脐血流测定与胎心监护诊断胎儿宫内窘迫的临床价值

目的　探讨联合应用脐血流测定与胎心监护在诊断胎儿宫内窘迫中的临床作用。方法　对 184例单胎、住院分娩孕妇产前、产时进行脐血流测定与胎心监护检查 ,分A、B、C、D 4组 ,A组为脐血流测定与胎心监护均正常 ;B组为脐血流测定与胎心监护均异常 ;C组为脐血流测定异常 ,胎心监护正常 ;D组为脐血流正常、胎心监护异常。产后追踪分析其产前、产时胎儿宫内窘迫发生率及胎儿预后。结果　A组胎儿宫内窘迫发生率最低 (新生儿窒息率为 0 ,羊水污染率 2 0 % ,异常胎心率 2 1.3 % ) ;B组最高 (窒息率 9.1% ,羊水污染率 3 6.4% ,异常胎心率 5 4.5 % ) ,其次是D组、C组。结论　脐血流与胎心监护联合应用可弥补单纯脐血流或胎心监护诊断胎儿宫内窘迫的不足 ,提高诊断胎儿宫内窘迫的正确率 ;能正确预测胎儿宫内安危及胎儿预后的可靠性 ;脐血流测定、胎心监护均正常表示胎儿宫内情况良好 ,脐血流测定、胎心监护均异常提示胎儿情况危急 ,需引起足够重视 ,采取积极的措施。     

胎心监护联合脐血流测定对胎儿宫内窘迫诊断的意义

目的：观察和评价胎心监护联合脐血流测定对诊断胎儿宫内窘迫的意义。方法选取208例单胎分娩孕妇作为研究对象,根据脐血流测定与胎心监护检查结果,将其分为A、B、C、D4个组,A组为脐血流测定、胎心监护均正常;B组为脐血流测定、胎心监护均异常;C组为脐血流测定异常而胎心监护正常;D组为脐血流正常而胎心监护异常。对研究对象产前、产时胎儿宫内窘迫发生率及胎儿预后进行观察和分析。结果4个组胎儿的1min新生儿评分（Apgar评分）均在4～10分,其中,A组中评分为8～10分的胎儿比例明显高于其他3个组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）,而B、C、D3个组之间的差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;4个组胎儿间羊水污染程度的差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;A组和C组之间胎心异常率的差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）,B组和D组之间胎心异常率的差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）,但B组均明显高于A组与C组,且差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论胎心监控联合脐血流检查对于诊断胎儿宫内窘迫具有较高的意义和价值,可弥补单独应用一种方法的不足,提高诊断的可靠性,值得在临床上推广使用。     

脐血流S/D值及胎心监护诊断胎儿宫内窘迫的临床意义

目的探讨彩色多普勒检测脐血流S/D值与胎心监护对胎儿宫内窘迫及新生儿窒息的诊断价值。方法选取2016年01月~2017年01月在我院住院晚期妊娠孕妇700名,选择脐血流异常者350例作为Ⅰ组,随机抽取同期分娩的脐血流正常者350例作为Ⅱ组。再对Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组分别分为Ⅰa(胎监正常组)、Ⅰb(胎监异常组)和Ⅱa(胎监正常组)、Ⅱb(胎监异常组),通过观察胎心率、脐带、羊水、胎儿脐血流S/D值及胎心监护图谱显示的胎心变异情况记录脐血流检测、胎心监护与围产儿预后的关系,脐血流、胎心监护相互异常与胎儿宫内窘迫、新生儿窒息的关系。结果脐血流异常对羊水过少、脐带异常、羊水污染、小于胎龄儿及新生儿窒息均有较明显影响,两组相比有高度显著性差异,P0.001;Ⅰa组与其他3组相比,羊水污染、新生儿窒息均有显著性差异,P0.001,Ⅰa与Ⅱa、Ⅱb相比,羊水污染、羊水过少、脐带异常、小于胎龄儿、新生儿窒息均有显著性差异,P0.001。结论彩色多普勒运用到监测脐血流S/D值及胎心监护是诊断胎儿宫内窘迫的主要方法,具有安全、快捷、准确、方便、可重复性、易观察等优点,二者结合明显提高了胎儿宫内窘迫的诊断准确率,对预防和降低新生儿窒息发生率有着重要的临床意义。     

