Scleral buckling with macular plombe for eyes with myopic macular retinoschisis and retinal detachment without macular hole

PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of scleral buckling with a macular plombe in eyes with myopic macular retinoschisis and retinal detachment without a macular hole. DESIGN: A prospective, consecutive interventional case series. METHODS: Setting: Clinical practice at university hospitals. Patient Population: Six eyes of five consecutive patients with myopic macular retinoschisis and retinal detachment without a macular hole. Intervention Procedure: Scleral buckling with a macular plombe. Main Outcome Measures: The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), ophthalmoscopic appearance of fundus, and optical coherence tomographic images were recorded preoperatively, and at two weeks, at one, three, and six months, and then every three months thereafter. RESULTS: The mean retinal thickness was reduced significantly by the macular plombe (P < .05). The BCVA was improved by 2 lines or more in four eyes (66%), and remained within 2 lines of the preoperative BCVA in two eyes (34%). The complications were subretinal hemorrhage without choroidal neovascularization in one eye, and a progression of choroidal neovascularization with subretinal hemorrhage, which caused a transient visual impairment in one eye. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that macular scleral buckling with a macular plombe be considered for eyes with myopic macular retinoschisis and retinal detachment without a macular hole.     

后巩膜加固术治疗硅油填充术后复发性超高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离

目的　探讨后巩膜加固术治疗硅油填充术后复发性超高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离（ｍａｃｕｌａｒｈｏｌｅｒｅｔｉｎａｌｄｅｔａｃｈｍｅｎｔ,ＭＨＲＤ）的可行性及疗效。方法　选取２０１１年６月至２０１４年６月硅油填充术后的复发性超高度近视性ＭＨＲＤ患者３６例（３６眼）,所有患者均由同一术者行黄斑区改良后巩膜加固术,术后３个月取出硅油。术后随访１２个月,观察记录术后并发症、视网膜脱离复位情况、黄斑裂孔闭合情况、术后视力、眼轴长度等指标。结果　３６眼视网膜完全复位,视网膜复位率为１００％;末次随访ＳＤ-ＯＣＴ示２２眼黄斑裂孔完全闭合,占６１．１％,１１眼黄斑部分闭合,占３０．６％,３眼仍未闭合,占８．３％;３１眼术后最佳矫正视力（ｂｅｓｔｃｏｒｒｅｃｔｖｉｓｕａｌａｃｕｉｔｙ,ＢＣＶＡ）较术前提高,占８６．１％,５眼ＢＣＶＡ较术前无明显改变,占１３．９％;术前患者ＢＣＶＡ为（１．４８±０．９２）ｌｏｇＭＡＲ,术后ＢＣＶＡ为（０．９３±０．３８）ｌｏｇＭＡＲ,差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）;术前患者眼轴长度为（３０．９５±１．１６）ｍｍ,术后为（２８．４６±１．３４）ｍｍ,差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．００１）。所有患眼均未发生眼底出血、眼内炎、涡静脉回流障碍、眼前部缺血综合征等并发症。结论　改良后巩膜加固术是治疗硅油填充术后复发性超高度近视ＭＨＲＤ安全有效的手术方法,能提高视网膜解剖复位率、黄斑裂孔闭合率、视力及减少并发症。     

Vitreous surgery for highly myopic eyes with foveal detachment and retinoschisis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of vitreous surgery for highly myopic eyes with foveal detachment and retinoschisis. DESIGN: Retrospective comparative interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS: Seven patients (nine highly myopic eyes) with posterior staphyloma with foveal detachment and retinoschisis without macular hole. Preoperative best-corrected visual acuity in nine eyes ranged from 0.02 to 0.4 (average, 0.17). METHODS: Vitreous surgery performed on all nine eyes consisted of core vitrectomy, surgically induced posterior vitreous detachment (three eyes), removal of the premacular vitreous cortex and internal limiting membrane in the posterior staphyloma, and 30% SF(6) gas tamponade. Patients were instructed to maintain a prone position for at least 1 day after surgery. The postoperative follow-up period ranged from 6 to 42.5 months (average, 20.4 months). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual acuity, retinal tomography monitored by optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: In eight of the nine eyes, foveal detachment and retinoschisis gradually decreased in height, and these eyes finally attained foveal attachment and visual improvement within 6 months postoperatively. The postoperative best-corrected visual acuity of these eight eyes ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 (average, 0.48). One eye developed a full-thickness macular hole during vitreous surgery, and its postoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 0.08. CONCLUSIONS: Foveal detachment and retinoschisis in highly myopic eyes resolved after vitrectomy. Vitreous surgery might have a rationale as prophylactic treatment for highly myopic eyes at high risk of macular hole development.     

