丙戊酸钠对戊四氮致痫大鼠海马神经元凋亡的影响

目的 探讨丙戊酸钠(VAP)对戊四氮(PTZ)致痫大鼠海马神经元凋亡的影响.方法 将48只成年Wistar大鼠随机平均分为正常对照(NC)组、PTZ组和VAP组,PTZ组和VAP组大鼠腹腔注射阈下剂量的PTZ 35mg/(kg·d),直至达到点燃标准.点燃后,VAP组大鼠经腹腔注入VAP15mg/(kg·d),PTZ组大鼠经腹腔注入生理盐水,30min后,再腹腔注射PTZ诱发癫痫发作.应用免疫组化法检测大鼠海马神经元Fas、Caspase-3和Survivin的表达.结果 PTZ组大鼠海马神经元Fas、Caspase-3阳性细胞数和光密度明显高于VAP组和NC组(均P<0.01),Survivin阳性细胞数和光密度明显低于VAP组(P<0.01),但高于NC组(P<0.05);VAP组大鼠海马神经元Fas、Caspase-3阳性细胞数和光密度明显高于NC组(均P<0.05),Survivin阳性细胞数和光密度明显高于NC组(P<0.01).结论 癫痫发作可以导致大鼠海马神经元的凋亡,而丙戊酸钠有对抗癫痫发作导致细胞凋亡的作用,主要通过促进Survivin的表达和抑制Fas和Caspase-3的表达发挥作用.     

氯化锂-匹罗卡品致痫大鼠海马结构中CLC-2、CLC-3氯通道表达变化的研究

目的 研究ClC-2、ClC-3氯通道在氯化锂-匹罗卡品大鼠慢性癫痫模型中分布和表达的变化,探讨其在癫痫发作病理机制中的作用.方法 Wistar大鼠采用随机数字表法分成致痫组(60只)与对照组(20只),其中致痫组根据处死及处理时间又分为24h组、14d组与30d组,每组20只.致痫组复制氯化锂-匹罗卡品大鼠慢性癫痫模型,在发作后24h、14d、30d时,分别予以:(1)免疫组化染色,观察ClC-2、ClC-3氯通道蛋白在海马表达的分布情况及其致病后不同时点的吸光度(A)值的变化;(2)RT-PCR,观察ClC-2、ClC-3氯通道mRNA在致痫后不同时点的变化.结果 (1)与对照组比较,致痫后14d至30d,致痫组免疫反应阳性神经元数和A值明显减少和降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);ClC-2 mRNA表达降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).(2)与对照组比较,致痫组致痫后24 h,海马CA1、CA3及齿状回各层ClC-3免疫反应阳性神经元数和A值明显增加和升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);ClC-3氯通道mRNA表达明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 癫痫慢性期的发作和ClC-2氯通道的减少有关.     

红藻氨酸致痫大鼠海马神经元凋亡及其与caspase-3关系的研究

目的　研究大鼠癫痫发作后海马神经元凋亡及其与天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶 -3 (cysteinylasparate-specific proteinase,caspase-3 )表达的关系。方法　采用红藻氨酸 (kainic acid,KA)诱导大鼠癫痫模型 ,以原位末端标记 (TUNEL)及透射电镜检测癫痫发作后 6h及 1、3、7d海马神经元凋亡 ;半定量 RT-PCR及免疫组化法检测 caspase-3 m RNA及 caspase-3阳性表达。结果　KA致痫后 1 d,海马 CA1、CA3及 CA4区开始出现凋亡细胞 ,3 d时明显增多 ,7d时最多。 3个时间组相应区域间凋亡神经元数比较差异均有显著性 (P<0 .0 0 1 )。透射电镜观察可见典型的凋亡细胞形态学改变。 RT-PCR结果显示 ,KA致痫后 6h,海马组织 caspase-3 m RNA表达较对照组显著增高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,1、3、7d caspase-3 m RNA仍持续高水平表达 (P <0 .0 5 )。免疫组化结果显示 ,KA致痫后 1 d,海马 CA1、CA3、CA4区开始出现 caspase-3阳性表达 ,3 d时阳性表达进一步增强 ,7d时表达最强。结论　凋亡参与 KA致痫大鼠癫痫发作后海马神经元迟发性死亡过程 ,caspase-3可能在癫痫后神经元凋亡过程中具重要的作用。     

