内镜窄带成像技术对Barrett食管合并 早期食管腺癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨内镜窄带成像技术（NBI）对Barrett食管（BE）患者早期食管腺癌的诊断价值。方法 选取176例内镜诊断为BE的患者，分别在常规白光摸式、NBl模式及1.2％碘溶液染色模式下观察，对所有可疑病变部位均取活检，所有病变均以病理结果作为诊断标准，分别与病理诊断结果对比。结果 176例患者，病理诊断BE的160例，其中3例被诊断为早期食管腺癌（EAC），将3种方法的结果相比，对敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比和阴性似然比进行比较。NBI和复方碘溶液的敏感性和阴性预测值均为100%，两者的特异性分别为89.8%和91.7%，均优于常规白光内镜。 结论 NBI技术对BE合并早期食管腺癌具有高灵敏度和高阴性预测值，它的结果与复方碘溶液染色所获得的结果具有可比性。     

内镜色素染色对上消化道疾病的诊断价值

目的：探讨内镜色素染色对上消化道疾病的诊断价值。方法：对72例有食管、胃、十二指肠疾病患者行胃镜下局部喷洒染剂后，观察着色情况并取材。结果；18例食管疾患复方碘染色不染区取材，病理示食管癌9例、Barrett食管3例、慢性炎症6例。美蓝染色胃疾患36例中29例（80．55％）着色区取材，胃癌5例、肠化及不典型增生21例、十二指肠球溃疡球部染色18例中11例（61．11％）不染区检出胃上皮化生。结论：内镜色素染色具有扩增内镜诊断的能力，方法简单安全，值得临床推广。     

醋酸染色联合内镜智能分光比色技术对检测Barrett食管上皮和Barrett相关性肿瘤的价值

目的探讨醋酸染色联合内镜智能分光比色技术(FICE)技术在Barrett食管(BE)和Barrett相关性肿瘤的作用。方法选择60例经胃镜检查诊断为BE患者,分别采用普通模式、醋酸染色联合FICE模式对病变形态、腺管开口分型及毛细血管形态观察,对病变作出诊断,并与病理组织学诊断相比较。结果醋酸联合FICE对BE腺管开口形态及毛细血管结构清晰度均优于普通放大内镜(P=0.00<0.05);高级别上皮内瘤变和癌的病例中,不规则的黏膜形态在普通模式组和醋酸染色联合FICE组中的阳性率分别是16.7%、100%,不规则血管形态的阳性率分别是16.7%、83.3%;醋酸染色联合FICE对Barrett食管肿瘤性病变诊断符合率为93.3%、敏感性91.6%、特异性93.8%,与普通放大内镜相比在符合率、敏感性上差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论醋酸染色联合FICE可清楚观察BE黏膜病变形态、腺管开口形态及毛细血管结构,对于提高诊断Barrett相关性肿瘤病变的准确性具有良好的临床实用价值。     

色素内镜在上消化道早期癌及癌前病变的诊断价值

目的 研究色素内镜对上消化道早期癌及癌前病变的诊断价值.方法 将内镜下216例食管黏膜病变患者分为两组,染色组108例用Lugol氏液对食管黏膜染色,并对不染色和浅染色区进行病理活检;对照组108例食管黏膜患者进行单纯病理活检.将内镜下220例胃黏膜病变患者分为两组,染色组110例用靛胭脂一美兰染色后进行病理活检,对照组110例胃黏膜病变患者进行单纯病理活检.结果 食管染色组不染色或浅染色病例60例(55.6％),病理活检发现早期食管癌12例(11.1％),癌前病变6例(5.6％);胃染色组有69例(62.7％)不同程度染色,病理活检发现早期胃癌14例(12.7％),其中原位癌4例(3.6％),癌前病变9例(8.1％).发现早期癌及癌前病变与对照组的诊断率比较差异有显著性(P＜0.01).结论 色素内镜有助于提高上消化道早期癌及癌前病变的诊断率及病理活检准确率,方法简便安全,值得基层医院推广.     