胎心监护联合超声脐血流监测在110例胎儿宫内窘迫中的应用分析

目的研究胎心监护联合超声脐血流监测在胎儿宫内窘迫中的应用价值。方法纳入在我院接受产前检查并分娩的110例单胎待产孕妇,均经胎心监护、超声脐血流检测,并与临床结果进行比较,分析胎心监护联合超声脐血流诊断胎儿宫内窘迫的价值。结果本文110例孕妇,确诊为胎儿宫内窘迫者20例(18.18%),S/D监测结果异常45例,NST监测为48例,S/D联合NST监测为24例;其中S/D诊断胎儿宫内窘迫灵敏度55%,特异度62.22%,正确度60.91%,NST分别为60%、60%、60%;S/D联合NST监测为90%、93.33%、92.72%;S/D≥3与无反应型结果诊断胎儿宫内窘迫比例和新生儿窒息比例显著高于其他三组[S/D3与反应型、S/D3与无反应型、S/D≥3与反应型](P0.05)。结论胎心监护联合超声脐血流检测较单一检测胎儿宫内窘迫诊断价值更高,S/D≥3与无反应型可预警胎儿宫内窘迫和新生儿窒息风险。     

胎心监护联合脐血流S/D测定对高危妊娠新生儿结局的预测

目的:探究并分析胎心监护图形联合脐动脉血流S/D值与新生儿出生时情况的相关性,总结胎心监护图形联合脐血流S/D值在高危妊娠新生儿中的预测价值。材料与方法:选取2013年1月至2014年12月在玉田县医院分娩的200例高危妊娠产妇为研究对象,入院后,进行常规胎心监护和脐血流S/D值测定,根据检测结果将高危妊娠产妇分为四组:A(胎心和S/D值正常);B(胎心正常但S/D值异常);C(S/D值正常但胎心异常);D(胎心和S/D值均异常)。观察新生儿出生时分娩方式、脐带情况、羊水性状、胎盘早剥程度、新生儿阿氏评分等参数。结果:D组产妇羊水过少及污染程度、脐带绕颈、胎儿窘迫、剖宫产的发生率均明显高于A组,对比差异显著,具有统计学意义,P0.05;C组与B组指标的比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);A组新生儿1min Apgar评分均在7分以上,在正常范围之内,明显优于其他组,对比差异显著,具有统计学意义,P0.05;胎心监护联合脐血流测定的阳性预测率为77%(21/43),明显高于单项检查的预测值,对比具有统计学意义,P0.05。结论:胎心监护及监测脐血流能早期发现胎儿宫内窘迫,防止不良妊娠结局,且无创伤、操作简单、费用低,应推广应用于基层医院。     

胎儿电子监护联合胎儿脐血流测定预测新生儿出生状况分析

目的探讨产前胎儿脐血流监测与胎儿电子监护联合应用,预测新生儿出生的结局和临床价值。方法选择孕36周后孕妇,入院常规检查胎儿脐血流及胎儿电子监护,统计分析胎儿脐血流S/D值,及胎儿电子监护结果。并分为四组,A组为胎儿电子监护与胎儿脐血流均正常;B组为胎儿电子监护异常,胎儿脐血流正常;C组为胎儿电子监护正常,胎儿脐血流异常;D组为胎儿电子监护与胎儿脐血流均异常。统计分析新生儿阿氏评分及羊水情况。结果A组新生儿结局良好,胎儿宫内窘迫发生率最低。D组新生儿结局最差,胎儿宫内窘迫发生率最高。A组与B、C、D组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论产前联合应用胎儿电子监护与胎儿脐血流测定较单一检查方法能弥补二者的不足,尽早发现胎儿宫内窘迫,预测新生儿结局。     

胎心监护联合脐血流S/D检测在妊娠期高血压疾病胎儿监护中的应用

目的探讨胎心监护联合脐血流S／D检测在妊娠期高血压疾病胎儿监护中的应用。方法妊娠高血压疾病患者112例为观察组,同期住院分娩无妊娠并发症122例孕妇为对照组,人院后均行胎心监护和脐血流S／D检测,记录围产儿结局,分析胎心监护及脐血流S／D检测结果与妊娠期高血压疾病围生儿预后的关系。结果观察组胎儿宫内窘迫及新生儿窒息发生率与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;胎心监护及脐血流S／D结果围生儿结局与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论脐血流S／D检测可作为判定妊娠高血压疾病是否有胎儿宫内缺氧的重要指标。     

活跃早期人工破膜联合胎心监护预测胎儿窘迫的临床价值

目的 探讨活跃早期人工破膜联合胎心监护预测胎儿窘迫的临床价值.方法 将在邢台矿业集团总医院分娩的360例产妇随机分成3组:观察组120例采用活跃早期(肛查宫口开大3 cm)行人工破膜,观察羊水性状并行持续胎心监护;对照A组120例采用活跃早期(肛查宫口开大3 cm)行人工破膜,观察羊水性状,未采用胎心监护,按规定每15～30 min采用多普勒监测胎心,每次监测持续1 min;对照B组120例采用活跃早期(肛查宫口开大3 cm)行持续胎心监护.对3组胎儿宫内窘迫及新生儿窒息情况进行比较分析.结果 观察组发生胎儿宫内窘迫16例,漏诊1例,新生儿窒息3例;对照A组发生胎儿宫内窘迫14例,漏诊8例,新生儿窒息11例;对照B组发生胎儿宫内窘迫15例,漏诊7例,新生儿窒息10例;3组胎儿宫内窘迫漏诊率及新生儿窒息率比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 活跃早期人工破膜联合胎心监护可以准确判断胎儿宫内情况,提高新生儿预后,对降低围生儿死亡,提高围生期质量有重大意义.     

