城市妇女乳腺癌危险因素研究进展

近年，乳腺癌发病率在全球呈现上升趋势，在欧美发达国家及我国的一些大城市已成为危害妇女健康乃至生命的第一位恶性肿瘤。每年全世界大约有130万人被诊断为乳腺癌，而有约加万人死于该病。我国虽然属于乳腺癌的低发国家，但近20年来，乳腺癌的发病率亦在逐年攀升，特别是在京、津、沪等大城市，乳腺癌已位居女性恶性肿瘤发病率之首，严重威胁着广大妇女的身心健康。     

环境污染物与乳腺癌关系研究进展

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，它在全世界大多数地区的发病率均有逐年增高的趋势，中国虽然属于乳腺癌低发国家，但其增长速度高于乳腺癌高发国家或地区，也高于世界年平均增长水平。病因学研究表明乳腺癌73％归因于环境因素，工业化产物及污染物中的激素活性因子即环境内分泌干扰物能够促进肿瘤生长，充当乳腺致癌物或影响乳腺的发育及易感性，增加了乳腺癌的发病危险；遗传和激素因素与环境因素之间存在交互作用，影响环境化学物的代谢，而且特异的环境致癌物决定乳腺癌的发生。有研究表明环境污染尤其是环境内分泌干扰物污染外环境可能和我国生殖内分泌相关肿瘤发生相关。人群研究亦显示乳腺癌可能与某些有机溶剂、多环芳烃（PAN）及有机氯化合物暴露有关联。因此人类生产生活环境中广泛存在的环境污染物与乳腺癌的发生发展密切相关，现将二者相关研究综述如下。     

乳腺癌的研究进展

乳腺癌是妇女常见的恶性肿瘤。全世界每年有一百万妇女患病，自20世纪70年代末开始、我国乳腺癌的发病率一直居女性肿瘤的首位。北美、北欧原是乳腺癌的高发区，现在我国的发病率也从5年前的十万分之十七增加到去年的十万分之五十二，呈快速上升趋势。而且发病年龄也越来越年轻化，年龄最小的只有十四岁。引发乳腺癌的因素是多方面的，除遗传因素外还有环境因素、[第一段]     

病理检查在乳腺癌普查中的作用

乳腺癌在全球范围内是严重威胁女性健康的重要疾病。以往的经验证实,乳腺癌发病率与社会的发展呈正相关。随着我国国民经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高,乳腺癌的发病率也呈上升趋势,尤以城市妇女为甚,已成为女性中最常见的恶性肿瘤。     

女性发病率最高的恶性肿瘤——乳腺癌

13分钟／人 据权威医学资料统计，全球每13分钟，就有一人死于乳腺癌，乳腺癌已经成为严重威胁女性健康的重要疾病。随着发病增加，死亡率也在明显上升。     

年轻女性患乳腺癌的六大诱因

近年来,随着物质生活不断改善,人们的生活方式越来越西化,乳腺癌的发病率也随之加速上升。其中许多年轻女性也患上乳腺癌它已经成为威胁年轻女性健康的“头号杀手”。在这里,专家为大家讲述年轻女性患乳腺癌的六大诱因。     

心理因素与女性乳腺癌关系的Meta分析

乳腺癌是目前危害妇女健康的恶性肿瘤之一,国内外对其病因进行过大量研究.近些年,随着医学模式的转变,心理因素在肿瘤发生发展中的作用越来越受到重视.流行病学研究发现,精神创伤和不良性格等心理因素是乳腺癌发生的一个重要危险因素.但二的联系强度（相对危险度或比值比）,各研究结果相差悬殊.为此,本采用Meta分析方法,对国内近10年有关心理因素与乳腺癌关系的研究献进行综合分析.     