Spontaneous resolution of a shallow detachment of the macula in a highly myopic eye

PURPOSE: To report a case of pathologic myopia with shallow detachment of the macula and anatomic reattachment after spontaneous posterior vitreous separation. DESIGN: Observational case report. METHODS: A 66-year-old woman with pathologic myopia presented with decreased vision of 20/400 in her left eye. Biomicroscopy showed myopic chorioretinal changes, posterior staphyloma, and a shallow macular elevation. Optical coherence tomography was performed at the initial and follow-up examinations. RESULTS: Initial optical coherence tomography revealed a retinal detachment, retinoschisis, and incomplete posterior vitreous detachment. One and one-half years after the initial visit the patient's best-corrected visual acuity improved to 20/200, and optical coherence tomography disclosed macular reattachment, release of vitreous adhesions, and restoration of normal retinal tomographic appearance. CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous resolution of chronic shallow detachment of the macula in highly myopic eyes may occur and can be attributed to spontaneous posterior vitreous detachment.     

后巩膜加固术治疗病理性近视黄斑劈裂

目的评价后巩膜加固术治疗病理性近视黄斑劈裂的效果,观察手术前后黄斑劈裂腔与ERG的变化。方法回顾性病例研究,对25例（32眼）病理性近视黄斑劈裂（其中6眼伴视网膜局限性浅脱离）患者行后巩膜加固术,观察手术前与手术后6个月最佳矫正视力、等效球镜度、眼轴、OCT、ERG的变化。最佳矫正视力、等效球镜度、眼轴的比较采用配对样本t检验,黄斑劈裂腔的大小与ERG各参数的比较采用符号秩和检验。结果手术前后等效球镜度与眼轴差异有统计学意义（t=-11.23、13.23,P<0.01）。术后OCT示,14眼黄斑劈裂愈合,劈裂腔消失,此14眼术前劈裂腔高度为277（190～428）μm;17眼（53%）好转,劈裂腔减小,此17眼术前、术后劈裂腔高度分别为447（344～617）μm和194（106～259）μm,差异有统计学意义（Z=-3.724,P<0.01）;1眼未愈。ERG示,黄斑劈裂愈合组ERG最大反应中的a波波幅术前和术后分别为114（63.45～143.00）μV和119（93.75～169.50）μV,差异有统计学意义（Z=-2.232,P<0.05）。黄斑劈裂好转者术前和术后ERG最大反应中的a波波幅分别为104（76.65～130.00）μV和107（83～151）μV,差异有统计学意义（Z=-2.056,P<0.05）。其他检测的各参数指标差异均无统计学意义。无严重并发症发生。结论后巩膜加固术治疗病理性近视黄斑劈裂具有一定的疗效,不仅有助于黄斑劈裂腔的减小,也有助于视网膜光感受器传导功能的改善。     

Natural course of macular retinoschisis in highly myopic eyes without macular hole or retinal detachment

PURPOSE: To investigate the natural course of macular retinoschisis in highly myopic patients. DESIGN: A prospective, observational case series. METHODS: Seven consecutive patients (eight eyes) with macular retinoschisis without macular hole or retinal detachment determined by optical coherence tomography (OCT) were followed at least two years without surgical intervention. The changes in the OCT findings and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were analyzed. RESULTS: During follow-up, two eyes that had vitreoretinal adhesions developed a macular hole, one with and one without retinal detachment (RD), and two eyes without detectable vitreoretinal adhesion developed RD without a macular hole. BCVA in these four eyes was significantly reduced. The remaining four eyes did not develop complications, although the thickness of the macula increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that macular retinoschisis might be a progressive condition, and that complications appeared to be related to the presence of vitreoretinal tractions.     