内镜色素染色对食管癌、胃癌的早期诊断价值

目的评价和探讨内镜色素染色对食管癌、胃癌的早期诊断价值。方法对247例食管癌、胃癌可疑患者局部喷洒染剂后，观察着色情况并取材。结果食管黏膜复方碘液染色63例，有不着色区或明显淡染区者26例，病理示单纯增生和炎症10例，不典型增生9例，Barrett食管4例，食管癌3例。胃美蓝染色184例，有102例有不同程度染色，病理示慢性炎症45例，肠上皮化生38例，不典型增生15例，胃癌4例，其中原位癌1例。结论内镜色素染色有助于食管癌、胃癌及癌前病变的早期诊断，有助于内镜下鉴别诊断的能力，方法简单、安全、实用。     

普通色素内镜在鉴别肿瘤性和非肿瘤性结直肠息肉的临床价值

目的 探讨普通色素内镜结合Kudo分型在诊断肿瘤样和非肿瘤样结、直肠息肉的价值。方法 对104例结、直肠息肉行常规内镜诊断后,在内镜下进行靛胭脂染色,结合Kudo分型,观察染色后息肉表面的细微结构,作出普通色素内镜诊断,并将普通内镜诊断、普通色素内镜诊断与病理组织学诊断进行比较,观察符合率。结果 普通内镜下诊断肿瘤样和非肿瘤样结、直肠息肉与病理组织学诊断的符合率分别为29．2％和67．9％,总的病理符合率为50．0％。普通色素内镜虽不能清楚地进行kudo分类,但能将息肉表面结构形态分为三型：A型：点状或圆形;B型：管状、脑回型;C型：不规则结构。诊断为肿瘤性和非肿瘤性的结、直肠息肉与病理组织学诊断符合率分别为87．5％和85．7％,总的病理符合率为86．5％。结论普通色素内镜能较为准确地判断结、直肠息肉的性质,有效提高微小、扁平隆起型病灶的检出率,对结、直息肉进行实时诊断及治疗有重要价值。     

胃镜下齿状线变化的临床意义探讨

目的：探讨内镜下齿状线变化的临床意义。方法：观察2004年3～6月来我院检查胃镜的255例病人的齿状线的变化情况，分成齿线上移组、齿线正常组、滑动性食管裂孔疝组，计算反流性食管炎与Barrett食管的合并率与检出率。结果：内镜下发现齿状线上移的病人145例，占56．9％，诊断食管裂孔疝21例，检出率为8．2％，与食管钡透的符合率为85．7％。Barrett食管24例，检出率为9．4％。结论：内镜检查过程中应仔细观察齿状线的变化，重视食管裂孔疝与Barrett食管的诊断，减少漏诊与误诊。     

胃镜检查中Barrett食管漏误诊18例分析

目的分析胃镜检查中Barrett食管的漏、误诊原因及预防。方法回顾宁夏医科大学第二附属医院2007-01-2009-12内镜检查病例资料,对病理诊断符合Barrett食管而胃镜诊断漏诊或误诊的病例,再次查看内镜图像,对病理诊断及内镜诊断均符合Barrett食管诊断标准而首次胃镜未予诊断的病例确定为漏诊或误诊病例。结果共查阅胃镜检查病例7 000例,共漏、误诊Barrett食管18例,其中10例初次胃镜诊断为食管裂孔疝及反流性食管炎,4例为反流性食管炎,漏诊Barrett食管;4例首次胃镜诊断为病变性质待定。18例胃镜分型为短段、舌型Barrett食管4例,短段、全周型Barrett食管12例,长段、全周型Barrett食管2例。结论胃镜检查中存在食管裂孔疝等疾病时需注意Barrett食管的诊断。     

内镜下乙酸染色结合病理检查诊断Barrett食管

目的 研究内镜下乙酸染色对于诊断Barrett食管（Barrett＇s esophagus，BE）的帮助。方法 用喷雾管在24例患者食管远端喷洒1．5％乙酸5～10mL，随后喷洒自来水50mL并进行观察。结果 以1．5％乙酸喷洒食管远端黏膜，开始食管黏膜和胃黏膜都变白，约2、3min后观察，食管鳞状上皮仍是白色，柱状上皮变成微红色，并且柱状上皮周边有白色边缘。结论 乙酸染色可指导微小或不易辨别的BE上皮的活检，提高对BE的诊断率，这种方法安全、迅速、价廉。     

