706株需氧革兰阴性杆菌耐药性分析

目的了解本院需氧革兰阴性（G^-）杆菌菌种分布及耐药情况。方法对2003—2005年分离的需氧革兰阴性杆菌所做的药物敏感试验进行耐药性分析。结果706株需氧G^-杆菌中，构成比例最大的前3种病原菌为大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌和不动杆菌属，分别占革兰阴性杆菌的28．47％（201株）、17．84％（126株）、16．86％（119株）；所分离菌种对美洛培南耐药率较低，为15％以下；对氨苄西林耐药率最高，达85％以上；大肠埃希菌产ESBLS的检出率为31．84％，克雷伯菌产ESBLS的检出率为36．99％，且超广谱β-内酰胺酶检出率呈逐年上升趋势。结论需氧G^-杆菌菌种分布以大肠埃希菌为多，耐药菌株有逐年上升的趋势，需引起重视。     

非发酵菌的抗菌药物敏感性分析

目的 了解非发酵菌的分布及耐药情况。方法 用K-B法检测1308株非发酵菌对11种抗菌药物的药物敏感试验结果,并按美国国家临床实验室标准委员会2004年标准进行判断。结果 从临床标本中分离出非发酵菌1308株,其中居前3位者依次为：铜绿假单胞曲570株（43．58％）,鲍曼不动杆菌223株（17．05％）,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌195株（14．91％）。药物敏感试验显示非发酵菌对头孢噻肟已普遍有耐药,除铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌外对亚胺培南也普遍耐药,对氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类和哌拉西林的耐药率也较高,而对含酶制剂和复方磺胺甲曙唑多数较为敏感。结论 重视对非发酵菌耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物,以防止耐药菌株产生。     

非发酵革兰阴性杆菌233株临床分布和耐药性分析

目的分析非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的临床分布和耐药情况,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供依据。方法采用黑马细菌鉴定仪进行细菌鉴定,Kirby-Bauer法检测非发酵革兰阴性杆菌对12种抗菌药物的药物敏感性。结果233株菌中铜绿假单胞菌占53.2%,恶臭假单胞菌占20.6%,施氏假单胞菌占10.3%,不动杆菌占9.9%,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌占4.7%;前5种主要非发酵革兰阴性杆菌共占98.7%。铜绿假单胞菌耐药率为17.7%～54.8%,敏感性较高的依次为亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和阿米卡星;恶臭假单胞菌耐药率为16.7%～56.3%,其中对亚胺培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦较敏感;产碱假单胞菌耐药率为16.7%～66.7%,其中对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦较敏感;不动杆菌属耐药率为13.0%～73.9%,对亚胺培南最敏感。结论铜绿假单胞菌、恶臭假单胞菌、产碱假单胞菌、不动杆菌属是引起医院感染的主要非发酵革兰阴性杆菌,其耐药率高,应根据微生物实验室所提供的细菌耐药情况合理使用抗生素。     

临床常见非发酵菌分布特征及耐药性分析

目的监测临床常见非发酵病原菌的分布及耐药性的现状,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法临床标本按常规分离培养,用法国梅里埃ATB分析系统鉴定菌种,药敏试验数据采用KB纸片法,按NCCLS规定的标准进行。结果从2006年10月至2008年6月共获得140株非发酵革兰阴性杆菌,其中列前3位的非发酵革兰阴性杆菌114株（占81．4％）,分别是铜绿假单胞菌75株（53．6％）,不动杆菌属22株（15．7％）,嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌17株（12．1％）,主要来源于痰、分泌物及中段尿。铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌属对亚胺培南、美罗培南、替卡西林／棒酸的耐药率均〈20％,对阿米卡星、哌拉西林的耐药率在33%～43％;对三代头孢耐药率分别在37％～59％;嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌是非发酵革兰阴性杆菌中耐药率最高的菌株,其对亚胺培南天然耐药,对替卡西林／棒酸、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、左氧氟沙星耐药率较低,均≤21％。结论非发酵革兰阴性杆菌是临床感染的主要病原菌之一,特别是铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌属、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌,其耐药性差异有统计学意义。     

非发酵菌的临床分布与耐药情况分析

目的 探讨临床分离的非发酵菌菌株的分布及耐药情况,指导合理使用抗生素。方法 对本院2001年8月至2005年7月间临床标本培养分离出的108株非发酵菌临床分布和耐药情况进行分析。结果 108株非发酵菌中铜绿假单胞菌占60.2％（65／108）,不动杆菌占21．3％（23／108）,麦芽窄食单胞菌占8．3％（9／108）,其它非发酵菌占10．2％（11／108）;非发酵菌分布部位以呼吸道分离率最高（95.3％）,其次是创面分泌物3株（2．8％）和泌尿道2株（1．9％）;三种主要非发酵菌中除不动杆菌对大多数抗菌药物较敏感外,铜绿假单胞菌和麦芽窄食单胞菌对抗菌药物呈多重耐药。结论定期监测非发酵菌感染种类、耐药性变化对指导临床合理应用抗菌药物具有十分重要的意义。     

