The relation of body fat distribution and body mass with haemoglobin A1c, blood pressure and blood lipids in urban Japanese men

The relation of body fat distribution and body mass with haemoglobin A1c, blood pressure and blood lipids were examined in 874 men aged 40 to 59 not taking medication for diabetes mellitus and who worked for an urban company in Japan. Body fat distribution was measured by the waist hip circumference ratio. Body mass was estimated by Quetelet index. Haemoglobin A1c was measured from casual venous blood samples by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Measurement of haemoglobin A1c was validated by a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test conducted in a 7% sample. There was a dose-response relation between waist-hip ratio and haemoglobin A1c concentration while the relation between body mass index and haemoglobin A1c was not evident. Using linear regression to control for age, serum total cholesterol, usual alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and body mass index, the positive association between waist-hip ratio and haemoglobin A1c remained significant (p = 0.02). This was not true for the positive association between body mass index and haemoglobin A1c (p = 0.32). Both waist-hip ratio and body mass index were positively associated with blood pressure and serum total cholesterol, and inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol. The associations of waist-hip ratio with blood pressure and blood lipids were significant after controlling for body mass index. Therefore, the waist-hip ratio is a correlate of both glucose abnormalities and known coronary risk factors in urban Japanese men even when body mass is controlled for.     

Decreasing association between body mass index and blood pressure over time

BACKGROUND: Our purpose was to assess blood pressure (BP) and its relationship with body mass index (BMI) over a 15-year interval in the Seychelles, a rapidly developing country in the African region. METHODS: Two independent cross-sectional examination surveys were conducted in 1989 (n=1081) and 2004 (n=1255) using representative samples of the population age 25-64 years. RESULTS: Between 1989 and 2004, mean BP (mm Hg) decreased slightly (from 133/87 to 131/86 in men and from 127/82 to 124/81 in women), with little change in the age-standardized prevalence of high BP (BP >or=140/90 or current treatment; from 45% to 44% in men and from 34% to 36% in women). During this same time period, there were marked increases in awareness (from 42% to 64%), treatment (22% to 59%), and control (3% to 20%) among participants with high BP. The prevalence of overweight (BMI >or=25 kg/m) increased from 39% to 60%. Furthermore, the linear relationship between BMI and BP was markedly weaker in 2004 than in 1989, irrespective of antihypertensive treatment and age, and among both lean and overweight participants. Among untreated persons, a BMI increment of 1 kg/m was associated with an elevation of 2.0/1.5 mm Hg of systolic/diastolic BP in 1989 but only 1.3/1.0 mm Hg in 2004. CONCLUSIONS: The association between BMI and BP has decreased over time. Further study is needed to understand the reasons for the decline in this association, and what the implications are in the context of the obesity epidemic.     

Plasma leptin association with body composition and energy expenditure in sickle cell disease

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between fasting plasma leptin concentrations and the hypercatabolic state observed in sickle cell disease (SCD). METHODS: Plasma leptin concentration and resting energy expenditure (REE) were measured in 37 SCD patients (10 men, 12 boys 14 to 18 years-old, seven women, and eight girls 14 to 18 year-old) and in 37 age, gender and fat mass (FM) matched controls. Body composition was measured hydrostatically, REE by whole room-indirect calorimeter, and plasma leptin using an RIA kit. RESULTS: Plasma leptin concentration and leptin normalized for body fat (ng/dL*kg FM(-1)) were significantly lower in SCD patients than in non-SCD controls (4.00+/-3.23 vs. 9.94+/-14.69, p=0.021 and 0.406+/-0.260 vs. 0.643+/-0.561, p=0.024, respectively). A positive linear association between log plasma leptin and FM was observed in both males and females, adjusting for age and SCD status. The strength of this association was greater in females compared with males (slope=0.699 and 0.382 log ng/mL per 10 kg FM, respectively; p=0.013). SCD patients on average demonstrated a higher REE, adjusting for FFM (p<0.0001). Log plasma leptin and FM were not statistically significant predictors of REE after adjustment for FFM and SCD. CONCLUSIONS: Once corrected for body composition, mean plasma leptin concentration was significantly lower among female SCD patients than among non-SCD matched controls. Although REE was higher in SCD patients, there is no simple association between leptin and REE in SCD.     