高度近视眼继发视网膜劈裂与玻璃体-视网膜牵引的关系

目的 观察高度近视眼继发视网膜劈裂在OCT上的特征,分析其发生的原因。方法 回顾2000-10/2003-03因中心视力减退在我院进行过OCT检查的高度近视26例43眼,对其中存在继发性视网膜劈裂的12例18眼(42%)的OCT图像进行分析。结果 高度近视眼继发视网膜劈裂以外层劈裂为主,多发生在眼底后极部(16/18),多数(15/18)可见玻璃体牵引视网膜征象。所有黄斑区尚未被视网膜劈裂累及眼的黄斑中心凹处的视网膜感觉层较同龄、同性别的正常人薄,有统计学意义(P=0.0052)。结论 高度近视眼继发视网膜劈裂并不少见,它与玻璃体牵引及视网膜本身的退行性变密切相关。     

高度近视黄斑部视网膜劈裂和非裂孔性视网膜脱离

目的 观察高度近视黄斑部视网膜劈裂(MRS)和非裂孔性视网膜脱离(MRDH)的临床表现和影像学特征.方法 高度近视患者186例349只眼中合并MRS和MRDH的19例24只眼纳入研究.所有患者均进行了主觉验光、双目间接检眼镜、裂隙灯显微镜联合Goldmann三面镜检查,以及眼底照相、A/B型超声和光相干断层扫描(OCT)检查.结果 349只眼中后极部存在MRS和(或)MRDH 24只眼,占6.9%.眼底检查结果 显示.所有患跟均有后巩膜葡萄肿(PS),占100.0%;玻璃体黄斑牵引条带(VMT)2只眼.占8.3%;黄斑部局限性视网膜浅脱离2只眼,占8.3%;黄斑全层裂孔1只眼,占4.2%.B型超声检查结果 显示,所有患眼均伴有PS,占100.0%;黄斑部局限性视网膜浅脱离7只眼,占29.2%,脱离的视网膜与PS锥顶形成弓样结构;VMT条带2只眼,占8.3%.OCT检查结果 显示,黄斑部外层视网膜劈裂(ORS)22只眼,占91.7%,其中合并黄斑部内层视网膜劈裂(IRS)8只眼,占黄斑部ORS的36.4%.MRDH 5只眼,占20.8%,其中合并ORS 3只眼,占MRDH的60.0%;单纯性MRDH 2只眼,占MRDH的40.0%,其中合并VMT 1只眼.VMT 13只眼,占54.2%;黄斑囊样水肿(CME)3只眼,占12.5%;黄斑板层裂孔4只眼,占16.7%.结论 MRS和MRDH是伴有PS的高度近视眼的常见并发症.与常规眼底检查和B型超声相比,OCT是发现MRS和MRDH的更为有效的检查手段.     

高度近视黄斑部视网膜劈裂和非裂孔性视网膜脱离

目的 观察高度近视黄斑部视网膜劈裂(MRS)和非裂孔性视网膜脱离(MRDH)的临床表现和影像学特征.方法 高度近视患者186例349只眼中合并MRS和MRDH的19例24只眼纳入研究.所有患者均进行了主觉验光、双目间接检眼镜、裂隙灯显微镜联合Goldmann三面镜检查,以及眼底照相、A/B型超声和光相干断层扫描(OCT)检查.结果 349只眼中后极部存在MRS和(或)MRDH 24只眼,占6.9%.眼底检查结果 显示.所有患跟均有后巩膜葡萄肿(PS),占100.0%;玻璃体黄斑牵引条带(VMT)2只眼.占8.3%;黄斑部局限性视网膜浅脱离2只眼,占8.3%;黄斑全层裂孔1只眼,占4.2%.B型超声检查结果 显示,所有患眼均伴有PS,占100.0%;黄斑部局限性视网膜浅脱离7只眼,占29.2%,脱离的视网膜与PS锥顶形成弓样结构;VMT条带2只眼,占8.3%.OCT检查结果 显示,黄斑部外层视网膜劈裂(ORS)22只眼,占91.7%,其中合并黄斑部内层视网膜劈裂(IRS)8只眼,占黄斑部ORS的36.4%.MRDH 5只眼,占20.8%,其中合并ORS 3只眼,占MRDH的60.0%;单纯性MRDH 2只眼,占MRDH的40.0%,其中合并VMT 1只眼.VMT 13只眼,占54.2%;黄斑囊样水肿(CME)3只眼,占12.5%;黄斑板层裂孔4只眼,占16.7%.结论 MRS和MRDH是伴有PS的高度近视眼的常见并发症.与常规眼底检查和B型超声相比,OCT是发现MRS和MRDH的更为有效的检查手段.     

