上海市老年人长期照护需求研究——以长宁区为例

目的 :了解上海市长宁区老年人长期照护需求。方法 :运用日常生活能力(ADL)量表和长期照护需求调研问卷对长宁区所管辖的3个居委会的所有60岁及以上的老年人进行问卷调查,共得到有效问卷1 665份。结果 :在长期照护服务需求的研究中,27.57%老年人需要生活帮助服务,15.56%的老年人需要心理护理服务,25.47%的老年人需要慢性病护理服务,23.00%的老年人需要康复护理,18.50%的老年人需要长期卧床护理服务,19.40%的老年人选择其他医疗专业护理服务。在需要长期照护服务的老年人中,有20%~55%的老年人因经济无力承担而得不到相关的服务。随着年龄和自理能力的下降,老年人对长期护理需求的6个方面的需求都有所增加(OR1),患有慢性病的老年人对长期护理需求更大;独居老人相对于与子女同住的老人对心理护理、慢性病护理、康复护理的需求更大(OR1),学历较低的老人对长期照护服务需求相对较高。结论 :政府应加大对高龄、独居、低收入的老年人的保障,建立完善的长期护理保障制度。     

武汉市部分老年人长期照护需求研究

介绍了老年人长期照护需求的意义和国内外概况,对老年人对社会性长期照护服务需求的总体情况进行了详细分析,并进行了讨论,提出了政策性建议。     

海南省居家老年人长期照护服务需求调查研究

目的 了解海南省社区居家老年人长期照护服务需求现状及其影响因素,为完善精准供给策略提供参考依据。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法抽取海南省10个市县2 346例老年人进行问卷调查;采用单因素及多重线性回归分析方法分析影响老年人长期照护服务需求的因素。结果 老年人长期照护服务需求总得分为（39.96±4.71）,其中,医疗保健服务需求子维度得分最高（13.35±2.21）;社会参与需求子维度得分最低（7.70±1.34）。单因素分析结果显示:性别（t = - 2.892）、年龄（F = 54.328）、户籍类型（t = - 2.749）、户籍地（t = 2.604）、婚姻状况（t = - 4.869）和文化程度（F = 10.823）对长期照护服务需求总得分有影响,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多重线性回归分析结果显示:性别（β = 0.530,95%CI:0.150～0.910）、年龄（β = 1.175,95%CI:0.908～1.443）、户籍类型（β = 0.463,95%CI:0.074～0.852）、户籍地（β = - 0.691,95%CI: - 1.356～ - 0.026）和婚姻状况（β = 0.620,95%CI:0.098～1.142）是长期照护服务需求总得分的影响因素（P＜0.05）。结论 不同特征老年人长期照护服务需求具有差异性,应以多样化多层次需求为导向,实现社区居家长期照护服务的精准化供给。     

城乡老年人长期照护需求溢出:理论分析与实证检验

首先分析了老年人长期照护需求溢出的内在逻辑,构建了影响长期照护需求溢出内在逻辑的分析框架;然后依据中国综合社会调查(CGSS)2015年数据,运用多项有序Logit回归对老年人长期照护需求溢出的影响因素进行分析,得出以下结论:从全体居民来看,年龄、受教育程度、是否参加基本养老保险和政府在老年人生活帮助中的责任与长期照护外溢成正相关,身体健康状况、子女数、个人地位和家庭经济状况与长期照护需求外溢程度呈负相关。然而,城乡居民的照护需求外溢存在显著差异,城市居民长期照护需求外溢的程度要比农村居民高,影响农村居民照护需求外溢的主要是家庭经济状况,影响城市居民照护需求外溢的主要是养老保险和政府在老年人生活帮助中的责任。因此,要弘扬传统的孝文化,重视家庭的作用;理性定位政府责任边界,优先建立补缺型的照护津贴制度;统筹城乡照护服务发展,补齐农村照护短板。     