Modelling the association of blood pressure during pregnancy with gestational age and body mass index

Improved understanding of the determinants of blood pressure (BP) changes during pregnancy is essential for decreasing the morbidity and mortality borne by women and their families worldwide. While most epidemiological studies consider associations based on categorical risk factor classifications, using measurements on a continuous scale has been advocated as a means of gaining richer insights into biological processes. We modelled the relationship during pregnancy of continuous systolic (S) and diastolic (D) BP distributions with gestational age and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) using fractional polynomials. We used information, including antenatal BP values abstracted from medical records, from a prospective cohort of 1733 women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation.
The percentiles for SBP and DBP changed over pregnancy, with DBP percentiles decreasing initially, followed by an increase starting about mid-second trimester. Modelling the joint impact of BMI and gestational age on mean BP indicated an increase in mean BP with increasing BMI that was attenuated at higher BMI levels, later in pregnancy. This attenuation persisted in a variety of sub-analyses which explored the possibility that it was caused by confounding or by influential groupings of subjects. Estimated longitudinal percentiles that characterise the BP distribution across gestation may facilitate evaluation of BP during pregnancy. BP patterns observed over pregnancy and, in particular, the attenuation of BP increases at high BMI, late in pregnancy, can provide insights towards elucidating the mechanisms that drive BP changes during pregnancy.     

The association between high blood pressure,physical fitness,and body mass index in adolescents

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the association of fitness and fatness with blood pressure (BP) and hypertension.This was a cross-sectional study of 13,557 boys and girls 15-20 years of age. Fitness was estimated from a shuttle run test, fatness from body mass index (BMI), and BP was measured sitting after 5 min of rest. Other lifestyle variables were self-reported. RESULTS: Boys had a higher systolic BP (SBP) than girls. A low physical fitness level and high BMI were independently associated with a high BP and risk of having hypertension in both girls and boys. Interaction was found between BMI and fitness. In a stratified analysis an odds ratio (OR) of 3.99 was found for hypertension in girls with a BMI > 25 kg m(-2) compared to lean girls if all had a low fitness level, and an OR of 2.14 for a high BMI in girls with a high fitness level. In boys, OR for high versus low BMI were 3.23 in the low fit and 2.34 and 2.50 in the middle and upper tertile of fitness, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Fitness and BMI were independently associated to BP. BMI was a stronger predictor of hypertension in those with a low fitness level, especially in girls.     

Body mass index and serum leptin concentration independently estimate percentage body fat in older adults

BACKGROUND: Because serum concentrations of leptin, a hormone produced by adipocytes, can be relatively reliably and inexpensively measured, it may be considered complementary to, or even a substitute for, body mass index (BMI) as a measure of adiposity. OBJECTIVE: We examined the ability of BMI and leptin concentrations, separately and together, to estimate total percentage fat in older adults. DESIGN: Total percentage fat measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and fasting serum leptin concentrations were measured in 2911 well-functioning 70-79-y-old participants (42% black, 51% women) in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. RESULTS: Mean (+/-SD) total percentage fat was 29.2 +/-5.0% in men and 40.5 +/- 5.7% in women, and the geometric mean (+/-SD) serum leptin concentration was 5.6 +/- 2.5 ng/mL in the men and 16.4 +/- 2.3 ng/mL in the women. Among men, total percentage fat was strongly associated with both BMI (R(2) = 0.56) and leptin (R(2) = 0.57) in separate linear regression analyses and in a combined linear regression analysis (R(2) = 0.68). Similarly, among women, total percentage fat was associated with both BMI (R(2) = 0.65) and leptin (R(2) = 0.54) separately and in combination (model R(2) = 0.71). Independent relations of BMI and leptin with total percentage fat were also found among both black and white participants. With the population divided into quintiles according to percentage fat, BMI and serum leptin correctly classified 49% of men and 50% of women in the correct quintile. CONCLUSIONS: Among older adults, total percentage fat was better estimated by using both serum leptin concentrations and BMI than by using either alone. However, their performance does not suggest that they can substitute for more accurate measures.     

Percent body fat and lean mass explain the gender difference in leptin: analysis and interpretation of leptin in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white adults

OBJECTIVE: To reassess the relationship between body fat and fasting leptin concentrations comparing plasma vs. serum assessments of leptin; ratios vs. regression adjustment for body composition; fat and lean mass vs. percent body fat; and gender-, ethnic-, and age-related variations. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Subjects included 766 adults from the nondiabetic cohort of the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study examined at follow up (1997 to 1998). Body composition was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Leptin concentrations were determined after an overnight fast. RESULTS: Fasting serum and plasma assessments of leptin were correlated with percent body fat to the same degree. Women had significantly higher serum leptin concentrations than men when leptin concentrations were divided by body mass index, fat mass in kilograms or percent body fat. The methodological problem inherent in interpreting these ratio measures is pictorially demonstrated. In regression analysis, fat mass alone did not explain the gender difference. However, lean body mass was inversely related to leptin concentrations (p < 0.0001) and explained 71% of the gender difference at a given fat mass. Percent body fat explained all of the gender difference in leptin concentrations in both Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Similar to findings about gender differences, ethnic- and age-related variations in the leptin-body fat association were minimized when percent body fat was employed as the body fat measure. DISCUSSION: Regression analysis and percent body fat measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry are recommended when assessing the relationship between leptin and body fat. Gender differences in leptin concentrations were accounted for by percent body fat in free living (no diet control), Hispanic and non-Hispanic white adults.     