高度近视眼黄斑劈裂的OCT影像特征

目的 观察高度近视眼黄斑劈裂的OCT形态学特征,分析其发生的相关危险因素.方法 回顾性分析268例(369只眼)屈光度≥-6.00D的高度近视眼患者继发视网膜劈裂的OCT表现以及与眼轴长度、屈光度、后巩膜葡萄肿、后极部脉络膜视网膜萎缩变性等因素的相互关系.结果 OCT显示68例(93只眼)存在视网膜劈裂;其中78只眼为外层劈裂,14只眼为混合性劈裂,1眼为内层劈裂.所有存在劈裂眼中,2只眼劈裂远离黄斑区,91只眼位于黄斑区,累及一至四个象限不等,其中53只眼为中央凹劈裂,38只眼为旁中央凹劈裂,中央凹劈裂的形态多样,并伴有视网膜前膜或玻璃体牵引、局限性视网膜脱离、黄斑板层裂孔等改变.所有高度近视眼患者中,视网膜劈裂眼与未发生视网膜劈裂眼的眼轴长度、屈光度、后巩膜葡萄肿、玻璃体牵引或视网膜前膜以及后极部脉络膜视网膜萎缩变性比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01),Logistic回归结果示:超长眼轴(≥29mm)是视网膜劈裂发生的危险因素,屈光度并不是其发生的危险因素,后巩膜葡萄肿、玻璃体牵引或视网膜前膜以及后极部脉络膜视网膜萎缩变性均是其发生的危险因素(P=0.002,0.073,0.027,0.003,0.011).结论 OCT能明确视网膜劈裂发生的部位,清晰地显示视网膜劈裂的形态特征,视网膜劈裂多发生在黄斑中央凹.可累及整个黄斑区,以外层劈裂多见.视网膜劈裂的发生与超长眼轴、后巩膜葡萄肿、玻璃体视网膜牵引以及后极部脉络膜视网膜萎缩变性等因素有关.

Abstract：

Objective To improve our understanding of the morphological characteristics of macular retinoschisis in highly myopic eyes by optical coherence tomography and to discuss the probably associated factors of it. Methods In the retrospective study, 268 patients(369 eyes)with high myopia(spherical equivalent 3≥-6.00D)were included, from which a diagnosis of retinoschisis was given by optical coherence tomography, and observed the area and morphological characteristics of the retinoschisis. The factors that were associated with the occurrence and the development of the retinoschisis were investigated. Results OCT showed that 68 patients(93 eyes)had retinoschisis. Outer schisis was present in 78 eyes, mixed schisis in 14 eyes and inner schisis in 1 eye. The retinoschisis in 2 eyes located far from the macular area, and the other 91 eyes located in the macular area, which were involved into one to four quadrants, in which foveoschisis were present in 53 eyes, and parafoveoschisis in 38 eyes. There were several kinds of types in foveoschisis, companied with other pathological changes, such as vitreoretinal traction, preretinal membrane, foveal detachment and lamellar holes.We proceeded the comparison of the axial length, spherical equivalent, posterior staphyloma, vitreoretinal interface factors and posterior polar chorioretinal atrophy in retinoschisis and non-retinoschisis in highly myopic eyes, finding that all the differences were significant(P <0.01), but Logistic regression showed that all the factors above were the risk factors associated with the retinoschisis(P =0.002, 0.027, 0.003, 0.011)except the spherical equivalent(P =0.073). Conclusions OCT can display the area and morphological characteristics of retinoschisis clearly, the retinoschisis is mostly present in the fovea, which is usually involved into the whole macular area, and the outer schisis is common. The occurrence and development of the retinoschisis is associated with the axial length, posterior staphyloma, vitreoretinal interface factors and posterior polar chorioretinal atrophy.     