关于乳腺癌的5个真相

1 乳腺癌患者年轻化 城市的生活方式的改变，环境的污染、饮食的污染、紧张的心理压力，还有其他原因造成的激素水平的改变以及人为的一些因素都导致年轻女性乳腺癌的发病风险增加。     

乳腺癌患者的护理体会

乳腺癌在西方发达国家排在女性肿瘤疾病首位,近20年来,乳腺癌的发病率在我国不断上升。乳腺癌是一个严重影响女性健康的疾病,其诊断、治疗可能复发的威胁和躯体形象改变给患者及家属带来广泛的心理和社会的负面影响,常出现情绪低下,生活质量下降,如控制不当可能导致其生物学改变。     

乳腺癌筛查：“非专业检查”和“过度检查”要不得

乳腺癌位居我国妇女恶性肿瘤第一位．是威胁女性健康的“头号杀手”。专家提出,女性要重视乳腺癌筛查。但乳腺癌筛查一定要到正规医疗机构,“非专业检查“和“过度检查”都要不得。     

Breast Milk Excretion Kinetic of β-HCH, pp′DDE and pp′DDT

Breast milk is considered the most important route in the elimination of deposited organochlorine pesticides in a mother’s body. The equilibrium of organochlorine pesticides in the human body considers the elements of internal transport processes, the equilibrium pattern between pesticides and tissue fat contents, and the mobilization of lipids and lipoproteins among body parts. The aim of this study was to determine organochlorine pesticide levels in breast milk samples from the 4th to the 30th day of lactation and the trend in their concentration time so as to forecast the time tendency of residue levels and the pesticide excretion pattern. Milk samples were taken from forty participants and analyzed by GLC-ECD. The organochlorine pesticide residues determined in the breast milk samples during lactation decreased: β-HCH from 0.095 to 0.066 mg/kg, pp′DDE from 1.807 to 1.423 mg/kg and pp′DDT from 0.528 to 0.405 mg/kg, at the characteristic rate for each compound. The obtained results compared with the calculated fits of forecasts were parallel and did not exhibit significant differences. The newborn baby exposed during lactation had organochlorine pesticide residues whose levels decreased permanently. The levels depended not only on the breast milk nutrition, but also on the total environmental exposures which included air pollution as a significant contamination source.     

DDT, DDE and DDD in Human Milk from South Africa

Human breast milk samples (n = 30) were collected from mothers within the age range of 19-40 years from Thohoyandou area, South Africa. DDT and its metabolites were extracted from the milk samples using diethyl ether. The crude extracts were subjected to column chromatography. The eluates were then evaporated on a stream of nitrogen up to 0.5 mL. One microliter of the cleaned extracts were injected into GC-ECD for selected organochlorine compounds. The sum total of DDT and its metabolites from each village ranged from not detectable for DMS, GNN and THN to 1,930 ng g(-1) fat wt for BDL while SigmaDDE ranged from 1.32 ng g(-1) fat wt for GNN to 2,570 ng g(-1) fat wt for TKD. SigmaDDD ranged from not detectable for GNN to 4,060 ng g(-1) fat wt for MNN. SigmaDDE was the most predominant followed by SigmaDDD and finally SigmaDDT. This was an indication of breakdown of the parent compound, DDT. Some villages namely, Lufule and Budeli, and Maniini and Makhuvha exhibited similar DDT occurrence of 89% in their areas. Other villages, DMS, TLM, and MND and TKD showed a similarity percentage of 82% while others showed similarities of 75% for GNN and MTT, 69% and 65% for MPG and THN respectively. A significant cluster of DDT and its metabolites between the infants' weight range of 2.5-3.9 kg/body wt was observed. Increase in lipid content was followed by a decrease in the sum DDT in the older mothers (27-30). The estimated daily intake varied from 260 to 4,696 ng/g, nd-10,551 ng/g and nd-4,237 ng/g for DDE, DDD and DDT respectively. These values are significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the FAO/WHO acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 20 ng/g. The SigmaDDT was found to decrease with increasing age of the mothers. The observed high levels of DDE compared to DDT indicated chronic exposure of the mothers to DDT, which is metabolised to DDE and retained in the body.