急性脑卒中708例医院感染调查分析

目的探讨急性脑卒中患者医院感染的危险因素，以制定有效控制措施，减少医院感染的发生。方法采用回顾性调查的方法。结果708例患者发生医院感染124例，155例次，感染率为17．51％，例次感染率为21．89％；其中脑出血患者医院感染率为26．46％（77／291），显著高于脑梗死患者的医院感染率11．27％（47／417），p〈0．01（x^2=31．870）：医院感染部位以呼吸道（下呼吸道41．94％，上呼吸道21．94％）和泌尿道（23．86％）为主；细菌分布以革兰阴性菌为主63株（61．77％）。脑卒中患者医院感染率与疾病严重程度有关。结论急性脑卒中患者是医院感染的高危人群，应重点防护监控，同时要加强医疗护理。     

ICU住院患者医院感染目标性监测分析

目的通过对ICU住院患者进行监测，掌握患者医院感染现状及各种影响因素，以采取有效防控对策。方法采用前瞻性调查方法，对2006年12月～2007年11月入住本院综合性ICU的患者进行目标性监测，用平均病情严重程度（ASIS）调整法调整医院感染发病率，同时对4种侵人性操作相关感染进行分析。结果239例入住ICU患者发生医院感染27例（11．30％），感染例次33例（13．81％），与同期平均医院感染率（2．61％）相比，差异显著（P〈0．01）；经ASIS法调整后日感染发病率为6．74‰；使用呼吸机相关的下呼吸道感染为医院感染的主要部位，占57．58％；医院感染病原体主要是条件致病菌，以G-菌为主，占84．38％，耐药率较高。结论ICU医院感染发病率高，是医院感染的高危科室，应重视目标性监测工作，加强相关物品的消毒灭菌与管理，对有侵人性操作的患者进行监控，实施干预，是预防控制ICU医院感染的关镑．     

超老年急性心肌梗死32例临床分析

目的总结分析超老年急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者的临床特点。方法收集自2000年11月-2005年7月中南大学湘雅医学院海口医院心内科住院的年龄〉80岁的AMI患者32例作为观察组，以同期住院的年龄〈80岁AMI患者241例作为对照组，进行对比总结分析。结果临床表现：观察组胸闷痛19例（59％）对照组194例（80％），P值〈0．01；观察组心力衰竭（KinipⅡ级以上）者23例（72％），对照组95例（39％），P〈0．01；观察组合并肺部感染18例（56％），对照组99例（41％），P〉0．05；梗死部位：观察组急性前壁或广泛前壁18例（56％）对照组120例（50％），P〉0．05；治疗效果：观察组治愈者21例（66％），对照组治愈者155例（64％），P〉0．05；观察组住院期间死亡3例（9％），对照组住院期间死亡19例（8％），P〉0．05。结论超老年AMI患者以前壁或广泛前壁居多；胸痛发生率较其他年龄组低，合并心力衰竭比例高；严密的观察治疗，仍能很好控制住院期间的病死率。     

新发急性呼吸道传染病临床防治与护理

目的：探讨新发急性呼吸道传染病420例的防治与护理方法。方法：从2011年2月到2013年2月，于我院收治的新发急性呼吸道传染病共420例。以数字法随机分成观察组（210例）和对照组（210例）。观察组患者采用药物联合治疗的同时充分采取相关的防治和护理；对照组患者仅采取药物联合治疗。结果：观察组所有患者在医院接受治疗后，治愈率为99．05％，对照组治愈率为90．95％，观察组治愈率显著高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。观察组住院期间无一例出现院内感染，感染率为0．00％，对照组住院期间有14例患者发生了院内感染，感染率是6．67％，观察组显著低于对照组结果。差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：医院对传染病的治疗应做到预防为主、防治结合，谨记早发现、早诊断、早隔离、早治疗等防治措施，根据新发急性呼吸道传染病的相关特点，有针对的进行药物治疗同时制定出有效的防治手段，使得病情及时得到有效的控制，同时也避免了该病的发展和传播，使得患者最快达到康复。     

腹部外科手术高龄患者实施围手术期呼吸道管理的效果评价

目的对腹部外科手术高龄患者实施围手术期呼吸道管理的效果进行评价,并为临床开展新的护理理念提供指导。方法选取于2011年10月-2012年9月收治的70例需接受腹部外科手术治疗的高龄患者,随机分为对照组和研究组,各35例。对照组给予常规护理措施;研究组给予常规护理并联合呼吸道管理。记录两组患者住院时间和并发症情况。结果研究组住院时间[（22.72±2.31）d】短于对照组[（29．77±2.33）d],差异有统计学意义（t=7.382,p〈0．05）。研究组肺部感染和肺不张的发生率分别为29％和0,对照组分别为14．3％和5．7％,差异有统计学意义（p〈o05）。结论对腹部外科手术高龄患者实施围手术期呼吸道管理可缩短住院时间,减少并发症发生。     

