婴儿食用三聚氰胺污染奶粉致急性肾后性肾功能衰竭的治疗

目的 探讨因食用三聚氰胺污染奶粉致急性肾后性肾功能衰竭婴儿的外科急诊处理方法 与疗效.方法 应用半硬性输尿管镜(F6.8)逆行输尿管插管冲洗术11例,开放输尿管切开取石术2例.结果 本组除1例开放输尿管切开取石术后5h患儿又出现无尿且血红蛋白持续下降,再次行切口探查和腹膜透析外,其余12例均顺利恢复.本组13例肾功能均恢复正常,无手术并发症.结论 对婴儿因食用三聚氰胺污染奶粉致上尿路结石引起的急性肾后性肾功能衰竭,在输尿管镜下逆行捕管置入输尿管导管冲洗术是一种微创、安全而又有效的治疗方法 ;对婴儿尿道狭小输尿管镜不能进入者,开放输尿管切开取石术也是一种有效的方法 ,但对有明显出血倾向者需先纠正出血倾向后再考虑开放手术解除梗阻.     

婴幼儿三聚氰胺相关泌尿系结石并发急性肾衰竭诊疗分析

目的 探讨食用受三聚氰胺污染的婴幼儿配方奶粉致泌尿系结石并发急性肾衰竭患儿的临床特点、诊断和治疗措施.方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院和徐州市儿童医院2008年收治的34例因食用三聚氰胺污染的婴幼儿配方奶粉致泌尿系结石、梗阻发生急性肾衰竭的患儿.分析其流行病学、临床表现及影像学特点,总结4种不同的治疗方法 及疗效.结果 34名患儿均存在急性肾衰竭,血尿素氮(24.1±8.2)mmol/L,血肌酐(384.2±201.2)μmol/L.对留取的14例结石标本分析证实,结石是三聚氰胺和尿酸的合成体.膀胱镜治疗组血肌酐降至正常的平均时间为(3.5±1.9)d;切开取石组(2.7±1.1)d;透析组(3.8±2.3)d;内科保守治疗组(2.7±1.6)d.四组肾功能恢复时间差异无统计学意义(P=0.508),组问差异无统计学意义(P=0.803～1).经治疗34例患儿急性肾衰竭全部治愈,泌尿系结石完全或部分排出.肾功能恢复时间为(3.0±1.8)d.结论 三聚氰胺污染婴幼儿配方奶粉可以导致婴幼儿泌尿系结石引发的梗阻性急性肾衰竭,治疗首选药物或透析方法 纠正电解质紊乱,特别是高钾血症,尽快通过内、外科方法 解除梗阻引流尿液.患儿近期预后良好.     

三聚氰胺泌尿系结石住院婴幼儿一年后随访结果分析

目的 了解2008年喂养三聚氰胺污染奶粉1年后对婴幼儿泌尿系发育的影响.方法 选取178例,随访时年龄:(29.3±9.6)个月,曾住院治疗的三聚氰胺泌尿系结石(MUS)婴幼儿进行16个月随访.随访内容包括泌尿系超声、尿、血常规和肾功能检查及疗效.选取同期非纯母乳和无三聚氰胺污染奶粉喂养史正常儿童110例为对照组(CG),年龄:(29.6±10.1)个月,比较两组相关参数异同.结果 161例成功随访;89例带石出院患儿院外行保守治疗,随访时56例结石消失,25例变小,7例无明显变化,1例增大.MUS患儿补钙的比例明显低于CG、身高偏低的比例显著高于CG(P<0.05).随访未发现泌尿系占位病变.尿常规、血常规无异常,肾和膀胱功能及形态均未见明显异常.结论 食用三聚氰胺污染奶粉1年后对婴幼儿身体和泌尿系发育未产生明显影响.     

小儿急性上尿路梗阻性肾衰的急诊处理

目的 探讨近期小儿急性上尿路结石梗阻致肾衰发病率升高的病因、临床特点、诊断及治疗.方法 我院近期收治40例急性上尿路梗阻致肾衰的病例,膀胱镜下行输尿管插管引流25例,腹膜透析8例,自行解除梗阻6例,肾盂造瘘1例.结果 所有40例急性肾功能衰竭患儿大部分有三鹿奶粉喂养史,主要表现为无尿,首选腹部B超检查;急性肾功能衰竭时及时解除结石梗阻,纠正酸碱失衡、水电解质紊乱.40例患儿上尿路梗阻完全解除,肾功能均恢复正常;结石成分主要为尿酸盐结石,结石多能自行排出.结论 三聚氰胺诱发尿酸盐结石可能是近期小儿梗阻性肾衰的主要原因.治疗手段包括膀胱镜输尿管插管、腹膜透析等.     