高度近视视网膜劈裂患者手术前后谱域光相干断层扫描影像学特征

目的 观察高度近视视网膜劈裂患者行玻璃体切割手术前后谱域光相干断层扫描(SD-OCT)的影像学特征.方法 回顾性分析SD-OCT检查确诊为高度近视视网膜劈裂不伴黄斑裂孔行玻璃体切割手术治疗的8例患者8只眼临床资料.所有患者均行矫正视力、屈光度、前置镜眼底检查、A/B型超声及SD-OCT检查.所有患眼视网膜均存在外层劈裂.其中,合并中层或内层劈裂5只眼,伴中心凹脱离5只眼.前置镜检查结果显示,8只眼中,黄斑中心凹出现局限性浅脱离3只眼;未发现明显异常5只眼.后极部出现巩膜葡萄肿7只眼.SD-OCT检查结果显示,后极部视网膜呈现明显向下凹陷的弧形条带7只眼;未见明显向下凹陷的弧形条带1只眼.所有患眼均接受玻璃体切割加内界膜剥除手术治疗.手术后1、3、6个行时SD-OCT复查,对比观察手术前后视网膜后极部形态结构影像检查特征变化.结果 手术后6个月,后极部劈裂消失视网膜基本贴附原位6只眼;仍存在中心凹脱离1只眼;出现旁中心凹裂孔1只眼.手术后6个月,矫正视力由手术前0.15提高至0.8者1只眼,SD-OCT检查显示,视网膜光感受器内外节(IS/OS)连接光带层连续性大部分恢复.矫正视力由手术前0.01和0.05提高至0.1和0.15者2只眼;保持不变者5只眼.SD-OCT检查结果显示,手术后IS/OS连接光带层均仍有缺失.结论 高度近视视网膜劈裂在SD-OCT中形态表现多样,以外层劈裂居多.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the image features of high myopia with retinoschisis by spectraldomain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods The clinical data of eight patients (eight eyes)of high myopia with retinoschisis were retrospective analyzed. All patients were diagnosed by SD-OCT (Topcon 3D OCT-1000), had no macular holes and underwent vitrectomy including internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling and gas tamponade. All patients also underwent visual acuity, refraction,pre-mirror fundus examination and A/B-mode ultrasound examination. Visual acuity and SD-OCT were followed up at one, three and six months after surgery. Before surgery, pre-mirror fundus examination revealed shallow foveal detachment in 3/8 eyes, posterior scleral staphyloma in 7/8 eyes. SD-OCT showed concave arc stripes in 7/8 eyes, and outer retinoschisis in 8/8 eyes, middle or inner retinoschisis in 5/8 eyes and foveal detachment in 5/8 eyes. Results Six months after surgery, posterior retinoschisis disappeared in six eyes, foveal detachment still presented in one eye and parafoveal hole occurred in one eye. The corrected visual acuity improved from the 0. 15 to 0. 8 in one eye which had a restored continuous inner segment/outer segmen (IS/OS) line by SD-OCT. The corxected visual acuity improved from 0. 01 to 0. 1 in one eye, from 0. 05 to 0. 15 in one eye, not changed in five eyes. There was no continuous IS/OS line in those patients by SD-OCT. Conclusions SD-OCT shows a variety of morphological features of myopic retinoschisis which could be cured anatomically and functionally by vitrectomy combined ILM peeling. The continuity of IS/OS layer from SD-OCT could help to interpret the vision recovery after the operation.     

