口服吲哚美辛治疗足月儿动脉导管未闭的疗效

目的 探讨口服吲哚美辛治疗足月儿动脉导管未闭(PDA)的疗效.方法 选择2004年1月-2007年12月在本院新生儿科住院的经超声心动图确诊为PDA的足月儿41例,随机分为实验组(21例)和对照组(20例).实验组给予口服吲哚美辛片,0.2 mg/(kg·次),每12小时1次,共用药3次.对照组不予处理.二组用药前后2 d内复查肝肾功能和血常规;用药期间监测尿量及血糖,注意有无腹胀、呕吐、胃潴留及出血情况;用药5～7 d复查彩色多普勒超声心动图,听诊心脏杂音及观察临床征象变化;用药6-12个月进行门诊随访,复查彩色多普勒超声心动图,记录PDA闭合情况.结果 实验组用药前后2 d内复查肝肾功能和血常规均未发现异常.用药期间实验组仅1例在口服第2剂吲哚美辛后出现呕吐少许咖啡色样液体1次,未观察到其他不良反应.用药后5～7 d实验组PDA闭合16例,闭合率76.19%;对照组PDA自然闭合5例,闭合率25.0%,二组比较差异有显著性意义(X2=10.74 P<0.05);用药6～12个月门诊随访,实验组1例PDA重新开放.结论 口服吲哚美辛治疗足月儿PDA安全有效,不良反应少,使用方便.     

布洛芬口服治疗动脉导管未闭早产儿的疗效及安全性

目的观察布洛芬治疗动脉导管未闭(PDA)早产儿的疗效及安全性。方法早产儿PDA 43例,根据有无并其他心脏畸形,分为单纯PDA组及复合型PDA组,单纯PDA组根据出生体质量分为≥1500 g及<1500 g组。均予以布洛芬口服治疗,观察布洛芬的疗效及其不良反应。结果单纯组PDA关闭率为80.78%,复合组关闭率为47.06%,两组有显著差异(χ2=5.981 P<0.01);体质量≥1500 g组关闭率为80.0%,<1500 g组关闭率为81.81%,两组无显著差异(χ2=0.38 P>0.05)。43例仅1例出现胃潴留,未观察到其他不良反应。结论布洛芬口服治疗早产儿单纯PDA疗效好,对复合型PDA也有一定效果。     

口服美林对早产儿动脉导管未闭的疗效观察

目的　口服美林与消炎痛对早产儿动脉导管未闭 (PDA)的疗效和副作用进行对比分析 ,以便寻找更好的治疗方法。方法　将 35例早产儿PDA患儿随机分为 2组 :A组 17例给予口服美林治疗 ,B组 18例口服消炎痛治疗。结果　美林 16例PDA(94 1% )闭合 ,消炎痛组 10例 (6 1 1% )闭合 ,美林组PDA闭合率明显高于消炎痛组 (P <0 0 2 5 )。在副作用方面 ,美林组仅 1例 (5 9% )有少量胃出血 ,而消炎痛组 10例 (5 5 6 % )分别并发了坏死性小肠结肠炎 (2例 ) ,胃出血(2例 ) ,IVH 1例 ,肾功能损害 (4例 ) ,低血糖、低钠血症 (1例 ) ;明显高于美林组 (P <0 0 0 5 )。结论　口服美林治疗早产儿PDA不仅疗效优于消炎痛 ,而且副作用少 ,安全系数高     

早产儿动脉导管未闭的消炎痛治疗

目的　 探讨消炎痛治疗早产儿动脉导管未闭 (PDA)的疗效。 方法 　对确诊为早产儿PDA的 2 0例患儿 ,以消炎痛每次 0 1～ 0 3mg/kg鼻饲给药 ,每 12小时一次 ,共用 3次为一疗程。结果 :第一个疗程PDA闭合为 16例 ,第二个疗程PDA闭合1例 ,3例未闭合。 结论 　消炎痛关闭早产儿PDA成功率高 ,给药时间早 ,效果更佳。     

