8例气管切开患者呼吸道梗阻的原因分析及护理对策

目的总结分析气管切开患者发生呼吸道梗阻的原因与护理对策。方法对我科2002年1月至2006年12月行气管切开189例,术后患者发生呼吸道梗阻8例进行总结分析。认为气管切开术后患者发生呼吸道梗阻主要原因气管内、外套管阻塞。气管套管脱出、气道内大出血、气管套管扭曲等。并针对其原因采取相应有效护理对策。结果防止减少以上并发症的发生,为危重患者抢救赢得时间,挽救生命、促进患者康复。结论护理人员不仅要掌握气管切开的常规护理,而且要掌握气管切开患者呼吸道梗阻意外情况观察及处理。     

气管切开患者气道出血的原因及其预防

目的探讨气管切开术后气道出血的原因,并提出针对性的抢救预防措施。方法对7例气管切开患者气道出血的原因及抢救方法进行回顾性分析。结果发现气管切开患者气道出血的诱因与频繁剧烈的咳嗽、伤口感染、切口过低、导管型号选用不合适及不正确的吸痰等因素有关。结论气道出血来势凶猛,积极止血处理及保持呼吸道通畅是抢救成功之关键;抢救困难,应重在预防;加强气管切开各环节护理能有效避免气道出血的发生。     

10例气管插管并发呼吸道梗阻原因分析及护理对策

目的 探讨气管插管并发呼吸道梗阻的原因及护理对策,提高气管插管病人的抢救成功率。方法回顾性分析近5年来我院10例气管插管并发呼吸道梗阻患者的临床资料。结果 气道湿化不够及有效排痰不足易导致呼吸道梗阻；病人因素：有误吸、严重肺部毒染、痰液较多及无咳嗽反射的病人易发生呼吸道梗阻。结论对有误吸、严重肺部感染、痰液较多及无咳嗽反射等高危患者，充分湿化气道及有效促进排痰是预防气管插管并发呼吸道梗阻的有效措施。     

气管切开术患者的护理

气管切开术可改善各种原因引起的呼吸困难，通过气管切开及时解除呼吸道梗阻，治疗呼吸道疾病，恢复气道的通气功能，增加肺泡的有效通气量。气管切开术后给予正确恰当的护理，如合适固定气管套管、保持呼吸道的通畅、及时清洁消毒内套管、严格执行操作规程及做好清醒患者的心理护理等可以提高患者的抢救成功率，预防呼吸道并发症，促进患者的康复。     

预防性气管切开在口腔颌面外科的应用

目的：探讨预防性气管切开在口腔颌面外科的应用。方法：对比分析紧急气管切开21例与预防性气管切开65例。结果：紧急气管切开中85.7%为术后并发呼吸道梗阻而施术,其并发症占14%,预防性气管切开避免术后上呼吸道梗阻的发生,其并发症占4%。结论：正确运用预防性气管切开在提高手术安全性等方面具有积极的作用。     

甲状腺手术后呼吸道梗阻的临床探讨

目的 探讨甲状腺手术后并发呼吸道梗阻的原因，以达到有效预防。方法 统计1989年-2005年1月。行甲状腺手术共发生呼吸道梗阻17例，其中窒息2例，气管痉孪2例，气管软化4例，喉头水肿及气管内分泌物增多8例，气管软化及气管痉挛1例，行气管切开3例，气管悬吊5例，吸排痰等9例，解痉2例。结果 共16例抢救成功。1例术后1天死亡。结论 腔外压迫、气管痉孪、气管软化、喉头水肿及气管内分泌物增多、气管软化合并气管痉孪是甲状腺术后引起呼吸道梗阻的主要原因，术前充分准备、术中正确处理、术后严密观察并及时处理是解除术后并发呼吸道梗阻的有效措施。     

气管插管并发呼吸道梗阻相关因素与护理对策

气管插管广泛应用于各种患者的手术和抢救中,为气道的有效引流、通畅及机械通气提供了条件。但气管插管对患者也有不良影响,呼吸道梗阻是最严重的并发症,如发现不及时可造成窒息而死亡。为探讨气管插管并发呼吸道梗阻的原因及护理对策。现就我科2004年12月至2007年3月发生的8例气管插管并发呼吸道梗阻的发生情况进行分析。报告如下。     