胎心监护联合脐动脉、肾动脉、大脑中动脉血流动力学监测对胎儿宫内窘迫的诊断价值

目的 探讨胎心监护联合脐动脉、肾动脉、大脑中动脉血流动力学监测对胎儿宫内窘迫的诊断价值。方法 选择2017年6月至2020年6月于我院产检并分娩的150例孕妇作为研究对象,根据胎儿娩出情况将其分为宫内窘迫组(60例)和对照组(90例)。比较两组的胎心监护情况、新生儿结局及脐动脉、肾动脉、大脑中动脉血流动力学指标;分析胎心监护联合脐动脉、肾动脉、大脑中动脉血流动力学监测对胎儿宫内窘迫的诊断效能。结果 宫内窘迫组的胎心监护异常率、平均胎心率及羊水污染程度≥Ⅱ级、新生儿Apgar评分≤7分占比高于对照组(P<0.05)。宫内窘迫组的脐动脉、肾动脉收缩期峰值速度/舒张末期速度(S/D)、阻力指数(RI)、搏动指数(PI)高于对照组,大脑中动脉S/D、RI、PI低于对照组(P<0.05)。胎心监护联合脐动脉、肾动脉、大脑中动脉血流动力学监测对胎儿宫内窘迫的诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值高于单一监测,误诊率、漏诊率均低于单一监测(P<0.05)。结论 胎心监护联合脐动脉、肾动脉、大脑中动脉血流动力学监测对胎儿宫内窘迫的诊断价值更高。     

胎心率电子监护与脐血流测定对妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症胎儿监护的临床价值

目的探讨胎心率电子监护与脐血流测定对妊娠肝内胆汁淤积综合征（ICP）胎儿监护的临床价值。方法对我院2003年1月至2006年12月住院产妇159例（ICP组79例,对照组80例）分娩资料进行回顾性分析,研究胎心率电子监护（NST）及脐血流测定（S/D）与ICP围生儿预后的关系。结果①NST试验结果为无反应型及混合型与对照组比较,差异具有极显著性。②脐血流测定S/D值升高与对照组比较,差异有极显著性。③ICP组胎儿窘迫及新生儿窒息与对照组比较,差异具有显著性。④ICP组NST及S/D结果异常与正常者的围生儿结局比较,差异具有极显著性。结论胎心率电子监护（NST）与脐血流测定（S/D）可作为判定妊娠肝内胆汁淤积综合征胎儿宫内安危的重要指标,对临床可起指导作用。     

Caveats in the monitoring of fetal growth using ultrasound estimated fetal weight

IntroductionUltrasound estimated fetal weight is increasingly being used in the monitoring of fetal growth. Differences between estimated fetal weight formulae, curves and measurement methods could lead to significant differences in results. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of these differences on estimated fetal weight and its use in monitoring fetal growth, both by modelling and by analysis of ultrasound scan data.MethodsFour estimated fetal weight curves were compared in their original form and also normalised to term weight. Estimated fetal weight was calculated from 50th centiles of widely used charts of abdominal and head circumference and femur length and plotted on a widely used estimated fetal weight curve. Fetal measurement data were used to assess the impact of fetal proportions on estimated fetal weight error and on growth trajectory when different estimated fetal weight formulae are used.ResultsEstimated fetal weight curves differ significantly, but after normalisation there is closer agreement. Estimated fetal weight modelled using modern measurement methods differs from the widely used estimated fetal weight growth curve. Errors in estimated fetal weight are correlated with differences in fetal proportions and this can lead to significant changes in estimated fetal weight growth trajectory if different estimated fetal weight formulae are used.ConclusionsChoice of measurement methods, estimated fetal weight formulae and growth curves have a significant effect on estimated fetal weight growth trajectories relative to normal ranges. It is important to understand these caveats when using estimated fetal weight to monitor fetal growth.     