医院内非发酵革兰阴性杆菌类型分布抗菌耐药特征分析

目的总结临床送检标本中分离到的非发酵革兰阴性杆菌（NFGNB）的类型分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药特征，指导临床合理使用抗生素。方法根据《全国临床检验操作规程》，应用Vitek-32全自动微生物分析仪和ATB半自动细菌鉴定和药敏系统对细菌进行鉴定和药物敏感试验。结果共分离到NFGNB836株，分属7个菌属，未分离到无色杆菌属和金氏杆菌属；分离率前3位为铜绿假单胞菌（47．25％）、鲍曼不动杆菌（17．34％）和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌（14．11％）；铜绿假单胞菌对SCF、COL、TZP、IMP较敏感，敏感率为75．0％～89．0％；鲍曼不动杆菌对IMP、COL、TZP、TIC／CA、SCF较敏感，敏感率为72．0％～90．0％；嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对IMP天然耐药，除了对TZP、SMZ、SCF、TIC／CA较敏感，敏感率为50．0％～71．0％，对其它抗生素耐药严重。铜绿假单胞菌对IMP和SCF敏感率有下降趋势；不动杆菌对IMP较稳定，但对SCF有下降趋势。结论我院NFGNB耐药情况严峻，应密切监测细菌耐药特点和耐药趋势，严格控制和合理使用抗生素，避免医院感染爆发流行。     

革兰阴性杆菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解我院革兰阴性（G^-）杆菌标本来源、菌种分布及耐药情况。方法收集2005年1月～2007年12月临床各科送检标本做微生物病原学检测和药物敏感试验。结果共分离3165株G^-杆菌,其中大肠埃希菌1122株（35.45%）、不动杆菌705株（22.27%）、铜绿假单胞菌540株（17.06%）、肺炎克雷伯菌255株（8.06%）、阴沟肠杆菌339株（10.71%）、其它G^-杆菌204株（6.45%）。其标本主要来源于痰液（59.05%）。所分离菌种对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、左氟沙星耐药率较低,依次为4.08%、20.28%、24.45%、33.65%、38.01%、40.19%。对氨苄西林耐药率最高,达94.31%。超广谱β-内酰胺酶检出率呈逐年上升趋势。结论G^-杆菌分离自呼吸道,菌种分布以大肠埃希菌和不动杆菌属为多,耐药菌株有逐年上升的趋势,需引起重视。     

重症监护病房下呼吸道感染中革兰氏阴性杆菌分布及耐药分析

目的 探讨G^-杆菌在ICU病人下呼吸道感染分布及耐药特点。方法 用API20E细菌鉴定系统对ICU送检的痰标本进行细菌分离鉴定，用ATB G^-5药敏卡行20种抗感染药物的敏感试验。ESBLs检测采用双纸片协同试验。结果 ICU下呼吸道感染G^-杆菌中位于前6位的菌株分别是：鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和阴沟肠杆菌。复数菌感染率为24．2％。所有G^-杆菌耐药率均高，产ESBLs者耐药率更高。碳青霉烯类抗生素除对嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌天然耐药外，对大多数G^-杆菌仍敏感。结论 ICU下呼吸道感染的G^- 杆菌耐药情况严重。临床医生应熟悉其病原菌分布及耐药特点。     

烧伤科病房非发酵菌的耐药性分析

目的 了解烧伤科病房非发酵菌分布及耐药情况,为临床控制感染和合理使用抗菌药物提供参考.方法 烧伤感染患者537例,取各部位标本行细菌培养、鉴定及药敏试验,对其中非发酵菌株的分布、耐药性和主要菌株多重耐药情况进行分析.结果 共获335株非发酵菌共涉及5个菌属、11个菌种,占革兰阴性菌的52.6%,其中铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌为检出率较高的菌株.铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南耐药率分别为34.3%、40.9%、26.3%.鲍氏不动杆菌除对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较敏感外(耐药率为29.5%),对其他抗生素广泛耐药.多重耐药/泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌、耐碳青霉烯类/泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌检出率近年来呈明显上升趋势.结论 烧伤科病房主要非发酵菌多重耐药及泛耐药现象日益严重,临床应予以重视并采取合理防治措施.     

革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率的变迁

目的调查革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率变迁。方法收集2007年1月-2009年12月从蚌医附院患者各种临床标本中分离的革兰阴性杆菌,使用VITEK-32全自动微生物分析仪进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验,对结果进行回顾性分析。结果共分离出革兰阴性杆菌2256株,42个细菌种,肠杆菌科细菌1258株,占55.76%,非发酵菌751株,占33.29%,分离率前5位的病原菌分别是大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌。肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南的耐药率较低,除聚团肠杆菌外,其他肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南的耐药率均〈10．00％,肺炎克雷伯菌6．94％和大肠埃希菌4．83％。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、洛菲不动杆菌和荧光假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为100．00％、66．84％、35．29％、28．00％和25．00％。结论临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌以大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主,亚胺培南对肠杆菌科细菌具有非常强的体外抗菌活性,对非发酵菌的体外抗菌活性较差,铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南的耐药率呈上升趋势。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.