食用含三聚氰胺奶粉致婴幼儿泌尿系统结石的危险因素

目的探讨食用含三聚氰胺奶粉致婴幼儿泌尿系统结石的危险因素。方法2008年本院在对食用含三聚氰胺奶粉婴幼儿进行泌尿系统结石筛查的基础上,对242例泌尿系统结石患儿[病例组。男149例,女93例;年龄(19.092±9.903)个月;食用三聚氰胺污染奶粉时间(14.960±9.055)个月]和242例无尿路结石的婴幼儿[对照组。男149例,女93例;年龄(18.682±9.558)个月;食用三聚氰胺污染奶粉时间(15.240±9.356)个月]进行病例对照研究,以年龄、性别、城乡区域、喂养方式相同作为配比条件。从既往研究和已有文献中选取7项可能影响泌尿系统结石形成的相关危险因素,采用SPSS12.0软件对数据进行χ2检验、单因素及多因素条件Logistic回归分析。结果食用含三聚氰胺高的三鹿奶粉患儿165例,其中结石患儿151例,占总数的62.40%;食用非三鹿奶粉319例,泌尿系结石91例,占37.60%。单因素分析显示,在选取的7种危险因素中,仅食用不同品牌含三聚氰胺奶粉、平均每日饮水量在病例组与对照组间比较差异有统计学意义(Pa<0.01),但饮用水来源、出汗量、补充钙剂、奶粉冲服方式和奶粉食用时间比较差异...     

11例婴幼儿孤立肾结石急性梗阻的治疗经验及疗效分析

目的探讨婴幼儿先天性孤立肾结石梗阻致急性肾损伤的病因、急诊处理方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析11例婴幼儿孤立肾结石梗阻性急性肾损伤病例资料。其中肾结石2例,肾结石并输尿管结石5例,输尿管下段结石4例(合并膀胱多发结石1例);阳性结石5例,阴性6例;术前平均血尿素氮(BUN)(21.85±8.88)mmol/L;平均血肌酐(Cr)(276.73±127.52)μmol/L,结石直径(8.64±202.64)mm。结果本组3例经保守治疗后症状缓解,其中1例自行排出结石;1例3个月后肾积水加重,予输尿管钬激光碎石及双J管内引流术;1例于保守治疗出院后1个月因再次无尿行急诊开放手术。全组病例中,行急诊开放手术3例;急诊输尿管镜下双J管内引流术6例,其中4例行二期输尿管镜碎石术。全组11例均治愈,无一例发生围手术期严重并发症或死亡。术后平均随访时间2~15个月,结石排净率为100%,均肾积水消失,肾功能恢复正常。结论对于婴幼儿先天性孤立肾结石梗阻性急性肾损伤,应首选急诊微创手术治疗,及时解除梗阻,恢复肾功能。     

小儿上尿路结石梗阻致急性肾衰的手术治疗

目的 探讨小儿上尿路结石梗阻造成急性肾衰的病理生理。分析手术治疗的临床疗效。方法 先行利尿合剂冲击疗法或经皮肾穿刺置管引流,改善垂危状况后手术取石解除梗阻。结果 对７４例患儿的６２个肾、１９根输尿管、３个膀胱切开取石。６７例获痊愈、７例死亡。结论 应用于成人的手术方法也同样适用于小儿。手术解除一侧梗阻即可逆转全身情况,对侧择期手术肾功能并未发现代偿性减退或丧失。     

三聚氰胺及其衍生物与肾功能损害

近期奶粉受三聚氰胺污染事件被广泛瞩目,造成食用污染奶粉的婴幼儿发生泌尿系结石、肾功能损害,甚至最终导致肾衰.     

经皮输尿管镜治疗小儿上尿路结石(附11例报告)

目的探讨经皮输尿管镜取石治疗小儿上尿路结石的手术方法与临床效果。方法对经皮输尿管镜取石治疗11例小儿上尿路结石的病例进行回顾性分析。结果11例均取得满意取石效果,未出现严重并发症。Ⅰ期取石9例结石取尽;2例结石残余,其中1例经同一通道Ⅱ期取石,结石取尽,另1例结石残余但梗阻解除残余结石对肾个功能无明显影响未进一步处理,结石取尽率91%。结论经皮输尿管镜取石治疗小儿上尿路结石是比较安全和有效的一种手术方法。     

三聚氰胺致儿童泌尿系统结石并胆道结石3例

小儿上尿路结石、胆道结石较少见,2008年9月24日-10月7日本院对6996例食用奶粉的婴幼儿进行结石筛查,对B超发现结石者行CT复查,CT确诊泌尿系统结石82例。其中发现3例泌尿系统结石伴胆道结石。现报告如下。1临床资料例1,男,3岁,食含三聚氰胺奶粉2个月,B超筛查诊断右肾结石。CT扫     

