某热电厂建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价

[目的]评价某热电厂职业病危害控制效果。[方法]通过现场调查、工作场所职业病危害因素现场检测,分析职业病危害控制效果。[结果]工作场所中CO、NO、NO2、SO2、盐酸、氢氧化钠、氨、肼等毒物浓度均低于职业接触限值,粉尘合格率为79.1%,噪声合格率为70.6%,作业环境温度合格率为84.6%,工频电场合格率达100.0%。[结论]粉尘、噪声是该厂主要的职业病危害因素,应重点控制;该建设项目对职业病危害的控制措施基本可行和有效。     

某无水氢氟酸建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价

[目的]贯彻落实国家有关职业病防治的法律、法规、规章和标准,从源头控制或消除职业病危害,防治职业病,保护劳动者健康。[方法]根据卫生学调查和现场检测结果,按规范要求对职业病危害控制效果进行评价。[结果]该工程存在的主要职业病危害因素有粉尘、噪声、毒物及高温。工作场所粉尘浓度合格率为50%;噪声强度总合格率77.8%;生产性毒物合格率85.7%;高温作业岗位作业工人接触的高温强度均未超过职业接触限值。[结论]该建设项目在生产过程中产生的职业病危害通过综合防治措施,是可以预防和控制的。     

某化工企业白炭黑技改项目职业病危害评价

[目的]贯彻落实国家有关职业病防治的法律、法规、规章和标准,从源头控制或消除职业病危害,防治职业病,保护劳动者健康。[方法]根据卫生学调查和现场检测结果,按照规范要求对职业病危害控制效果进行评价。[结果]该工程项目存在的职业病危害因素有粉尘、噪声、毒物。经现场检测,该企业工作场所噪声强度总合格率为89.5%;生产性粉尘短时间接触浓度合格率为88.6%,生产性粉尘时间加权平均浓度合格率为91.4%;生产性毒物接触浓度全部达标。[结论]该建设项目在生产过程中产生的职业病危害通过综合防治措施,是可以预防和控制的。     

某汽配厂职业病危害因素检测结果分析

[目的]了解某汽配厂职业病危害因素存在情况,为改进工作场所,保护劳动者身体健康提供依据。[方法]通过职业卫生现场调查确定职业病危害因素种类与分布,按GBZ 159-2004及WS/T69-1996对粉尘、毒物和噪声进行采样布点．分别按GB5748-85,GBZ/T 160.1-81-2004,WS/T 69-1996和气象按GB 934-89规定检测。[结果]该汽配厂工作场所职业病危害因素金属粉尘、电焊烟尘、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、一氧化碳、氮氧化物、盐酸和氢氧化钠检测全部合格,噪声合格率仅54.3%(38/70),气象条件检测5个工作地点,均为高温作业场所。[结论]该汽配厂职业卫生技术防护措施较完善,粉尘、毒物浓度均符合国家职业卫生标准,但噪声危害和高温热辐射危害突出,应加强防噪声和防暑降温工作。     

某化工厂三聚氰胺工程项目职业卫生学调查

[目的]了解和掌握某化工厂三聚氰胺工程项目工作场所的职业病危害因素种类、分布、危害程度、所采取的防护措施及防护效果。[方法]对该工程项目进行职业病危害因素现场调查、采样检测及评价。[结果]该工程项目生产工艺和设备布局合理,工作场所职业病危害因素:联苯-苯醚、二氧化碳和硅藻土粉尘检测合格,氨合格率87.5%、三聚氰胺粉尘合格率80%和生产性噪声合格率76.2%。[结论]该工程项目职业病危害因素检测不合格的工作场所,应采取合理可行的防治措施,以保护劳动者身体健康。     

类比法在职业病危害预评价中的应用

[目的]类比法在职业病危害预评价中的应用探讨。[方法]通过工程分析,确定评价单元、筛选重点评价因子,用类比法对类比厂工作场所的职业病危害因素在正常生产状况下的监测结果、职业病危害后果和采取的卫生防护措施、职业卫生管理等进行分析和评价。[结果]该项目职业病危害因素确定为评价因子的是NH3、CO2、三聚氰胺粉尘和生产性噪声。预计在正常生产状况下,存在危害因素的工作场所基本符合职业卫生标准的要求,职业病危害预防措施基本合理。[结论]类比法能较为客观地预见拟评价的建设项目的实际情况,为职业卫生管理提供有益的依据,在实际工作中应加强类比企业的可比性分析。     

某企业年产8万吨硫酸生产线卫生学评价

[目的]落实国家有关职业病防治的法律、法规、规章和标准,从源头控制或消除职业病危害,防治职业病,保护劳动者健康。[方法]根据卫生学调查和现场检测结果,按照规范要求对职业病危害控制效果进行评价。[结果]该工程项目存在的主要职业病危害因素有粉尘、噪声和毒物。该企业工作场所噪声强度测定点合格率为72.2%(13/18);生产性粉尘测试点合格率为83.3%(10/12);生产性毒物测试点合格率为86.8%(33/38)。[结论]该建设项目在生产过程中产生的职业病危害通过综合防治措施,是可以预防和控制的。     

某生物化工有限公司透明质酸生产车间职业卫生状况调查

[目的]了解某生物化工有限公司透明质酸生产车间存在的职业病危害并对其控制效果进行评价。[方法]按GBZ 159-2004检测方法对该车间进行了全面的职业卫生调查和检测。[结果]甲醇、乙醇、氢氧化钠、粉尘、噪声和高温是其主要危害因素。其中甲醇合格率44.4%;氢氧化钠、粉尘和噪声的合格率均为100.0%;高温作业分级为Ⅰ和Ⅱ级。[结论]在职业病防治工作上,该厂措施得力,防尘、毒、噪设施齐全,总体评价结果符合国家卫生标准,但部分岗位仍有甲醇污染超标情况,尚需加强治理。     

龙岩市化肥生产企业职业卫生状况调查

目的了解龙岩市化肥生产企业的职业卫生状况,为预防职业病提供科学依据。方法对辖区内7家化肥厂进行了职业卫生调查,按国家标准对工作场所职业病危害因素进行检测。结果生产性粉尘、毒物、噪声和高温的测定点合格率分别为73.0%、64.3%、69.2%、88.6%。结论化肥企业工作场所职业病危害严重,应引起高度重视,需加强技术革新和职业卫生管理。     

某家具厂职业病危害现状调查

目的了解某家具厂职业病危害现状及防治对策。方法进行现场职业卫生调查,对作业场所的职业病危害因素进行检测,对接触职业病危害因素人员进行职业健康检查。结果该厂40.0%噪声检测点8 h等效A声级不符合GBZ 2-2007《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值》职业接触限值要求,噪声强度最高为89.3dB(A),木粉尘、滑石粉尘、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙酸丁酯的检测浓度均符合职业接触限值要求,接触有害作业的工人尚未发现与职业有关的异常情况。结论该厂职业病危害重点是噪声,应加强噪声的检测及防护。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.