色素内镜在胃部浅表瘤样病变筛查中的临床研究

目的研究色素内镜在胃部浅表瘤样病变中的诊断筛查效果,明确色素内镜对发现胃部浅表病变中癌前病变的价值。方法对比回顾分析2种不同胃部病变活检方法(常规活检和常规+美蓝染色)诊断明确的胃镜资料。结果观察组胃镜检查时,除对肉眼可见病灶行常规活检,发现有颜色略变化的黏膜(更红或更苍白)、不规则的微血管或轻度的隆起及凹陷性病变等,用美蓝染色后使病灶充分清晰显示,多点活检病灶。观察组较对照组的小病灶检出率明显提高,癌前病变的检出率亦较对照组有明显提高(P<0.01)。结论色素内镜技术对胃癌癌前病变具有较高的诊断价值和应用方便、安全、价廉的优势,应广泛开展。     

黏膜下注射生理盐水在食管、胃、结肠无蒂息肉内镜治疗中的应用

目的探讨黏膜下注射生理盐水与肾上腺素生理盐水,在食管、胃、结肠无蒂息肉内镜治疗中的疗效和安全性方面的差异。方法在内镜下治疗食管、胃、结肠无蒂息肉时,采用随机对照设计,设试验组和对照组,分别使用生理盐水和肾上腺素生理盐水（1∶10 000）进行黏膜下注射,随后用高频电刀切除病灶,在疗效和并发症方面进行对比研究。结果黏膜下注射生理盐水和肾上腺素生理盐水都可以有效地减少创面出血,且治疗效果确切,试验组和对照组无出血率分别为89.39%和92.31%,组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,对照组黏膜下注射后有8例心率增快、5例血压升高,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论在食管、胃、结肠无蒂息肉的内镜治疗中单纯使用生理盐水作为黏膜下注射液,既能有效预防穿孔,又能减少出血,尚可避免肾上腺素的并发症,可以取代肾上腺素生理盐水。     

Colon endosonography. Initial experiences in clinical use

For the first time we report about a new diagnostic technique, the endoluminal ultrasound of the colon. It enables us to examine the whole colon by an ultrasound endoscope. The ultrasound frequency of the instrument (XCF-UM2, Olympus Optical/Aloka, Japan) is 7.5 MHz, the roundview is approximately 320 degrees. The mean advantage is the combination of endoscopic inspection including biopsy and endoluminal ultrasound. First clinical experience was gained at a total of 27 examinations. It was possible to demonstrate the normal colonic wall (n = 10) in the entire large bowel, neighbouring organs could be visualized clearly and reproducibly in most cases. Pathologic findings (four carcinomas, eight polyps, five anastomoses) were correctly diagnosed by endosonography with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 96%. In two cases the histopathologic work-up of the resected specimens confirmed the ultrasonographic diagnosis of malignancy, while the endoscopic biopsy indicated benign wall lesions. This suggests that endosonography may be superior to histological diagnosis by biopsy in some cases.     

Biopsy methods and pathology of Barrett's esophagus

We reviewed the definition of the esophagogastric junction and the biopsy sites and histologic findings of biopsy specimens from Barrett's esophagus. The borderline between the esophagus and stomach has been defined as the distal limit of the longitudinal vessels by the Japan Esophageal Society, because the longitudinal vessels are always located within the esophagus. As squamous islands in Barrett's mucosa are usually the orifices of esophageal glands proper, biopsy specimens from the squamous islands show esophageal glands proper or their ducts. The identification of esophageal glands proper is a definite histological indicator that a piece of biopsy tissue is of esophageal origin. Therefore, a diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus can be made purely on the basis of the histologic findings in these biopsy specimens of squamous islands. Since columnar mucosa is usually recognizable at endoscopy, a diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus can be made solely on the basis of endoscopic examination, without any need for histologic confirmation, if squamous islands are recognized in columnar-lined mucosa.     