三聚氰胺与婴幼儿尿路结石

目的 探讨三聚氰胺污染奶粉喂养史婴幼儿泌尿系结石临床特点.方法 回顾性分析165例三聚氰胺污染奶粉喂养史泌尿系结石住院婴幼儿的临床资料.患儿按照卫生部推荐的<诊疗方案>进行治疗.另选30例无三聚氰胺污染奶粉喂养史住院病例作为对照组.结果 患儿发病年龄2岁以内占83.6%(138/165),其中6～12个月患儿占41.2%(68/165).患儿中49.7%(82/165)有临床症状,主要表现为排尿困难16.9%(28/165)、不明原因哭闹14.6%(24/165)、少尿无尿10.9%(18/165)及血尿7.3%(12/165).共发现233处结石,肾结石患儿比例高达79.5%(131/165),尿道结石仅1.2%(2/165).结石直径为2～16 mm,其中4～10mm占63.5%(148/233),>10mm者9.9%(23/233).除1例双肾结石尿路梗阻行逆行输尿管插管手术治疗外,其他患儿均采用保守治疗.治疗(9±5)d后患儿症状均消失,结石排出率为43.0%.结论 三聚氰胺污染奶粉喂养能引起婴幼儿泌尿系结石,多在喂养6～12个月后发病.非手术治疗效果好.     

三聚氰胺泌尿系结石并急性肾衰竭婴幼儿的预后与转归

目的探讨三聚氰胺泌尿系结石(MUS)并急性肾衰竭(ARF)婴幼儿的预后与转归。方法对2008年7-10月在本院住院治疗的21例MUS并ARF婴幼儿[ARF组,年龄(10.5±5.7)个月]进行20个月随访。随访内容包括泌尿系超声、尿常规、肾功能检查,并记录其身高、体质量、临床症状及并发症情况。选取同期住院治疗的30例单纯MUS无ARF患儿(MUS组)及50例无三聚氰胺污染奶粉喂养史的健康儿童(健康对照组)作为对照。比较三组间相关参数异同。结果成功随访17例MUS并ARF患儿;经过保守治疗(其中12例患儿行血液透析),患儿恢复顺利,无临床症状及相关并发症,尿常规和肾功能检查未见明显异常。12例带结石出院患儿中结石消失7例、变小4例、无明显变化1例。8例出院时仍有肾积水的患儿中,5例消失;2例减轻,1例无明显变化。ARF组患儿出院带石率、结石消失率、出院积水率及积水消失率与MUS组比较差异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05);AFR组和MUS组患儿及健康对照组儿童身高及体质量比较差异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05)。结论 MUS并AFR患儿经过住院保守治疗(包括血液透析),ARF得以纠正,症状缓解,20个月随访显示预后与转归较好,生长发育无明显影响,未见泌尿系肿瘤形成。     

Melamine-contaminated milk products induced urinary tract calculi in children

Background  Melamine is an industrial chemical used primarily as plastics stabilizer and fire retardant. On September 11, 2008, melamine-contaminated milk products were reported to be responsible for urinary tract calculi in infants and children in China. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, lesions, risk factors, clinical features, and management of children fed with the melamine-contaminated milk products. Methods  A total of 15 577 infants and children fed with the milk products were screened at our hospital. Ultrasonography was performed in all the infants and children. For those found with urinary tract calculion ultrasonography, urnalysis was done. Among them, 846 with detailed data screened from September 17 to 25 were enrolled for further analysis in this study. They were divided into calculus group (326 children) and non-calculus group (520 children) according to the results of ultrasonography. They included 429 boys and 417 girls, aged from 1 month to 5 years (median, 18 months). Their clinical and laboratory data, ultrasonograms, and treatment results were analyzed. Results  Of the 15 577 children screened, 562 (3.61%) had urinary tract calculi. The rate was closely related to the melamine concentration in patients fed with formula. In 846 children with detailed data enrolled in this analysis, weight and head circumference Z scores in the calculus group were lower than those in the non-calculus group (P=0.048, P=0.046). Long duration of formula feeding, high melamine contained formula, and minimal water intake were the risk factors for calculi (P<0.05, respectively). Of 326 children with calculi, 281 had small calculiless than 0.5 cm in diameter, 227 had multiple calculi, and 34 had urinary tract distention. Moreover, diffuse renal lesions, renal failure and ascites were noted in 4, 3 and 2 patients, respectively. After 1-month treatment with sodium bicarbonate and Chinese traditional medicine, calculi disappeared in 49 of 54 outpatients. In 41 inpatients, 5 had calculi removed operatively and 36 had calculi minimized. Conclusions  Melamine-contaminated milk products induced urinary tract calculi, which have a good response to conservative therapy. Long-term follow-up of infants and children fed with melamine-contaminated milk products is required, and food safety should be supervised increasingly for the health of children.     