早产儿动脉导管未闭的消炎痛治疗

目的 探讨消炎痛治疗早产儿动脉导管未闭(PDA)的疗效。方法 对确诊为早产儿PDA的20例患儿。以消炎痛每次0．1～0．3mg／kg鼻饲给药，每12小时一次。共用3次为一疗程。结果：第一个疗程PDA闭合为16例。第二个疗程PDA闭合1例．3例未闭合。结论 消炎痛关闭早产儿PDA成功率高，给药时间早,效果更佳。     

吲哚美辛治疗超低出生体重儿动脉导管未闭260例临床研究

目的 研究分析吲哚美辛治疗超低出生体重(ELBW)儿动脉导管未闭(PDA)的效果及其不良反应,以评估其在ELBW儿中的应用疗效和安全性.方法 对1998～2004年住院的260例确诊存在有PDA并应用吲哚美辛治疗的ELBW儿进行回顾性分析.结果 吲哚美辛治疗一个疗程后,PDA的关闭率为60.8%,两个疗程后为72.7%;最终总有效率为74.2%.需要外科手术结扎关闭为20.0%.吲哚美辛治疗中主要的不良反应包括血钠下降(25.4%)、轻微的出血倾向(22.5%)、少尿(15.4%);极少部分患儿在治疗过程中出现疑似坏死性小肠结肠炎(2.0%)和颅内出血加重至3、4级(1.7%).结论 即使在发育极其未成熟的ELBW儿中,治疗性地静脉应用吲哚美辛对PDA仍然有良好的效果,且有较好的安全性和较少的不良反应.     

布洛芬与吲哚美辛治疗早产儿动脉导管未闭对照研究的Meta分析

目的　进一步认识布洛芬与吲哚美辛治疗早产儿动脉导管未闭 (PDA)的疗效和不良反应的差异。方法　通过数据库检索出符合分析条件的有关吲哚美辛与布洛芬对照治疗早产儿PDA的研究报告 6篇 ,取其研究结果做Meta分析。结果　布洛芬与吲哚美辛治疗PDA的疗效相同 ,但布洛芬组出现少尿显著少于吲哚美辛组 ,其他不良反应无显著差异。结论　布洛芬治疗PDA的疗效与吲哚美辛相同 ,但引起肾脏不良反应少。     

口服消炎痛和布洛芬治疗早产儿动脉导管未闭的比较

目的：静脉注射消炎痛是早产儿动脉导管未闭的常规治疗方法,但治疗过程中常出现一些副作用,如少尿、消化道出血、脑血流灌注减少。近年来,静脉注射布洛芬已用于治疗早产儿动脉导管未闭。布洛芬治疗不会减少脑血流灌注,也不会影响胃肠道和肾脏的血流动力学。伊朗目前尚无消炎痛和布洛芬的静脉制剂供应。该研究旨在比较这两种药的口服制剂治疗早产儿动脉导管未闭的疗效和安全性。方法：36例胎龄小于34周经超声心动图确诊患有动脉导管未闭的早产儿被随机分为两组,每组18人。一组给予消炎痛口服,每次0.2 mg/kg,24 h给药 1 次,共3次。另一组给予布洛芬口服,共 3 次,间隔时间为24 h,首剂为 10 mg/kg,随后两次各 5 mg/kg。用药后观察导管闭合率、副作用、并发症及临床过程。结果：用药后布洛芬组18例患儿动脉导管都闭合（100％）,而消炎痛组18例中有15例患儿动脉导管闭合（83.3%）（P＞0.05）。两组疗效差异统计学无显著性意义。治疗前后两组的血清尿素氮和肌酐含量差异也无显著性意义。消炎痛组发生了3例（16.6%）坏死性小肠结肠炎,布洛芬组则无,差异有显著性意义 (P＜0.05)。治疗1个月后两组成活率均为 94%（17／18）。消炎痛组1例死于坏死性小肠结肠炎,布洛芬组1例死于败血症。结论：口服布洛芬治疗早产儿动脉导管未闭和口服消炎痛治疗一样有效,而且坏死性小肠结肠炎的发生率较口服消炎痛治疗低。［中国当代儿科杂志,2007,9（5）：399-403］     