超声引导下经会阴与经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术对前列腺癌诊断的一致性比较

目的探讨超声引导下经会阴与经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术在前列腺癌诊断的一致性。方法收集2017年2月~2020年2月本院收治的121例行前列腺穿刺活检患者的临床资料,依据检查方法不同分为直肠检查组（n=60）和会阴检查组（n=61）,分析两组对前列腺癌检出的一致性,比较两组对前列腺癌诊断的效能和对前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)灰区前列腺癌检出率,同时比较两组检查时间和并发症发生情况。结果直肠检查组对前列腺癌检出的Kappa值0.699,与会阴检查组对前列腺癌检出的Kappa值0.668相接近,直肠检查组对前列腺癌检出的敏感度87.1%、特异性82.8%、准确度85.0%,与会阴检查组（敏感度85.3%、特异度为81.5%、准确度83.6%）差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。会阴检查组对PSA灰区前列腺癌检出率高于直肠检查组（P < 0.05）,直肠检查组检查时间明显短于会阴检查组,但会阴检查组血便、发热发生率较直肠检查组明显更低（P < 0.05）。结论超声引导下经会阴与经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术对前列腺癌检出的一致性相当,其中经会阴穿刺途径对PSA灰区前列腺癌检出率更高且安全性更好,但其检查时间较久,临床实践中可视患者具体病情选择最合理的穿刺方式。     

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of liver lesions: histological and cytological assessment

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) is used increasingly for the diagnosis of mediastinal, biliopancreatic, and gastric tumors. However, little is known about EUS-FNA in hepatic lesions and the best method for tissue analysis. We assessed EUS-FNA combined with histological and cytological evaluation in selected patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 41 patients (66 +/- 7 years) were prospectively studied, 33 of whom had clinical findings suggestive of liver malignancies. Selection for EUS-FNA was based on an increased risk of bleeding from percutaneous biopsy (coagulopathy, cirrhosis, ascites, aspirin intake; n = 15), presence of small liver tumors < 2 cm (n = 12), or liver lesions found incidentally (n = 14). Transgastric EUS-FNA of lesions located in accessible liver segments was performed using the Hitachi FG-34UX longitudinal echo endoscope and a 22-G aspiration needle. Specimens were submitted separately for standard cytological and histological evaluation. In the case of malignancies, findings at surgery with histological examination, endoscopy, or computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy of the primary cancer served as reference results (n = 33), while in benign disorders, a combination of imaging studies (Magnetic Resonance Tomography , scintigraphy) and the clinical follow-up, as summarized in the physician's report, was used as reference. RESULTS: EUS-FNA provided appropriate biopsy specimens in 40/41 patients. It was not possible to aspirate sufficient material in one patient. On average, 1.4 needle passes were necessary to obtain sufficient amounts of tissue. With regard to malignancy, the combination of histological and cytological examination had a sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 100%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 78%, and positive predictive value (PPV) of 100%. Tissue diagnoses were in agreement in 27/41 patients (65%). In the remaining patients, only the cytological examination identified six lesions correctly, while the histological assessment was correct in another seven patients. Malignant lesions were correctly identified by cytology in 24/33 (73%) patients, while histology alone was diagnostic for malignancy in 27/33 (82%) patients. When both modalities were combined, 31 out of 33-malignancies (94%) were correctly diagnosed. Minor complications occurred in two patients and consisted of self-limiting local bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-FNA of liver tumors is a powerful, reliable, and safe procedure for the diagnosis of malignant liver lesions. Optimal diagnostic results are achieved by combining cytological with histological assessment. Hence, EUS-FNA is an alternative to percutaneous biopsy, particularly in patients at risk of bleeding or with small lesions of the liver.     

智能电子分光技术在Barrett食管诊断中的初步研究

目的 观察智能电子分光技术(FICE)在Barrett食管(BE)及早期食管腺癌(EA)诊断中的价值.方法 2006年6月～2008年12月该院胃镜检查的患者16 000例次,对其食道下端随机采用传统白光或FICE技术观察.FICE内镜检查组拟诊BE 133例(实验组);普通内镜检查组拟诊BE 128例(对照组),对检查部位进行活检,并与组织学诊断进行对比.结果 实验组确定BE 127例(95.5％),其中轻度不典型增生(LGD)13例(9.77％)、高度不典型增生(HGD) 10例(7.51％)、EA 9例(6.02％);对照组确定BE 105例(82.O％),其LGD 10例(7.81％)、HGD 3例(2.45％)、EA 2例(1.56％),实验组除LGD外,其余检出率均明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 FICE对BE病灶发现及指导活检优于普通白光内镜.     