老年人长期照护需求影响因素研究

目的 探析我国老年人长期照护需求及其影响因素。方法 选取CHARLS 2018年数据中60岁及以上老年人样本7 365例,基于Andersen模型构建框架,采用无序多分类logistic回归模型进行分析。结果 98.32%老年人选择家庭长期照护,0.38%选择养老院长期照护,1.24%选择其他照护方式。其中,在倾向特征层次上,离异(OR=10.95; 95%CI:0.272～0.971)和分居(OR=10.29; 95%CI:1.114～4.396)的老年人更愿意选择养老院和其他长期照护方式; 80岁及以上(OR=0.18; 95%CI:0.038～0.851)、女性(OR=0.35; 95%CI:0.161～0.778)、居住地为城乡结合部(OR=0.13; 95%CI:2.014～4.262)和农村(OR=0.15; 95%CI: 0.072～0.332)的老年人更倾向于选择家庭长期照护方式。使能资源层次上,有退休工资的老年人更愿意选择养老院(OR=8.57; 95%CI:1.722～2.751)和其他(OR=4.13; 95%CI:2.047～3.519)长期照护方式; 有2个子女(OR=0.89; 95%CI:2.314～3.613)和与子女每周联系一次以上(OR=0.10; 95%CI:0.156～0.679)的老年人更愿意选择家庭长期照护方式。需求层次上,日常生活活动参与3项以上(OR=18.38; 95%CI:1.217～2.775)、有慢性病(OR=4.69; 95%CI:1.753～4.291)的老年人更愿意选择养老院和医院长期照护方式。结论 我国老年人长期照护需求以家庭照护为主,养老院和医院照护为辅,老年人自主选择上存在很大局限性,老年人的非家庭照护还有很大发展空间。     

城市老年人长期照护保障体制探讨

现代社会中约有１／４的老年人由于疾病和衰弱，需要包括医疗、护理和生活服务在内的长期照护。我国由于人口老化和独生子家族等原因将面临ＬＴＣ的巨大压力，解决问题的出路在于建立ＬＴＣ保障体制。     

基于失能程度差异的老年长期照护服务需求分析

基于2019年老年长期照护调查数据,实证分析了老年人基于失能程度差异的长期照护服务需求以及实际利用情况.调查结果显示,不同失能状况老年人的长期照护服务需求内容不同,社区轻度失能老年人对医疗相关服务、精神慰藉服务、康复指导类和低照护性服务项目需求较大.中度、重度和极重度失能老年人对社会服务类中的事务代办、就医或购物陪同,...     

社区居家养老和机构养老老年人 长期照护需求Meta分析*

摘 要：目的：整合国内外社区居家养老和机构养老老年人长期照护需求的质性研究并进行对比分析,为不同养老方式 下老年人长期照护服务内容的设计与完善提供参考。方法：检索国内外数据库 PubMed、CRS核心论文数据库、Web of Sci⁃ ence、中国知网、万方数据库和维普期刊资源整合数据库中建库至2022年10月的文献,筛选与老年人长期照护需求相关的 质性研究。采用 《澳大利亚 JBI循证卫生保健中心质性研究质量评价标准》 对文献质量进行评价,对文献结果进行 Meta整 合。结果：共纳入8篇文献,提炼出42个主题,归纳成10个新类别,即基本生活照料、临床医疗服务、康复保健服务、精 神心理支持、社会环境与功能支持、政策支持、经济支持、信息支持、支持性服务和社会功能维持。结论：老年人长期照护 需求具有多样化、个性化的特点。社区应加强支持性服务,机构应重视对老年人的精神心理支持,满足老年人在不同养老方 式下的长期照护需求,健全多元化养老服务体系,进一步完善长期照护服务。     

潍坊市社区居家失能老年人长期照护需求调查及影响因素分析

目的：调查失能老年人对长期照护的需求情况,并分析其影响因素,为社区居家养老服务体系的构建和相关政策制定提供参考。方法：2021年9月,采用自行设计的调查问卷对潍坊市社区居家失能老年人开展问卷调查,共调查社区居家失能老年人402人。应用SPSS 19.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果：多重线性回归分析结果显示,失能等级、月平均收入、年龄、用药种类、居住情况是居家失能老年人长期照护需求的影响因素。结论：相关管理部门应完善针对社区居家失能老年人长期照护的相关法律法规,重视能级评估,规范服务项目,探索适合潍坊市社区居家失能老年人长期照护的服务模式,切实提高失能老年人的生活质量。     