口服红霉素治疗早产儿喂养不耐受的多中心临床对照研究

目的探讨口服不同剂量红霉素对早产儿喂养不耐受的治疗效果及可能存在的不良反应。方法选取2008年1月至2010年3月在广东省16家三级甲等医院新生儿科住院并诊断为喂养不耐受的早产儿,随机分为3组:大剂量组(第8～10日龄起口服红霉素12.5mg/kg,每8h给药,疗程7～10天),小剂量组(口服红霉素5mg/kg,给药方法同上),对照组(完全不用胃肠动力调节药物)。记录临床资料,比较各组患儿的喂养相关指标及宫外生长迟缓(EUGR)发生率等,并评估药物不良反应。结果纳入研究的患儿共122例,其中大剂量组37例,小剂量组47例,对照组38例。入组后两治疗组患儿体重增长速度、体重开始增长日龄、肠内热卡达到基础热卡日龄、达到全肠道喂养日龄及体重EUGR发生率等方面均较对照组明显改善(P<0.05),但按胎龄32周再分亚组后比较,以体重为指标EUGR发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。所有治疗组患儿随访6个月均未见明显红霉素不良反应。结论本研究中选取的两种剂量红霉素口服对早产儿(包括胎龄<32周者)喂养不耐受均有治疗作用,所采用的红霉素治疗方案未见明显不良反应。     

早产儿动脉导管开放的处理

动脉导管开放(PDA)是早产儿常见病症,导致早产儿血流动力学不稳定,严重者可危及生命,应积极处理.药物关闭PDA仍是最有效、方便和经济的治疗方法,吲哚美辛一直是内科保守治疗的主要用药,PDA关闭率为46%～89%,但吲哚美辛有效血药浓度安全范围较窄,且可导致肾功能障碍、颅内出血、坏死性小肠结肠炎和肠穿孔等不良反应.近年国外采用布洛芬治疗早产儿PDA,取得较好疗效,关闭率为73.0%～95.5%,且对肾脏、脑及消化道血流动力学影响显著减少.药物治疗无效且严重影响心肺功能者可选择手术治疗.     

Oral medications regarding their safety and efficacy in the management of patent ductus arteriosus

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common clinical condition in preterm infants which is inversely related to birth weight and gestational age. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as indomethacin and ibuprofen which block the prostaglandin conversion from arachidonic acid are the most commonly used drugs for ductal closure. This review focuses on the safety and efficacy oral medications in the management of PDA in preterm infants. Ibuprofen seems to be the first choice due to its higher safety profile, as it is associated with fewer gastrointestinal and renal side effects when compared to indomethacin. PDA closure rates are better with oral than with intravenous ibuprofen probably due to the pharmacokinetic of the drug. However, these medications were reported to be associated with several adverse including transient renal failure, gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation, hyperbilirubinemia and platelet dysfunction. Paracetamol seems be an alternative to PDA therapy with lower adverse events and side effects.     

Comparison of Oral Ibuprofen and Intravenous Indomethacin for the Treatment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants

ObjectiveThere are few published reports concerning the efficacy of oral ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Oral ibuprofen was compared to intravenous indomethacin regarding efficacy and safety in the treatment of PDA in infants weighting less than 1,000 g at birth.MethodThis was a retrospective study in a single center. Data on ELBW infants who had an echocardiographically confirmed PDA were collected. The infants were treated with either intravenous indomethacin or oral ibuprofen. Rate of ductal closure, need for additional treatment, drug-related side effects or complications, and mortality were compared between the two treatment groups.Result26 infants who received indomethacin and 22 infants who received ibuprofen were studied. The overall rate of ductal closure was similar between the two treatments: it occurred in 23 of 26 infants (88.5%) treated with indomethacin, and in 18 of 22 infants (81.8%) treated with ibuprofen (p = 0.40). The rate of surgical ligation (11.5% versus 18.2%; p = 0.40) did not differ significantly between the two treatment groups. No significant difference was found in post-treatment serum creatinine concentrations between the two groups. There were no significant differences regarding additional side effects or complications.ConclusionIn ELBW infants, oral ibuprofen is as efficacious as intravenous indomethacin for the treatment of PDA. There were no differences between the two drugs with respect to safety. Oral ibuprofen could be used as an alternative agent for the treatment of PDA in ELBW infants.     