Histochemical diagnosis of short segment Barrett's esophagus

Recently, we have many chances of findings of Barrett's esophagus in routine endoscopic examination. It is also reported that we have few frequent findings of typical Barrett's esophagus, long segment Barrett's esophagus (LSBE) which is seen predominantly in Europe and United States, however the frequency of finding of short segment Barrett's esophagus (SSBE) and adenocarcinoma derived from SSBE is gradually increasing in Japan. So it is thought that precise diagnosis of SSBE and the evaluation of potential malignancy of SSBE are needed in the present medical management. The present study has shown the differences of characteristics of mucinous contents and malignant potentials between in SSBE and LSBE by use of biopsy specimen taken by endoscopic procedure. It is well known that Barrett's epithelium is categorized gastric fundic type, junctional type and specialized columnar epithelium, especially Barrett's mucosa is characterized by specialized columnar epithelium, e. g. incomplete epithelial type of intestinal metaplasia. We have set up two characteristic groups, gastric mucin dominant and intestinal mucin dominant by using specific mucin staining for MUC2, MUC5AC, Con A and CD10. In results, we confirmed that 80% of specialized columnar epithelia revealed intestinal mucin dominant in LSBE and 77% revealed gastric mucin dominant as compared with 23%, intestinal mucin dominant. Moreover, we have examined the ability of cell proliferation using Ki67-immunostaining in Barrett's epithelia. It was demonstrated that positive immunoactivity of Ki67 in proliferative zone was shown in 37.5% of gastric mucin dominant and 76.5% of intestinal mucin dominant. The results described above suggested that specialized columnar epithelia with intestinal mucin dominant have a higher potential of malignant transformation. We concluded that the evaluation of characteristics of mucinous contents in specialized columnar epithelia plays an important role in determination of high risk group of carcinogenesis in the case of SSBE.     

Simultaneous detection of esophageal and gastric carcinomas

The case histories of six patients are presented where the diagnosis of carcinoma of the esophagus and the stomach was made at the same time by barium studies. The clinical history was elusive in two patients. In four of the six patients, histological proof of squamous carcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the stomach was obtained, but in the other two biopsy of the gastric lesion was not possible because of the extensive esophageal cancer.     

Routine endoscopy using a magnifying endoscope for gastric cancer diagnosis

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: It has been reported that the fine mucosal patterns of the gastric pits can be observed with magnification and this may assist in preliminary evaluation prior to histological diagnosis. The aim of this prospective study was to clarify the relationship between the fine mucosal patterns of gastric lesions and histological findings, and also to evaluate the usefulness of magnifying endoscopy during routine endoscopy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A recently developed magnifying video endoscope, which enables magnification up to 80 times, was used for gastrointestinal endoscopy in 318 patients between January 2000 and January 2001, at the National Shikoku Cancer Center. In total, 232 lesions were detected. However, patients diagnosed by conventional endoscopy as having advanced gastric cancer, malignant lymphoma, or submucosal tumor were excluded from the study. The endoscopic findings for 211 lesions included in this study were compared with the histological findings. RESULTS: Coarse and irregular mucosal patterns were observed in elevated-type cancers by magnifying endoscopy, and in depressed-type cancers there was a finer pit pattern than in the surrounding mucosa, destruction or disappearance of the mucosal microstructure, and abnormal capillary vessels. The magnifying endoscopy results were closely related to the mucosal microstructure observed by dissecting microscopy and to the histological features. The rate of presumptive diagnosis of small gastric cancers was significantly higher when a magnifying endoscope was used compared with conventional endoscopy. In this study, the sensitivity and specificity of magnifying endoscopy as a diagnostic method were 96.0% and 95.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The fine mucosal patterns and the features of capillary vessels, which were identified with the magnifying endoscope, correlated well with the pathological diagnosis. Magnifying endoscopy will be very useful in predicting the histological diagnosis during routine endoscopic procedures.