高度近视黄斑劈裂视网膜内界膜剥离手术联合全氟丙烷眼内填充疗效评价

目的 客观评价视网膜内界膜(ILM)剥离手术联合全氟丙烷(C3F8)眼内填充治疗高度近视黄斑劈裂的临床疗效.方法 随机选取高度近视黄斑劈裂患者31例33只眼,手术前屈光度-9.5～-21.0 D,平均屈光度(-13.1±-3.6)D,眼轴26～32 mm,平均眼轴长度(28.3±2.1)mm,均伴有黄斑部的巩膜葡萄肿而不伴有视网膜脱离.手术治疗采用常规20G玻璃体切割手术联合ILM剥离和10%C3F8眼内填充,手术中采用曲安奈德(TA)标记ILM.手术后1、2、3、4、8个月复查,对比观察手术前后最佳矫正中心视力和黄斑部的结构变化.结果 手术后1个月开始,黄斑部视网膜劈裂即已显著改善,最佳矫正中心视力获得相应提高,随时间的延长,黄斑部结构无明显变化.手术前及手术后1、2、3、4、8个月黄斑中心凹厚度分别为(327.6±51.7)、(165.2±22.6)、(159.3±28.7)、(167.7±17.1)、(142.7±13.8)、(169.1±19.6)μm.与手术前相比,手术后1～8个月黄斑中心凹的厚度均较手术前显著下降(t=9.21,9.23,9.21,10.67,9.21;P<0.05),手术后各时间段之间比较,黄斑中心凹厚度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),手术后4个月至随访末期,黄斑部劈裂复发3只眼,占9.1%.结论视网膜ILM剥离手术联合C3F8眼内填充可有效治疗高度近视黄斑劈裂;手术后远期劈裂的复发是影响预后的主要因素.     

Myopic traction maculopathy - vitreoretinal traction syndrome in high myopic eyes and posterior staphyloma

The pathology of the posterior pole in high myopic eyes is characterised by scleral thinning and staphyloma associated with structural changes of the retina. Epiretinal membranes and epiretinal traction together with partial separation of the ILM result in myopic foveoschisis and posterior tractional detachment with myopic macular holes. Foveal detachment and retinoschisis in highly myopic eyes may resolve after vitrectomy with ILM peeling: however, there is a considerable risk for the development of macular hole formation. Skleral buckling surgery is currently regaining interest and allows one to reduce the tractional forces in selected cases. While reading visual acuity is usually not regained after macular hole development, prophylactic measures should be considered for the fellow eye. Vitreous surgery might have a rationale as prophylactic treatment for highly myopic eyes at high risk of macular hole development; however, this needs to be weighed against possible surgical complications.     

玻璃体切割术治疗高度近视视网膜劈裂的临床观察

目的 观察玻璃体切割手术伴与不伴内界膜剥离治疗高度近视黄斑部视网膜劈裂的疗效.方法 回顾分析29例29只眼高度近视黄斑视网膜劈裂患者的临床资料.根据治疗方法 分为2组.A组为单纯玻璃体切割手术,15例15只眼;B组为玻璃体切割手术加吲哚青绿染色内界膜剥离,14例14只眼.所有患者行惰性气体填充,手术后保持面朝下体位2周.术后观察患者的最佳矫正视力、黄斑部结构变化及术后并发症.术后平均随访时间9个月(6～14个月).结果 A组患者术后平均最佳矫正LogMAR视力0.51±0.19,与手术前比较,差异有统计学意义(t=3.901,P=0.001);B组患者手术后平均最佳矫正LngMAR视力0.50±0.27,与手术前比较,差异有统计学意义(t=3.130,P=0.004).两组间手术后视力差异无统计学意义(t=0.1160,P=0.909).A组15只眼中,10只眼手术后黄斑劈裂复位,占66.7%,改善5只眼,占33.3%,随访期内黄斑部视网膜劈裂复发2只眼;B组14只眼中12只眼首次手术视网膜复位,占85.7%,改善1只眼,占7.1%,术中黄斑裂孔形成1只眼.A、B两组手术视网膜复位率差异无统计学意义,(x2=1.435,P=0.238).结论 玻璃体切割联合惰性气体眼内填充治疗视网膜劈裂疗效确切,内界膜剥离对术后视力和视网膜劈裂的复位无显著影响.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of vitreous surgery with/without internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeiing for highly myopic eyes with macular retinoschisis. Methods The clinical data of 29 high myopia patients (29 eyes) with macular retinoschisis were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the treatment: 15 patients in group A had undergone conventional vitrectomy; 14 patients in group B had undergone vitrectomy and ILM peeling. All patients had been tamponaded by inert gas and kept in a face-down position for 2 weeks after the operation. The follow up period was 6-18 months (average 9 months). The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), OCT had been followed up. Results Macular retinoschisis reattachment was found in 10 eyes (66.7%) in group A and 12 eyes in group B (85.7%).The difference was not significant (P >0.05). The postoperative BCVA increased significantly in both groups (P >0.05), the difference of vision improvement was not significant between the two groups (P >0.05). Conclusions Vitrectomy with/without ILM peeling is effective for treating macular retinoschisis in highly myopic eyes, ILM peeling can not significantly improve the postoperative visual acuity and retinoschisis renttachment.     