匹罗卡品诱发成年大鼠普遍癫痫与难治性癫痫海马神经发生的变化

背景：神经发生包括细胞增殖、迁移、分化和存活等,是人和多数哺乳动物部分脑区产生新生神经元的过程,主要分布在侧脑室下区和海马齿状回。癫痫可导致海马齿状回的神经发生改变,BrdU是目前公认最理想检测未成熟细胞增殖的标记物之一。 目的：观察匹罗卡品诱发成年大鼠癫痫后神经发生的特点,以及普通癫痫与难治性癫痫神经发生的差异。 设计、时间及地点：随机分组,细胞分子生物学实验,于2006-08/2007-06在华中科技大学同济医学院中心实验室及附属协和医院中心实验室完成。 材料：选用健康Sprague-Dawley雄性大鼠100只,随机分为2组,对照组8只,实验组92只,分为普通癫痫组,自发发作组,难治性癫痫组和非耐药组。匹罗卡品为武汉晶美公司产品,兔抗鼠BrdU抗体为美国sigma公司产品,辣根过氧化物酶标记的羊抗兔IgG为武汉博士德公司产品。 方法：对照组大鼠腹腔注射生理盐水;实验组腹腔注射匹罗卡品15mg/kg,最多注射4次,出现癫痫持续状态的大鼠注射水合氯醛终止发作。致癫大鼠癫痫发作终止后6h腹腔注射BrdU,观察自发发作情况。以脑电图、自发发作频率持续时间,无自发发作为普通癫痫组,有自发发作为自发发作组。行卡马西平灌胃2周并记录发作频率,对卡马西平治疗无效,发作频率减少<50%的为难治性癫痫组,治疗有效即发作频率减少>50%为非耐药组。普通癫痫组分别于注射后第1,2,3,7,14,21和28d取鼠脑海马部做冠状连续切片。非耐药组和难治性癫痫组的大鼠,再次行腹腔注射BrdU,每次为50mg/kg,连续注射4次,每次间隔2h,48h后取脑海马部制作石蜡切片。 主要观察指标：脑海马部切片行免疫组化染色,镜下观察不同时间点BrdU阳性细胞的分布、形态和数量及注射匹罗卡品后大鼠癫痫发作状况。 结果：匹罗卡品第1次注射后所有大鼠无癫痫发作,第2次注射发作16只,第3次注射发作42只,第4次注射后发作11只,14只大鼠4次注射仍无癫痫发作,9只大鼠癫痫持续状态后死亡,77只进入结果分析。神经发生主要位于海马颗粒细胞层和齿状回。与对照组比较,普通癫痫组BrdU阳性细胞明显增多（P<0.01）,难治性癫痫组新生细胞较普通癫痫组明显减少（P<0.01）,神经发生减少。癫痫后第2天BrdU 阳性细胞数目开始增加,14-15d达到高峰,1个月后回到初始水平。 结论：与普通癫痫相比,难治性癫痫可导致神经发生减少。     

APETX2对氯化锂-匹鲁卡品诱导痫性发作大鼠的影响及机制探究

目的 探索APETX2对氯化锂-匹鲁卡品诱导痫性发作大鼠的行为学影响及可能的机制。方法 成年雄性SPF级SD大鼠18只,侧脑室置管后随机分为:癫痫组(9只)、APETx2组(9只),癫痫造模后观察2组癫痫大发作潜伏期及发作强度; APETx2处理原代培养海马神经元,动态观察其对钙成像的影响。结果 APETx2组的SD大鼠癫痫潜伏期延长,大发作程度减轻; APETx2处理原代培养海马神经元钙内流下降。结论 APETx2可抑制氯化锂-匹鲁卡品诱导SD大鼠痫性发作,减少酸诱导海马神经元钙离子浓度增加可能为机制之一。     

新生期大鼠反复痫性发作的形态学及行为学结果与糖皮质激素水平升高有关(英文)

目的探讨新生期大鼠反复痫性发作后的形态学,行为学以及糖皮质激素水平的变化。方法64只出生后一天的Wistar大鼠随机分为惊厥组40只和对照组24只。惊厥组的新生鼠在出生后1天(P1)、4天(P4)、7天(P7)给予腹腔注射匹罗卡品,制备新生鼠癫痫模型;对照组的新生鼠腹腔注射生理盐水。惊厥组分别在第 3次致痫后在即刻(Ⅰ组)、第4 天(Ⅱ组)、第14 天(Ⅲ组)、第42天(Ⅳ组)四个时间点处死,各时间点设相应对照组,处死前36 h惊厥组和对照组的大鼠腹腔注射BrdU。所有大鼠处死前均取血检测糖皮质激素。第Ⅳ组从P40开始进行Morris水迷宫试验。结果新生鼠3次发作后即刻和第4天与相应日龄对照组相比,齿状回BrdU阳性细胞数明显减少(P<0.05),而癫痫发作后14天和42天BrdU阳性细胞数增加,但发作后14天差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在4天的Morris水迷宫试验中,匹罗卡品处理组大鼠到达平台的时间均长于对照组,但是只有第1天和第2天有统计学意义(P<0.05)。检测结果表明高水平的糖皮质激素一直持续到发作后第4天,糖皮质激素水平与BrdU阳性细胞数呈负相关。结论新生大鼠反复痫性发作会造成早期神经发生减少,而后期神经发生增加;造成大鼠成年后认知功能缺陷;造成糖皮质激素水平增高,这与痫性大鼠形态学和行为学方面的改变有关。     