Characterization of fetal arrhythmias by means of fetal magnetocardiography in three cases of difficult ultrasonographic imaging

Characterization of ultrasound detected fetal arrhythmias is generally performed by means of M-mode and pulsed Doppler echocardiography (fECHO), sonographic techniques that allow only indirect and approximate reconstruction of the true electrophysiological events that occur in the fetal heart. Several studies demonstrated the ability of fetal magnetocardiography (fMCG) to identify fetal arrhythmias. We report on three women, studied after the 32nd gestational week, who were referred for fMCG because of unsatisfying fetal cardiac visualization with fECHO due to maternal obesity, fetus in constant dorsal position hiding the fetal heart, intrauterine growth retardation, and oligohydramnios. Minor pericardial effusion was present in the third patient and digoxin therapy was given. FMCG were recorded with a 77-channel MCG system working in a shielded room. Independent Component Analysis (FastICA algorithm) was used to reconstruct fetal signals. The good quality of the retrieved fetal signals allowed real-time detection of arrhythmias and their classification as supraventricular extrasystoles (SVE), with/without aberrant ventricular conduction and/or atrioventricular block. The time course of the fetal cardiac rhythm was reconstructed for the entire recording duration; hence, fetal heart rate variability could be studied in time and frequency. Since isolated extrasystoles may progress to more hazardous supraventricular tachycardias, the noninvasive antenatal characterization of, even transient, fetal arrhythmias and their monitoring during pregnancy can be of great clinical impact.     

不同胎龄胎儿半月板形态结构的光镜观察

目的 :研究不同胎龄胎儿半月板形态结构特点。方法 :半月板水平面、冠状面常规切片 ,HE染色。结果 :得到了胎儿半月板的形态、细胞、纤维、血管、表面被覆物的有关材料。结论 :胎儿半月板表面并不平坦 ,随胎龄增长 ,其胶原纤维逐渐增多而细胞密度减小 ,胎儿半月板血管丰富 ,有滑膜被覆。     

The management of error in ultrasound fetal growth monitoring

It is important to understand the uncertainty in fetal measurements when using them in the management of pregnancy. The aim of this essay is to provide background on errors and uncertainty, describing error sources and their potential impact, with guidance on improving accuracy. Errors can be systematic or random, arising from equipment, image plane selection, measurement method and caliper placement and influenced by image quality, training and experience. The uncertainty in measurements is larger than clinically significant differences in fetal size and growth. Errors can be reduced by implementing equipment acceptance testing, written procedures, training and audit.     

Association of amniotic fluid index with estimated fetal weight.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between amniotic fluid volume and gestational age has been described previously. The association of body weight and urine output has been observed in human neonates. Our goal was to assess the correlation of the amniotic fluid index (AFI) with estimated fetal weight (EFW) in the third trimester. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study on 426 pregnant women with singleton gestations who were referred to our unit for sonographic evaluation in the third trimester. The AFI, EFW, and EFW percentile corrected for gestational age were evaluated. The sonographic examinations were stratified into 3 gestational age categories: 28 through 33.9 weeks, 34 through 37.9 weeks, and 38 weeks and later. Maternal and fetal outcome variables were collected from medical records. Linear regression, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There was no significant relationship between the AFI and EFW in the entire group of patients (R = 0.08; P = .096). There was a significant relationship between the AFI and EFW after 38 weeks' gestation (R = 0.30; P = .003). In addition, in female fetuses the EFW percentile correlated with higher AFI values at all gestational ages (R = 0.31; P < .001); this, however, was not observed in male fetuses. CONCLUSIONS: There is no relationship between the AFI and EFW during the third trimester, although a positive relationship between the AFI and EFW was noted late in gestation. In pregnancies with female fetuses, the AFI was positively associated with EFW percentile before 38 weeks' gestation.     

Prenatal diagnosis and management of a massive fetal ovarian hemorrhagic cyst torsion with secondary fetal anemia

We report the case of one of the largest prenatally detected fetal hemorrhagic cyst with ovarian torsion and fetal anemia leading to subsequent cesarean section delivery and further unilateral oophorectomy of the neonate. Usually, fetal ovarian cysts tend to resolve spontaneously within the first months after birth. There is no need of surgical treatment for such simple cysts. Routine sonographic examinations are obligatory, because in some cases complications such as massive hemorrhage, cyst rupture, or ovarian torsion with following infarction can occur. With the occurrence of these complex cyst signs by sonographic investigation, subsequent intervention should be considered by an interdisciplinary team. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:219–222, 2014     

Unusual consequence of a fetal atrial septal aneurysm

We describe the case of a significant fetal atrial septal aneurysm causing left ventricular inflow obstruction. Serial fetal echocardiograms demonstrated potential left heart hypoplasia. The fetal cardiologist guided the perinatal team to electively deliver the infant early and modify the course of developing hypoplastic left heart.