]明显低于对照组[（8.1±1.6） mmHg、（7.8±1.5） mmHg、（7.2±1.4）mmHg]（P<0.05）;观察组不良反应发生率为8.11%,对照组为19.44%,但两组间无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论 奥曲肽和特利加压素治疗肝硬化上消化道出血患者临床效果较好,奥曲肽可以快速降低HVPG,但作用时间短,特利加压素起效相对较晚,但作用时间长,持续降压效果较好。     

Recombinant factor VIIa for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized, double-blind trial

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a severe and frequent complication of cirrhosis. Recombinant coagulation factor VIIa (rFVIIa) has been shown to correct the prolonged prothrombin time in patients with cirrhosis and UGIB. This trial aimed to determine efficacy and safety of rFVIIa in cirrhotic patients with variceal and nonvariceal UGIB. METHODS: A total of 245 cirrhotic patients (Child-Pugh < 13; Child-Pugh A = 20%, B = 52%, C = 28%) with UGIB (variceal = 66%, nonvariceal = 29%, bleeding source unknown = 5%) were randomized equally to receive 8 doses of 100 microg/kg rFVIIa or placebo in addition to pharmacologic and endoscopic treatment. The primary end point was a composite including: (1) failure to control UGIB within 24 hours after first dose, or (2) failure to prevent rebleeding between 24 hours and day 5, or (3) death within 5 days. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar between rFVIIa and placebo groups. rFVIIa showed no advantage over standard treatment in the whole trial population. Exploratory analyses, however, showed that rFVIIa significantly decreased the number of failures on the composite end point (P = 0.03) and the 24-hour bleeding control end point (P = 0.01) in the subgroup of Child-Pugh B and C variceal bleeders. There were no significant differences between rFVIIa and placebo groups in mortality (5- or 42-day) or incidence of adverse events including thromboembolic events. CONCLUSIONS: Although no overall effect of rFVIIa was observed, exploratory analyses in Child-Pugh B and C cirrhotic patients indicated that administration of rFVIIa significantly decreased the proportion of patients who failed to control variceal bleeding. Dosing with rFVIIa appeared safe. Further studies are needed to verify these findings.     

奥曲肽治疗177例肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者临床疗效研究

目的 观察奥曲肽治疗肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者的临床应用价值。方法 2015年10月~2016年10月我院收治的177例肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者,对照组88例接受脑垂体后叶素治疗,研究组89例接受奥曲肽治疗。比较两组患者止血效果和不良反应发生率情况。结果 研究组治疗24 h内止血率为65.17%,明显高于对照组的28.41%（P<0.05）;研究组平均止血时间和再出血率分别（21.57±3.35） h和3.37%,对照组则为（33.98±6.42） h和11.36%,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;研究组住院天数比对照组短[（7.24±1.35） d对（11.31±3.58） d],输血量也少于对照组[（243.56±42.59） ml对（441.07±77.58） ml],差异均显著（P<0.05）;研究组不良反应发生率为4.49%,明显低于对照组的13.64%（P<0.05）。结论 奥曲肽治疗肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者可显著提高止血效果,减少输血量,降低不良反应发生率,缩短住院时间,可促进患者早日康复。     

Circadian occurrence of variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis

Abstract  Several clinical events have a rhythmicity over the 24 h period. We assessed the presence of periodic rhythm in the occurrence of haematemesis in patients with liver cirrhosis under different daylight regimens, namely during standard time and during daylight savings. Over a 48 month period there were 212 consecutive admissions of 118 cirrhotics with variceal bleeding. Complete data were available for 181 episodes of bleeding: 121 (66.9%) started with haematemesis and 60 (33.1%) started with melaena. One hundred and two (56%) episodes occurred during daylight savings and 79 (44%) occurred during standard time. The cosinor test showed a 24 h biphasic peak for the occurrence of haematemesis (09.45 and 21.45 h). Moreover, a biphasic diurnal asymmetric frequency was also found by multiple component rhythmometry. The time peaks of onset of variceal haemorrhage did not change significantly during standard time and daylight savings. Patients with more than one haematemesis episode significantly bled over the same time interval. The present study confirms that over the 24 h period variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients occurs with a predictable rhythmicity that does not seem to be under the control of the light-dark cycle. The finding of a chronorisk for variceal haemorrhage addresses specific questions for pathophysiological studies as well as for new treatment strategies.     

急性上消化道出血Rockall评分系统的应用及与预后的关系

[目的]探讨急性上消化道出血（AUGIB）患者Rockatl危险性积分的应用及其与预后的关系。[方法]114例于2011年2月至2013年2月间接诊的AUGIB患者进行Rockall危险性积分评分,并分为低危组（≤2分）、中危组（3～4分）和高危组（≥5分）,比较住院期间及电话随访出院30天内各组患者输血、再出血和死亡事件发生率差异。[结果]114例患者中,列入低危组29例（25．44％）、中危组45例（37．47％）、高危组40例（35．09％）;低危组、中危组、高危组输血率分别为3．45％、24．44％、42．50Yoo（组间比较X2=13．56,P〈0．01）,再出血率分别为6．89％、15．56％、30．00％（组间比较X2=6．38,P〈O．05）,病死率分别为0％、2．22％、15．00％（组间比较X2=25．67,P〈0．001）,组间比较均差异有统计学意义。[结论]Rockall危险性积分对AUGIB患者预后有较强预测价值,适合作为判断AUGIB预后和制定治疗措施的依据。     

奥曲肽与垂体后叶素联合治疗血吸虫性肝硬化上消化道出血

奥曲肽与垂体后叶素联合治疗血吸虫性肝硬化上消化道出血疗效显著,不良反应较少。