与食用受三聚氰胺污染配方奶粉相关儿童泌尿系统结石的

目的探讨食用受三聚氰胺污染配方奶粉与儿童泌尿系统结石发生的关系。方法对0~14岁食用受三聚氰胺污染配方奶粉的儿童,通过其家长填写调查问卷、临床问诊、体格检查、尿常规、泌尿系统B超、肾功能、肝功能及其他血、尿生化指标等检查,筛查是否存在泌尿系统结石及其他损害。将受三聚氰胺污染的配方奶粉分为三聚氰胺高含量组和三聚氰胺低含量组,将食用受三聚氰胺污染配方奶粉的时间分为≤30 d和＞30 d,依据年龄分为≤1岁、～2岁、～3岁、～6岁和～14岁组。分析性别、年龄、配方奶粉中不同三聚氰胺含量和用奶时间对泌尿系统结石发生的影响。分析泌尿系统结石患儿的临床表现、实验室检查结果及病情转归。结果接受筛查儿童22 091名,患泌尿系统结石374名,其中男性223名,女性151名,男∶女约为1.5∶1。①泌尿系统结石发生率：≤3岁各年龄组,三聚氰胺高含量组均高于三聚氰胺低含量组（P<0.001）;～6岁组,三聚氰胺高含量组高于三聚氰胺低含量组（P<0.05）;～14岁组,三聚氰胺高含量组与三聚氰胺低含量组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。三聚氰胺高含量组各相邻年龄组儿童泌尿系统结石发生率差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;三聚氰胺低含量组除≤1岁组与～2岁组泌尿系统结石发生率差异有统计学意义外（P<0.05）,其余各相邻年龄组差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。②单侧肾结石309例,双侧肾结石60例,单侧输尿管结石6例,双侧输尿管结石2例,膀胱结石4例,尿道结石2例。③93例住院治疗的泌尿系统结石患儿中,血尿8例（8.6%）、脓尿7例(7.5%)、蛋白尿3例（3.2%）、尿痛或尿哭5例（5.4%）、少尿或无尿2例（2.2%）、水肿2例（2.2%）、血β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）增高25例（26.9%）、尿β2-MG增高4例（4.3%）;BUN和SCr增高各2例（2.2%）,均无磷酸激酶同工酶和ALT升高。9例需外科治疗,其余内科保守治疗。治愈34例,好转55例,未愈2例,自动出院或转院2例。结论食用受三聚氰胺污染配方奶粉与儿童泌尿系统结石的发生有关,泌尿系统结石发生可能与年龄无关,与食用受三聚氰胺污染配方奶粉相关的泌尿系统结石可能对肾脏有一定损害。     

Diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of 25 patients with melamine-induced kidney stones complicated by acute obstructive renal failure in Beijing Children’s Hospital

A total of 25 Chinese patients aged 6 to 36 months hospitalised at Beijing Children’s Hospital due to melamine-induced kidney stones complicated by acute obstructive renal failure in 2008 were included in a study in order to diagnose and treat these special cases more effectively. Feeding history, clinical presentation, ultrasound findings, treatments and effects were summarised. Twelve to seventeen months follow-up was reported also. Ultrasound examination showed that calculi were located at the kidney and ureters. Stones were composed of both uric acid and melamine in a molar ratio of 1.2:1 to 2.1:1. Treatments providing liquid plus alkalisation of urine proved to be effective in helping the patients pass the stones. Surgical intervention was needed in severe cases. Renal function returned to normal in all 25 patients after various durations of therapy. Sixty-eight percent of the patients expelled all of the calculi within 3 months, 90% in 6 months and 95% in 9 months, without sequelae till now. Melamine-contaminated milk formula can cause kidney stones in infants, which should be diagnosed by feeding history, clinical symptoms and ultrasound examination. Composition of the stones was not only of melamine but also uric acid. Providing liquid orally or intravenously plus alkalisation of urine proved to promote the removal of the stones. Follow-up of 12 to 17 months after discharge showed no sequelae.     

Preliminary results of studying the effectiveness of hemosorption in the complex treatment of children with lupus nephritis

Hemosorption was employed in multi-modality treatment of 12 children aged 10-15 years with lupus nephritis. Of these, 5 patients suffered from nephritis associated with the nephrotic syndrome (NS), 4 patients had active pronounced nephritis without the NS, and 3 patients presented with latent nephritis. One case was characterized by transitory renal failure in the acute phase while 3 cases by chronic renal failure. Hemosorption produced a beneficial effect on the renal process and on electrolyte balance. The long-term observation over the patients evidences a short-term effect of hemosorption. After the attainment of that effect the further disease course depended on the adequacy of the conservative therapy administered to the patients with lupus nephritis.