乙酰唑胺对慢性癫痫大鼠海马NF-κB p65、IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α表达的影响

目的观察戊四氮(Pentylenetetrazole,PTZ)致慢性癫痫大鼠发作以及应用AQP4抑制剂乙酰唑胺(Acetazolamide,AZA)干预后对海马核因子-κB p65(NF-κB p65)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达影响,探讨AQP4与炎症因子表达间的关系及乙酰唑胺抑制癫痫发作的可能机制。方法将50只健康成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组(每日腹腔注射生理盐水)、致痫组(每日腹腔注射亚惊厥剂量PTZ35 mg/(kg·d)建立慢性癫痫大鼠模型)、乙酰唑胺干预组[每日先腹腔注射AZA35 mg/(kg·d)预处理,30 min后再腹腔注射亚惊厥剂量PTZ]。连续注射28 d,每天记录大鼠的发作级别。最后一次给药1 d后处死所有大鼠以备实验,RT-q PCR和ELISA检测大鼠海马中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的表达;Western blot检测海马内NF-κB p65表达。结果对照组无明显癫痫发作,RT-q PCR和ELISA检测结果显示致痫组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.001);乙酰唑胺干预组的三者水平明显低于致痫组(P<0.05),但仍高于对照组(P<0.05);Western blot结果显示致痫组海马组织NF-κB p65的表达与对照组相比显著升高(P<0.01),而乙酰唑胺干预组表达量与致痫组相比明显下降(P<0.05),但仍高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论乙酰唑胺抑制癫痫的发作的作用机制可能与乙酰唑胺抑制星形胶质细胞膜上AQP4的表达、改善星形胶质细胞水肿损伤状况、下调炎性因子表达有关。     

小白蛋白在新生大鼠缺氧后癫痫易感性升高中的作用机制

目的观察新生大鼠早期发育过程中及缺氧性痫性发作后海马小白蛋白(parvalbumin,PV)表达量和海马神经元内Ca2+荧光强度的改变,探讨PV在新生大鼠缺氧后癫痫易感性升高中的作用机制。方法采用出生后10 d的SD大鼠分为缺氧组与对照组(各64只),缺氧组建立改良Jensen缺氧诱导痫性发作模型,于1 d、3 d、7 d、14 d各组分别取16只大鼠取脑,免疫组化和免疫印迹检测海马PV的表达,流式细胞术检测海马神经元内Ca2+荧光强度。结果缺氧后7 d,海马CA1区、CA3区及DG区PV免疫阳性细胞数均明显减少,至缺氧后14 d,稍增加至对照组3 d的水平,而PV含量在缺氧后7 d、14 d则明显减少。对照组PV免疫阳性细胞数和PV含量在CA1区、CA3区及DG区均从3 d开始增加,并持续至14 d。与对照组比较,缺氧后海马神经元内Ca2+荧光强度增加。结论新生大鼠缺氧诱导痫性发作后海马PV表达减少可能导致其癫痫易感性升高。缺氧后细胞内游离Ca2+增加可能导致PV神经元损伤。     

侧脑室注射IL-1β、IL-1ra对癫痫大鼠脑皮层、海马Fos蛋白表达的影响

目的　了解外源性和内源性白细胞介素 - 1(IL- 1)对戊四氮 (PTZ)致痫大鼠脑皮层、海马神经元兴奋性的影响。方法　应用流式细胞免疫荧光技术对大鼠大脑皮层、海马 Fos表达进行定量分析。结果　 IL- 1β和IL - 1ra侧脑室注射后再致痫大鼠分别较单纯 PTZ致痫大鼠皮层海马 Fos表达显著增高和下降 (P<0 .0 1,P<0 .0 5)。结论　内源性和外源性 IL- 1β均有增高癫痫大鼠脑皮层及海马神经元兴奋性的作用。     

中枢组胺对戊四氮点燃大鼠海马GABA能神经元的影响

目的:探讨中枢组胺抗癫痫的作用机制。方法:应用免疫组织化学方法研究中枢组胺对戊四氮(PTZ)致癫痫大鼠海马神经元GABA、GAD67表达的影响。结果:戊四氮致痫组大鼠海马神经元GABA、GAD67的表达量明显低于正常对照组,L-组胺酸干预组明显高于戊四氮致痫组,L-组胺酸干预组与正常对照组之间差异无显著性意义。结论:中枢组胺通过激活海马GABA能神经元来抑制癫痫的发生和发展。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。