宁波市长期照护服务现状及挑战*

随着人口老龄化的不断加快,养老问题变得尤为突出。家庭或一般养老机构难以解决老年人的医疗照护问题。长期照护服务体系是未来应对失能、失智老年人照护危机的根本出路。随着我国家庭结构和社会结构的不断转型,对老年人口的照护服务逐渐成为整个社会的责任。总结归纳国内外照护体系的模式,结合宁波市人口老龄化的趋势和中国特有的人口政策,提出问题和挑战,旨在为构建适合宁波市整合型长期照护服务体系的建设提供参考与借鉴。     

A Social Work Practice Reflection on Issues Arising for LGBTI Older People Interfacing With Health and Residential Care: Rights,Decision Making and End-of-Life Care

This article is a social work practice reflection on issues arising for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) older people interfacing with health and residential care in Australia; focusing on clients, families, and carers in relation to rights, decision making, and end-of-life care. The article explores relevant case examples from social work practice in a health and residential care setting that highlight some specific complexities of working with this client group. This article brings greater attention to issues arising for older LBGTI when interfacing with health and residential care and has the potential to improve practice for social workers and other health professionals and improve outcomes for LGBTI older people.     

Predictors of Residential Care Admission in Community-Dwelling Older People With Dementia

ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to identify variables associated with dementia and entry into aged residential care (ARC) and derive and validate a risk prediction model for dementia and entry into ARC.DesignThis was an observational study of prospectively collected Home Care International Residential Assessment Instrument (interRAI-HC) assessment data.Setting and ParticipantsParticipants included all people age ≥65 years who had completed an interRAI-HC assessment between July 1, 2012 and June 30, 2018. Exclusion criteria included death or entry into ARC within 30 days of assessment and not living at home at the time of the assessment.MeasuresInterRAI data from 94,202 older New Zealanders were evaluated for presence or absence of dementia. A multivariable competing-risks model for entry into ARC with death as the competing event was used to estimate subdistribution hazard ratios (SHR).ResultsIn total, there were 18,672 (19.8%) persons with dementia (PWD). PWD were almost twice as likely to enter ARC as persons without dementia [42.8% vs 25.3%; difference 17.5% (95% confidence interval 16.7%‒18.2%)]. PWD at highest risk of entering ARC were those where there was a desire to live elsewhere (SHR 1.44), depression (indicated, SHR 1.15), poor cognitive performance (Cognitive Performance Scale minimal SHR 1.32 and severe plus SHR 1.91), and wandering (SHR 1.19). Factors associated with reduced risks of PWD entering ARC were living with a child or relative, alcohol consumption, and comorbidities.Conclusions and ImplicationsA desire to live elsewhere, social isolation, independent activities of daily living, and depression were independently associated with entry into ARC. Supporting caregivers may improve outcomes for PWD that delay entry into ARC. Future revisions of the interRAI questionnaire could provide more insight on this matter.     

The Prevalence,Incidence, and Correlates of Fecal Incontinence Among Older People Residing in Care Homes: A Systematic Review

ObjectiveOlder people resident in care homes often rely on staff for support relating to their activities of daily living, including intimate care such as continence care. Managing fecal incontinence can be challenging for both residents and care staff. We conducted this review to describe the prevalence, incidence, and correlates of fecal incontinence among care home residents.DesignSystematic literature review.Setting and participantsOlder care home residents (both nursing and residential care) aged 60 years and older.MeasuresWe defined double incontinence as the presence of fecal plus urinary incontinence, isolated fecal incontinence as fecal incontinence with no urinary incontinence, and all fecal incontinence as anyone with fecal incontinence (whether isolated or double). The CINAHL and MEDLINE databases were searched up to December 31, 2017, to retrieve all studies reporting the prevalence and/or incidence and correlates of fecal incontinence.ResultsWe identified 278 citations after removing duplicates, and 23 articles met the inclusion criteria. There were 12 high-quality studies, 5 medium-quality studies, and 6 low-quality studies. The medians for prevalence (as reported by the studies) of isolated fecal incontinence, double incontinence, and all fecal incontinence were 3.5% [interquartile range (IQR) = 2.8%], 47.1% (IQR = 32.1%), and 42.8% (IQR = 21.1%), respectively. The most frequently reported correlates of fecal incontinence were cognitive impairment, limited functional capacity, urinary incontinence, reduced mobility, advanced age, and diarrhea.Conclusions/ImplicationsFecal incontinence is prevalent among older people living in care homes. Correlates included impaired ability to undertake activities of daily living, reduced mobility, laxative use, and altered stool consistency (eg, constipation or diarrhea) which are potentially amenable to interventions to improve fecal incontinence.     