高度近视眼中心凹脱离伴视网膜劈裂的形态学观察

目的观察高度近视眼中心凹脱离伴视网膜劈裂的形态学特征,并探讨高度近视眼玻璃体、黄斑及后巩膜葡萄肿三者间的关系。设计回顾性病例系列。研究对象29例(38眼)高度近视眼中心凹脱离伴视网膜劈裂的患者。方法所有患者均进行裂隙灯前置镜、三面镜、直接或间接检眼镜、B超及相干光断层扫描(OCT)检查,观察黄斑中心凹脱离及视网膜劈裂的形态及其与玻璃体以及后巩膜葡萄肿的关系。其中10眼行玻璃体手术。主要指标形态学特征。结果裂隙灯前置镜、三面镜检查见视网膜成微囊样改变并浅脱离,未见黄斑裂孔。B超显示后极部视网膜水肿或浅脱离0.5~2.0mm。所有38眼的OCT扫描均显示黄斑区神经上皮脱离;未显示黄斑裂孔;神经上皮层劈裂,表现为内层劈裂、外层劈裂和双层劈裂,劈裂的内外层视网膜之间可见桥柱样连接;3眼黄斑区未见劈裂,扫描至后巩膜葡萄肿边缘附近见视网膜劈裂;视网膜前存在低反射细光带(玻璃体后皮质),且与视网膜间存在点、线及片状粘连,相应粘连处视网膜被牵引。10眼玻璃体手术中见玻璃体液化、不完全后脱离,后极部玻璃体后皮质与视网膜粘连紧密,尽量剥除后皮质,术后视网膜均复位。结论OCT可清晰显示高度近视眼中心凹脱离伴视网膜劈裂的形态特征,来自玻璃体皮质的牵引及后巩膜葡萄肿因素是导致视网膜劈裂的主要原因。     

Prevalence and characteristics of foveal retinal detachment without macular hole in high myopia

PURPOSE: To report the prevalence of foveal retinal detachment without macular hole in a large number of highly myopic eyes using optical coherence tomography (OCT), and to clarify the demographic characteristics associated with foveal retinal detachment in these eyes. DESIGN: A consecutive, prospective, observational case series. METHODS: In 134 eyes of 78 consecutive patients with high myopia (refractive error of -8 diopters or more), we performed complete ophthalmic examinations and studied cross-sectional images of the macula with OCT. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence (group 1, n = 78 eyes of 45 patients) or absence (group 2, n = 56 eyes of 33 patients) of posterior staphyloma. Slit-lamp examination with a Goldmann three-mirror lens indicated that none of the eyes had a macular hole. RESULTS: In seven of 78 eyes (9.0%) with posterior staphyloma (group 1), OCT revealed foveal retinal detachment. Two of the seven eyes had foveal retinoschisis. Optical coherence tomography revealed no retinal detachment or retinoschisis in any eye without posterior staphyloma (group 2). Visual acuity of the seven eyes with foveal retinal detachment ranged from 20/40 to 20/200. Two of the seven eyes had visual acuity 20/50 or better. No patients complained of recent, progressive visual impairment. All seven eyes with foveal retinal detachment had severe myopic fundus changes (focal chorioretinal atrophy or bare sclera). CONCLUSIONS: In highly myopic eyes with posterior staphyloma, the prevalence of foveal retinal detachment without macular hole was 9.0%. In eyes with this type of retinal detachment, visual acuity varies and foveal retinal detachment tends to be missed on routine examination. Periodic examination using OCT is recommended for highly myopic eyes with severe myopic degenerative changes and posterior staphyloma.     