The Association between Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Perinatal Infection in A Group of Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants

Objective: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is an extremely common occurrence in very premature infants. Untreated symptomatic PDA may be associated with chronic lung disease. PDA has a major role in neonatal mortality and morbidity. We compared the efficacy and safety of oral versus intravenous ibuprofen for the pharmacological closure of PDA in low birth weight (LBW) preterm infants. Methods: A randomized, single-blinded, controlled study was performed on premature neonates at the neonatal unit, University Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology “Koço Gliozheni”, Tirana, Albania from January 2010 to December 2012. The study enrolled 68 preterm infants with a confirmed and significant PDA. The preterm infants received either intravenous or oral ibuprofen randomly as an initial dose of 10 mg/kg, followed by 5 mg/kg at 24 and 48 h. Findings : 36 patients were treated with oral ibuprofen and 32 with intravenous ibuprofen during this period. After the first course of the treatment, the PDA closed in 30 (83.3%) of the patients assigned to the oral ibuprofen group versus 23 (71.8%) of those enrolled in the intravenous ibuprofen group (P=0.355). 15 patiens needed a second treatment course and they all (100%) had clinical signs of infection and positive blood culture. There was no reopening of the ductus after the closure. Conclusion: Our data indicate that, for LBW infants, the rate of early ductal closure was comparable and the adverse effects were fewer with oral ibuprofen in comparison to the intravenous route. Association of PDA with perinatal infection has a negative impact in pharmacological closure of the ductus, increasing the need for a second course of treatment or for surgery.Key Words: Prematurity, Perinatal Infection, Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Oral Ibuprofen, Intravenous Ibuprofen     

Pulmonary function in preterm infants following treatment with intravenous indomethacin

Pulmonary function tests, including measurements of arterial blood gas levels, total pulmonary compliance, and arterial-alveolar oxygen ratios, were performed in 38 ventilator-dependent preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome who weighed less than 1500 g at birth. Twenty-seven had a physiologically significant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Twelve were assigned at random to receive three doses of intravenous indomethacin, 0.2 mg/kg per dose, on the fourth day of life. This treatment resulted in ductal closure in seven infants by the seventh day of life. Another concurrently observed group of 15 infants with PDA received no indomethacin. A third group of 11 infants lacked evidence of a PDA. Pulmonary function in the infants who received indomethacin did not differ significantly from that in the other two groups.     

Response of the patent ductus arteriosus to indomethacin treatment

The purposes of this study were to examine the response of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) to indomethacin, using serial two-dimensional and pulsed Doppler echocardiographic studies, and to correlate the response to treatment with serum indomethacin levels. Nineteen preterm infants (gestational age, 26 to 31 weeks [mean, 28 weeks]; weight, 600 to 1680 g [mean, 1060 g]) were treated with indomethacin. Two-dimensional and pulsed Doppler echocardiograms were obtained before administration of indomethacin and daily thereafter until the day after the last dose. Ductal responses to treatment were graded as open, constricted, or closed, and serum indomethacin levels were obtained 24 hours after the last dose. The PDA initially closed in 11 (58%) of 19 infants; however, in four of the 11, PDA reopened and three of four required surgical ligation. In seven (37%) of 19 patients, the PDA initially constricted, but five of seven subsequently reopened and required ligation. In one patient, indomethacin had no effect on the PDA. The mean indomethacin level for the whole group was 622 ng/mL. There was no difference in indomethacin level between the group with initial closure vs those with constriction (580 vs 590 ng/mL), nor between those who eventually required ligation and those who did not. This study demonstrates that the majority of premature infants respond to indomethacin treatment with ductal constriction or closure but that reopening occurs frequently. The initial response does not mean that the ductus will remain constricted or closed, and surgical intervention may still be necessary. A serum indomethacin level of more than 250 ng/mL does not ensure ductal closure.     