A Nutritional Status Survey of Older Adults in Long-Term Care in the Yazd Province of Iran

It is important to assess the nutritional status of older adults because of its role in ensuring health and quality of life and its association with functional status. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of an older adult population living in long-term care institutions in the Yazd province of Iran. Fifty elderly subjects were randomly selected from each of two long-term care institutions in Yazd. A 3-day food intake survey was conducted using the direct weighing method and anthropometric measurements for calculating body mass index (BMI) were also collected. Of the participants, 54% of women and 41% of men had a BMI less than 19.9 kg/m². The mean intakes of energy, protein, vitamins A and C, riboflavin, and niacin as well as the minerals calcium, phosphorus, and iron, were significantly less than Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for both genders. Thiamin intake was more than adequate in both women and men. In our study, the majority of elderly subjects displayed a poor reported nutritional intake according to the DRIs. Our findings support the development of national nutrition plans for older adults living in long-term care institutions as an important necessity.     

老年人群肺炎疫苗接种的影响因素分析

目的研究影响老年人接种肺炎疫苗的因素．提出促进老年人疫苗接种的策略和政策性建议。方法对与老年人接种肺炎疫苗的相关人群包括医务人员、街道市政科工作人员及预防接种门诊工作人员进行一对一深入访谈。结果除预防接种门诊工作人员外，其余相关人群对肺炎疫苗认知度低，影响肺炎疫苗接种的主要原因是宣传力度不够和疫苗价格太贵。结论加强有针对性的宣传对促进肺炎疫苗的接种具有重要作用。降低价格、纳入医保对肺炎疫苗的接种也具有促进作用。     

Impacts of Informal Caregiver Availability on Long-term Care Expenditures in OECD Countries

Objective. To quantify the effects of informal caregiver availability and public funding on formal long-term care (LTC) expenditures in developed countries.
Data Source/Study Setting. Secondary data were acquired for 15 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries from 1970 to 2000.
Study Design. Secondary data analysis, applying fixed- and random-effects models to time-series cross-sectional data. Outcome variables are inpatient or home heath LTC expenditures. Key explanatory variables are measures of the availability of informal caregivers, generosity in public funding for formal LTC, and the proportion of the elderly population in the total population.
Data Collection/Extraction Method. Aggregated macro data were obtained from OECD Health Data, United Nations Demographic Yearbooks, and U.S. Census Bureau International Data Base.
Principal Findings. Most of the 15 OECD countries experienced growth in LTC expenditures over the study period. The availability of a spouse caregiver, measured by male-to-female ratio among the elderly, is associated with a $28,840 (1995 U.S. dollars) annual reduction in formal LTC expenditure per additional elderly male. Availability of an adult child caregiver, measured by female labor force participation and full-time/part-time status shift, is associated with a reduction of $310 to $3,830 in LTC expenditures. These impacts on LTC expenditure vary across countries and across time within a country.
Conclusions. The availability of an informal caregiver, particularly a spouse caregiver, is among the most important factors explaining variation in LTC expenditure growth. Long-term care policies should take into account behavioral responses: decreased public funding in LTC may lead working women to leave the labor force to provide more informal care.     