Vitrectomy without internal limiting membrane peeling for macular retinoschisis and foveal detachment in highly myopic eyes

Purpose: To report the surgical outcome of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) without internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in three highly myopic patients with macular retinoschisis and associated posterior staphyloma. Methods: We report three highly myopic patients with macular retinoschisis and foveal detachment who underwent simple PPV without ILM peeling, with long‐acting gas tamponade. Main outcome evaluations included best corrected visual acuity, biomicroscopic appearance and optical coherence tomography findings. Results: Pars plana vitrectomy without ILM peeling resulted in anatomic and functional improvement in all three operated eyes for follow‐up periods of ≥ 12 months. Conclusions: Pars plana vitrectomy without ILM peeling is effective for treating macular retinoschisis and foveal detachment in highly myopic eyes with posterior staphyloma. Visual and anatomic outcomes are comparable with those in previous studies in which ILM removal was performed.     

Foveal anatomical status and surgical results in vitrectomy for myopic foveoschisis

PURPOSE: Myopic foveoschisis (MF), a major cause of visual loss in highly myopic patients, shows varied foveal anatomic characteristics. We determined how the foveal status is related to surgical results in MF. METHODS: Forty-four eyes underwent vitrectomy for MF, including internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling and gas tamponade. The eyes were divided into three groups depending on the preoperative foveal anatomy: foveal detachment (FD, n = 17), retinoschisis (RS, n = 16), and macular hole (MH, n = 11). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and optical coherence tomographic findings preoperatively and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively were obtained and compared. RESULTS: BCVA improved two lines or more in 81% of the FD group, 50% of the RS group, and 45% of the MH group 12 months postoperatively. The FD group had significantly improved vision (P < 0.01). Visual improvement was borderline in the RS group (P = 0.057) and not significant in the MH group. Visual improvement was significantly better in FD eyes than in RS (P < 0.05) or MH (P < 0.01) eyes. In FD and RS eyes, the postoperative BCVA was significantly correlated with age (P < 0.05) and preoperative BCVA (P < 0.01), whereas visual improvement was correlated with symptom duration (P < 0.05) and preoperative BCVA (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Vitrectomy including ILM peeling and gas tamponade is safe and effective for MF. Patients with FD showed the most visual improvement postoperatively and therefore can obtain the most benefit from the surgery. Surgery also benefits RS and MH patients by preserving vision. The foveal status, age, duration of symptoms, and preoperative BCVA are key factors determining postoperative visual outcome in MF.     

Posterior traction retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes: clinical features and surgical outcome as evaluated by optical coherence tomography

PURPOSE: To investigate the correlations between the clinical characteristics of macular detachment without holes or posterior breaks and functional outcomes as evaluated by means of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with highly myopic eyes after pars plana vitrectomy. METHODS: This retrospective study describes the preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, and OCT and FAG images of seven highly myopic eyes (range: -10 to -24 diopters [D]) with a symptomatic decrease in visual acuity that were surgically treated by means of pars plana vitrectomy. RESULTS: The intraoperative observations confirmed the OCT findings. The macula was reattached after surgery in 85.7% of cases; visual acuity improved in six eyes and worsened in one. The only postoperative complication recorded was nuclear sclerosis (60% of the cases). CONCLUSIONS: OCT should be considered mandatory in the diagnosis and follow-up of posterior traction retinal detachment without a macular hole or posterior break in highly myopic eyes. A posteriorly detached retina can be reattached surgically, but visual improvement may be limited by the presence of other chorioretinal myopic lesions and persistent cystoid macular changes.     

后巩膜加固术对变性近视并发症的治疗效果

目的评价后巩膜加固术对变性近视并发症的治疗效果。方法变性近视28例（31眼）,施行改进的后巩膜加固术联合后极部巩膜垫压术,观察其对后巩膜葡萄肿所引起的并发症的治疗效果。检查术前术后的裸眼视力、矫正视力、屈光度、眼球前后径、中心视野及视敏感度并做光相干断层成像术（OCT）检查。结果术后3～24月视力较术前提高,屈光度减低,眼前后径缩短,中心视野及视敏度改善,OCT显示并发症治愈或减轻。结论后巩膜加固术加固了向后延伸的呈葡萄肿的巩膜,缓解了对后极部各层和相关的牵拉,治愈或减轻了变性近视并发症,从而提高了视功能。是安全有效的手术方法。