血浆脂联素在心血管疾病中的作用

近年来越来越多的研究发现脂肪组织除了储存能量的功能外，还具有强大的内分泌功能。脂肪组织分泌多种蛋白质，如肿瘤坏死因子、瘦素（1eptin）、adipin等参与代谢平衡的调节。脂联素（adiponectin，又名Acrp30，AdipoQ，apM-1，GPB28）是新近发现的又一种脂肪细胞分泌的蛋白质，已有许多研究发现脂联素在胰岛素抵抗、肥胖、2型糖尿病等代谢性疾病中发挥着重要的作用，     

脂肪组织也是内分泌器官

脂肪组织不仅是脂肪的储存库，而且也是内分泌器官。它分泌的激素称为脂联素（adiponectin）。脂联素在肥胖、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病和代谢综合征的发病机制中起重要作用。脂联素的发现为胰岛素抵抗发病机制的研究开辟了新途径。     

脂联素受体在组织中的表达及其影响因素研究进展

近年来研究发现,脂肪组织具有重要的内分泌功能,作为一种内分泌器官其可分泌多种脂源性细胞因子,脂联素（adiponectin）是其分泌的一种重要的脂肪分子。研究表明脂联素具有增加脂肪酸氧化、提高葡萄糖摄取量、改善胰岛素抵抗、调控血管内皮的炎性反应。抑制巨噬细胞向泡沫细胞转化等作用,与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、2型糖尿病和心血管疾病密切相关。     

视黄醇结合蛋白4与心血管疾病的研究

<正>人体脂肪组织不但具有储存能量的功能,而且还是一个重要的内分泌器官,它可以分泌大量的脂肪细胞因子,如网膜素、脂联素、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)等,还可以分泌许多生物活性物质。其中RBP-4是较新发现的一种脂肪细胞因子,有研究表明它在脂肪代谢和能量平衡中起重要作用。当前研究认为脂肪组织所分泌的脂肪细胞因子在肥胖、心血管疾病、代谢综合征及2型糖尿病等疾病中发挥着重要作用。本文对RBP-4在心血管疾病中所起     

脂联素与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病及其危险因素研究

脂肪组织是机体能量代谢过程中起关键作用的内分泌器官，可分泌多种脂肪因子，其中脂联素（Adiponectin．APN）具有抗胰岛素抵抗、抗炎及抗动脉粥样硬化的作用，与冠状动咏粥样硬化性心脏病（CHD）及其危险因素关系密切。     

网膜素与胰岛素抵抗的关系

脂肪组织主要由嵌人在疏松结缔组织中的脂肪细胞组成,内含脂肪细胞前体成纤维细胞、免疫细胞和其他类型的细胞。近年来研究表明,脂肪组织不仅是传统的能量储存器官,还是一个功能活跃的内分泌器官,分泌多种脂肪细胞因子,如网膜素、脂联素、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-a）、瘦素、抵抗素、白细胞介素（IL）-6等,这些脂肪细胞因子通过多种途径来影响胰岛素的生物学效应,参与胰岛素抵抗（IR）及其相关疾病,如肥胖、2型糖尿病及代谢综合征的发生、发展。     

脂肪因子对血管内皮细胞功能的影响

肥胖患者缺血性心血管疾病的发病危险性显著升高虽已是不争的事实,但脂肪组织与缺血性心血管疾病基本病理变化--动脉粥样硬化之间病理生理联系却至今仍未清楚阐明.近年来国内外大量研究结果表明,脂肪组织亦是重要的内分泌器官,脂肪组织可分泌释放多种具有生物活性的蛋白质分子(脂肪因子)进入血循环,如瘦素、脂联素等,脂肪组织通过这些脂肪因子调节机体的内分泌代谢等功能,从而在维持机体能量平衡方面发挥着举足轻重的作用.而更令人兴奋的发现是这些脂肪因子对血管的功能及结构也有重要的调节作用.围绕这一领域所进行的研究正逐步展示出脂肪一血管轴功能异常在代谢综合征缺血性心血管疾病中的重要作用.本文结合国内外近几年来在脂肪因子与血管内皮细胞功能之间关系的研究进展作一简要综述.     

脂联素与动脉粥样硬化

近年研究发现,脂肪组织不仅是一个能量储存器官,而且也是一个具有内分泌功能的组织,它可以分泌多种调控机体代谢和能量平衡的活性因子,包括瘦素(Leptin)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)、抵抗素(Resistin)、白介素-6(IL-6)、脂联素(adiponectin,APN)     

脂联素的研究概述

长期以来,脂肪组织一直被视作惰性的能量储存器官,近年来研究表明脂肪组织还是个功能非常活跃的内分泌器官。脂肪细胞能够分泌多种脂肪细胞因子和蛋白因子,如瘦素(leptin)、脂联素(adiponectin,ADP)、抵抗素(resistin)、白细胞介素6(interleukin,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、纤溶酶     

内脂素与冠心病的关系研究进展

近年来研究发现,脂肪组织不仅是能量的储存器官,还作为一个代谢活跃的内分泌器官,在调节机体能量代谢平衡上发挥着极其重要的作用。脂肪组织能够产生和分泌多种生物活性物质,包括瘦素(leptin)、抵抗素(resistin)、脂联素(adiponectin)、视黄醇结合蛋白4(retinol binding protein-4,RBP4)、白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α等。内脂素(visfatin)是新发     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.