Development of EASY-Care,for Brief Standardized Assessment of the Health and Care Needs of Older People; With Latest Information About Cross-National Acceptability

IntroductionThe EASY-Care system has been developed in the past 20 years in the United States and Europe as a brief standardized method for assessing the perceptions of older people about their health and care needs and priorities for a service response. More recently, it has been adapted and tested for use in poor, middle-income, and rich countries across the world. In this article we review its development and report the latest data for cross-cultural acceptability to older people and their clinicians in 6 countries across 4 continents.MethodWe used a multicenter, mixed-method (quantitative and qualitative) approach to assess clinician (n = 37) and patient (n = 115) perspectives of acceptability of the EASY-Care Standard (2010) instrument. Data were collected between 2008 and 2012 in Iran, Colombia, India, Lesotho, Tonga, and the United Kingdom.ResultsKey strengths identified included high levels of acceptability from both clinician and patient perspectives, with the tools seen as useful for identification of unmet need. Key recommendations included enhancing clarity in certain questions, ensuring it is not too long. Recommendations included minor context-specific adaptations, effective use of the screening questionnaire, and use of context-specific interviewer prompts.ConclusionsThe EASY-Care Standard has high levels of acceptability from both clinicians and patients across poor, middle-income, and rich countries and has the potential to become a global gold standard for holistic person-centered assessment.     

Multimorbidity Patterns and 6-Year Risk of Institutionalization in Older Persons: The Role of Social Formal and Informal Care

ObjectivesThe aim was to evaluate patterns of multimorbidity that increase the risk of institutionalization in older persons, also exploring the potential buffering effect of formal and informal care.DesignProspective cohort study.Setting and ParticipantsThe population-based Swedish National study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen, Stockholm, Sweden.MeasuresIn total, 2571 community-dwelling older adults were grouped at baseline according to their underlying multimorbidity patterns, using a fuzzy c-means cluster algorithm, and followed up for 6 years to test the association between multimorbidity patterns and institutionalization.ResultsSix patterns of multimorbidity were identified: psychiatric diseases; cardiovascular diseases, anemia, and dementia; metabolic and sleep disorders; sensory impairments and cancer; musculoskeletal, respiratory, and gastrointestinal diseases; and an unspecific pattern including diseases of which none were overrepresented. In total, 110 (4.3%) participants were institutionalized during the follow-up, ranging from 1.7% in the metabolic and sleep disorders pattern to 8.4% in the cardiovascular diseases, anemia, and dementia pattern. Compared with the unspecific pattern, only the cardiovascular diseases, anemia, dementia pattern was significantly associated with institutionalization [relative risk ratio (RRR) = 2.23; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07‒4.65)], after adjusting for demographic characteristics and disability status at baseline. In stratified analyses, those not receiving formal care in the psychiatric diseases pattern (RRR 3.34; 95% CI 1.20‒9.32) and those not receiving formal or informal care in the ‘cardiovascular diseases, anemia, dementia’ pattern (RRR 2.99; 95% CI 1.20‒7.46; RRR 2.79; 95% CI 1.16‒6.71, respectively) had increased risks of institutionalization.Conclusions and ImplicationsOlder persons suffering from specific multimorbidity patterns have a higher risk of institutionalization, especially if they lack formal or informal care. Interventions aimed at preventing the clustering of diseases could reduce the associated burden on residential long-term care. Formal and informal care provision may be effective strategies in reducing the risk of institutionalization.     

Perceived Barriers to Increased Whole Grain Consumption by Older Adults in Long-Term Care

Many older adults fail to consume adequate amounts of dietary fiber from food sources, including whole grains. Little information is available about consumption of dietary fiber and whole grains by residents of long-term care facilities. Surveys were mailed to 3,000 randomly selected US members of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics who worked in practice groups related to elder care. Net response rate was 22.7% (n?=?681). Cost was a barrier to whole grain use for 27.1% of respondents, followed by dietary needs (22.1%), contracts in place (20.3%), and overall nutritional content (20.1%). Over 75% of respondents stated their patients require dietary fiber supplementation. Nutrition professionals most frequently (23.6%) reported spending $11–20 monthly per patient on dietary fiber supplements. Although a majority of facilities served whole grain foods daily, 89.5% of respondents would like to serve more whole grains. Ready-to-eat cereals, bread, bagels, and hot cereals were the most common whole grain products served at the facilities where survey respondents worked. An economic analysis of the benefits of increased consumption of whole grains and other high-fiber foods versus the use of laxative supplements may be helpful to administrators of long-term care facilities.