高血压脑出血急性期的呼吸道护理

目的：探讨高血压脑出血急性期的呼吸道护理方法。方法：对216例高血压脑出血急性期患者进行气管切开、氧疗等呼吸道护理方法。结果：216例患者中发生肺部感染68例，88例气管切开患者，置管时间10～28d，平均19．6d，无气管食管瘘等并发症发生。原有呼吸道感染者经1～4周治疗护理症状均得到有效控制。结论：此类病例多存在气道梗阻因素，在有气管切开指征时，及时气管切开，有利于保持呼吸道通畅，维持有效PaO2。同时持续低流量吸氧并应用有效抗生素等综合措施，可有效预防肺部感染，降低死亡率，为患者的早日康复创造有利条件。     

重度呼吸道烧伤16例气管切开后护理体会

目的: 总结呼吸道烧伤患者必要时行气管切开后的护理经验,完善护理措施。方法: 对16例单纯呼吸道严重烧伤或伴有严重呼吸道烧伤的患者,及时气管切开后及堵管、拔管前后的护理。结果: 16例中2例高龄大面积烧伤(97%~99%)早期病死,其余均痊愈。结论: 严重呼吸道烧伤行气管切开后的治疗和护理原则是保持呼吸道通畅,正确及时的护理可有效避免因气道梗阻、呼吸道痰液黏稠、痰痂堵塞造成的呼吸不畅,减少并发症的发生,减轻患者痛苦,提高生存质量。     

气管切开术后预防肺部感染的护理进展

气管切开是建立人工气道,解除呼吸道梗阻,抢救患者生命的重要措施,但气管切开后易增加肺部感染的机率。预防肺部感染已成为气管切开术后护理工作与研究的重点内容。本文将从病房环境管理、切断外源性传播、加强气道管理、口腔护理等方面对气管切开术后预防肺部感染的护理研究进展进行综述。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Electro-Acupuncture Combined with the Trigger Point Needle-Embedding for Treatment of Primary Trigeminal Neuralgia in 31 Cases

In recent years, the author of this essay has applied electro-acupuncture combined with the trigger point needle-embedding for treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia in 31 cases, yielding satis- factory results as reported in the following.     

Investigation of Matrix Metalloproteinase -1, 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 in Endometriosis

Objective： To explore the role of matrix metalloproteinase-1,2 （MMP-1, MMP-2） and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 （TIMP-1） in endometriosis. Methods： The eutopic and ectopic endometria from 40 subjects suffering from endometriosis and regular.endometria from 40 subjects （excluding endometriosis） were collected and examined by in situ hybridization technology and western blot assay. Results： Both expressions of MMP-1 and -2 were stronger in ectopic endometrium and eutopic endometrium than in normal endometrium. On the contrary, the expression of TIMP-1 in ectopic endometrium and eutopic endometrium was lower. The differences were significant （P 〈 0.01 ）. Moreover, there was no relationship among the expressions of MMP-1, 2 and TIMP-1 in ectopic endometrium. Conclusion： The expressions of MMP-1, 2 and TIMP-1 lose balance and lack of periodic changes in ectopic endometrium , which explains the biological invasive behavior of endometriosis. It was suggested-that regulating the balance between the MMPs and TIMP-1 should be an ideal therapeutic target to endometriosis.     

Shi Da-zhuo (史大卓) —An outstanding cardiologist of integrative medicine

Prof. SHI Da-zhuo, Ph.D., male, was born on March 20, 1960. Prof. SHI entered the Ph.D. program in 1990 at the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences under the supervision of Prof. CHEN Ke-ji, majoring in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. After receiving his Ph.D. degree in 1993, Prof. SHI started working at the Cardiovascular Center in Xiyuan Hospital affiliated to China Academy of Chinese Medical sciences.     

Persist in and Carry Forward the Integrative Medical Research——Speech at the 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine by Academician CHEN Zhu,Minister of Ministry of Health

The 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine （CALM） was convened at 19-20, April 2008 in Beijing. Academician CHEN Zhu, the minister of Ministry of Health indicated at the congress that the integration of Chinese and Western medicine is very well in keeping with the situation of our country and the general rule of development in medical science; and as a good integration of Chinese medicine and Western medicine, it is mutually beneficial and advantageous to both of them. Seeing the creativity shown in integrative medical investigation in theoretic and methodological sides, we should and must persist in and develop it.