老年2型糖尿病患者感染特点与分析

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病患者合并感染的临床特点。方法对该院372例老年2型糖尿病患者（糖尿病组），391例非糖尿病老年高血压患者（对照组）进行回顾性分析，观察其呼吸道、泌尿系统及皮肤黏膜感染的发生情况，应用Logistic回归分析，得出调整OR（比值比）值，用于评估危险因素对老年糖尿病合并感染的危险性。结果上呼吸道感染患病率：糖尿病组和对照组差异无显著性（p〉0．05）；但糖尿病组下呼吸道、泌尿系统及皮肤黏膜感染的患病率高于对照组，糖尿病组：下呼吸道感染调整OR值为1．32（95％CI：1．13-1．53）：泌尿系统感染调整OR值为1．24（95％CI：1．10-1．39）；皮肤黏膜细菌感染调整OR值为1．33（95％CI：1．15～1．54）；皮肤黏膜真菌感染调整OR值为1．44（95％CI：1．27-1．63）。表明老年2型糖尿病与下呼吸道、泌尿系统及皮肤黏膜感染关系明显。结论老年2型糖尿病患者易患下呼吸道、泌尿系统及皮肤黏膜感染。     

新生儿科医院感染相关因素及对策分析

目的调查并分析新生儿科医院感染发生的发生率,分析其相关因素,从而制定有效的防控对策。方法回顾性调查分析新生儿科发生医院感染的298例患儿的临床资料。结果6469例新生儿发生医院感染298例,感染率为4．61％。胎龄〈37周的新生儿医院感染发生率高于≥37周的新生儿（P〈0．05）,有侵入性操作的新生儿医院感染发生率高于无侵入性操作的新生儿∽〈0．05）,住院时间越长,新生儿医院感染发生率越高伊〈0．05）。本院新生儿科医院感染部位分布前3位分别是消化道感染、败血症和呼吸道感染。结论加强早产儿管理,加强侵入性操作的监控和管理,缩短住院时间,加强新生儿入室处置和分室管理,能有效降低新生儿医院感染的发生。     

医院内肺炎危险因素及病原菌回顾性分析

目的 了解呼吸道医院感染菌种分布及趋势，指导临床合理应用抗菌药物，减少医院感染的发生。方法 采用回顾性调查方法，查阅和分析2003—2006年本院呼吸内科诊断为医院内肺炎（HAP）患者628例的痰培养结果。结果 痰菌阳性组患者年龄、病程、慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）比率均高于痰菌阴性组p〈0．01（u=4．585，13．237，7．282）；两组间外周血白细胞计数血沉影像学异常的差异无统计学意义p〉0．05；256例痰菌阳性患者共分离出病原菌503株，革兰阳性菌（G^＋）103株，其中凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌48株，所占比例最大；革兰阴性杆菌（G^-）332株，构成比例最大的前3种病原菌为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希氏菌和不动杆菌属，分别为18．09％、14．91％和11．72％；真菌68株，占病原菌的13．52％。结论 痰菌阳性率与患者年龄、病程、COPD等因素有关，应针对危险因素重点监控，并应根据病原学及药敏结果合理用药。     

颅脑损伤并发医院下呼吸道感染的危险因素分析

目的探讨重型颅腩损伤患者并发医院下呼吸道感染（NP）的危险因素。方法对68例重型颅脑损伤住院患者进行回顾性调查，统计学处理分析。结果重型颅脑损伤并发医院下呼吸道感染率55．9％（38／68），气管切开组NP发生率73．7％（28／68）（P〈0．001），昏迷时间对照，并发NP组明显延长，平均分别为27．39及4．04d（P〈0.001）。结论用loglstic回归分析表明，昏迷时间、气管切开分别为重型颅脑损伤并发NP的独立危险因素。     

PiCCO监测在危重患者容量管理中的应用

目的探讨PiCCO监测在危重患者容量管理中的应用价值。方法采用前瞻性临床观察研究方法,将入住重症医学科的32例危重患者随机分成两组。试验组16例患者接受脉搏指示连续心排血量（PiCCO）监测,以GEDVI、EVLWI作为容量管理的指导指标;对照组16例患者以中心静脉压（CVP）作为容量管理的指导指标,对比两组患者治疗1d、2d和3d的急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ（APACHE11）评分、机械通气时间、住ICU天数、3d液体总入量、住院病死率等数据。结果①试验组2d、3d时APACHEⅡ评分、HR均较1d时显著下降（P〈0．05）,MAP均显著升高（P〈0．05）;②机械通气时间、住ICU天数试验组均短于对照组（P〈0．05）;③试验组与对照组3d液体总人量、住院病死率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论与用CVP指导相比,用PiCCO监测指标指导危重患者的容量管理显示,2d、3d时危重患者病情均较1d改善,PiCCO监测指标能指导临床对血容量状态作出准确判断和指导恰当的补液,使危重患者获益。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.