Stroke volume and left ventricular output in preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus

To assess the effect of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) on left ventricular output (LVO) we studied stroke volume (SV), LVO, and heart rate (HR) in 21 very low birth wt preterm neonates with clinically symptomatic PDA before and after surgical ligation. Six additional infants were also studied before PDA with left-to-right shunt was detectable by the pulsed Doppler technique. Gestational age (median and range) was 28 (24-32) wk. SV was measured by duplex Doppler and M-mode echocardiography, and LVO was calculated as product of SV and HR. LVO was 419 (305-562) mL/min/kg during symptomatic PDA. It decreased to 246 (191-292) mL/min/kg after ligation (n = 21, p less than 0.001). SV was 2.69 (1.98-4.10) mL/kg during symptomatic PDA decreasing to 1.63 (1.22-1.98) mL/kg after ductal closure (n = 21, p less than 0.001). HR did not change after ductal closure. In the six infants with three examinations, LVO and SV were normal before detectable ductal left-to-right shunt and after ligation, but LVO was increased by 59.5 +/- 23% (mean +/- SD) (p less than 0.05), and SV by 60 +/- 32% (p less than 0.05) during symptomatic PDA. In conclusion, preterm neonates with RDS, requiring mechanical ventilation, increased LVO during symptomatic PDA by increasing their SV, and not by changing their HR.     

Early versus late indomethacin treatment for patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To compare efficacy and side effects of early versus late indomethacin treatment for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature infants. METHODS: One hundred twenty-seven neonates receiving ventilatory assistance (gestational age: 26-31 weeks) with PDA confirmed by echocardiography were randomly assigned in a prospective multicenter trial to either early (day 3, n = 64) or late (day 7, n = 63) intravenous indomethacin treatment (3 x 0.2 mg/kg every 12 hours). Treatment history and side effects were registered. RESULTS: The PDA closure rate was higher in the early treatment group at both 6 (73% vs 44%, P =.0008) and 9 days of age (91% vs 78%, P =.047). However, there was no significant difference in PDA ligation. Urine output was significantly lower (P <.0001), serum creatinine level was higher (P =.016), and more indomethacin courses were administered in the early treatment group (70 vs 26). Respiratory support, number of deaths, and intraventricular hemorrhages were similar in both groups. However, on the whole, major adverse events (death, necrotizing enterocolitis, and/or localized perforation, extension of hemorrhage, or cystic leukomalacia) occurred more frequently in the early treatment group (P =.017). CONCLUSION: Early indomethacin treatment improves PDA closure but is associated with increased renal side effects and more severe complications and has no respiratory advantage over late indomethacin administration in ventilated, surfactant-treated, preterm infants <32 weeks' gestational age.     

Factors affecting successful closure of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus with indomethacin in extremely low birth weight infants

Background  The incidence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is high in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Indomethacin has been widely used in the prophylaxis and treatment of hemodynamically significant PDA. This retrospective study was undertaken to identify factors such as birth weight, gestational age, gender, fetal growth retardation, ductal size, timing of the first dose of indomethacin and side effects of indomethacin, which may affect the successful closure of the PDA with indomethacin in ELBW infants. Methods  A cohort of 139 ELBW infants who had received indomethacin treatment for PDA during a consecutive period of more than three years (September 2000 to December 2003) was retrospectively analyzed. Results  Administration of indomethacin was associated with closure of PDA in 108 (77.7%) of 139 ELBW infants, and only 19.4% of infants required surgical ligation of the ductus eventually. There was no significant relationship between closure of PDA with gestational age, gender, fetal growth retardation, and ductal size. A higher birth weight and early use of indomethacin after birth could significantly increase the closure rate of PDA (P<0.05). Side effects of indomethacin such as transient oliguria and hyponatremia during indomethacin therapy did not affect PDA closure. Conclusions  Indomethacin is effective for the treatment of PDA in ELBW infants. A higher rate of ductal closure is related to the increase of birth weight. PDA closure with indomethacin is age-related, and early administration of indomethacin could increase PDA closure and reduce the incidence of hyponatremia. There is no significant difference in major morbidities such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) after early treatment. Early screening for hemodynamically significant PDA in ELBW infants and early treatment with indomethacin are recommended.