Circulating leptin moderates the effect of stress on snack intake independent of body mass

Prior studies have demonstrated influences of leptin on hunger and satiety, the processing of food reward, and taste and palatability perception. This pilot study tested whether leptin accounts for variability in stress-induced changes in snack intake, and explored potential mechanisms underlying this effect. Thirty-four normal weight and class I obese women were exposed to a 30-minute mental stressor and a non-stressful control task in counterbalanced order on consecutive days. Higher serum leptin concentrations predicted decreases in snack intake following the stressor relative to the control condition. Leptin was not a significant predictor of overall hunger or stress-induced changes in hunger, but was associated with greater perceived palatability of one of the four snacks. Overall, findings suggest that leptin may moderate the effect of stress on energy intake through non-homeostatic mechanisms.     

An independent, inverse association of high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration with nonadipose body mass

BACKGROUND: Increasing body mass index (BMI) is associated with progressively lower serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations, although the underlying body-composition compartment accounting for this unfavorable lipid change remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: Because growing evidence favors a role of lean tissue in HDL homeostasis, the hypothesis was tested that non-adipose tissue components of body mass explain the inverse association of HDL cholesterol and BMI. DESIGN: Fasting serum lipid concentrations and body composition [total, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue; adipose tissue-free mass (ATFM); and skeletal muscle by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging and body cell mass by 40K counting) were evaluated in healthy adults. Body-composition compartments were expressed as height2-normalized indexes. RESULTS: An inverse correlation was observed between serum HDL cholesterol and BMI in women (n = 68; R2 = 0.08, P = 0.023) and men (n = 61; R2 = 0.07, P = 0.046). Significant inverse correlations (P = 0.005-0.02) were also observed between HDL cholesterol and nonadipose components (ie, ATFM, skeletal muscle, and body cell mass) but not between HDL cholesterol and any adipose tissue component. The association between HDL cholesterol and ATFM remained significant after serum triacylglycerol was controlled for. When BMI was entered into the HDL cholesterol-ATFM regression model, BMI was not a significant independent variable. The strongest correlate of serum triacylglycerol was visceral adipose tissue (P = 0.002 for both women and men). CONCLUSIONS: Lean tissues and body cell mass appear to account in part for the long-observed inverse association of HDL cholesterol and BMI. These observations suggest a link between nonadipose tissue compartments and the greater cardiovascular risk associated with high BMI.     

Multivariate linkage analysis of blood pressure and body mass index

Multivariate linkage analyses of correlated traits provide greater statistical power to identify genetic loci with effects too small to be detected in single trait analyses. We conducted genomewide multivariate analyses of systolic BP, diastolic BP, and body mass index (BMI) in 1,848 non-Hispanic white subjects (968 females, 880 males) from 279 multigenerational pedigrees from Rochester, Minnesota. Blood pressure was measured by random zero sphygmomanometer; body mass index was calculated from measurements of height and weight; and genotypes were measured at 520 microsatellite marker loci distributed across the 22 autosomes. Univariate linkage analyses demonstrated tentative evidence of linkage (defined by univariate LOD scores of 1.30-1.99) for diastolic BP on chromosome 18 and for BMI on chromosomes 3, 10, and 18. Bivariate linkage analyses showed tentative evidence of linkage (defined by bivariate LOD scores of 2.06-2.86) for systolic and diastolic BP on chromosome 14 and for either measure of BP and BMI on chromosomes 2, 3, 10, and 18; and suggestive evidence of linkage (defined by bivariate LOD scores of 2.87-3.99) for either measure of BP and BMI on chromosomes 10 and chromosome 15. Trivariate linkage analyses of systolic and diastolic BP and BMI provided evidence of a region influencing all three traits on chromosome 10, where the trivariate LOD score rose to a maximum value of 4.09 (at 144 cM, P=0.0007), and possibly on chromosome 2, where it rose to a maximum value of 2.80 (at 77 cM, P=0.0075). For genomewide linkage analyses to succeed in localizing genes influencing BP, it may be advantageous to exploit the greater statistical power of multivariate linkage analyses to identify loci with pleiotropic effects on correlated traits.     

Age–related rump fat,fat percent,body fat mass,leptin, androgens and semen parameters of Arab stallions

ObjectiveTo study the effect of age and body fat on leptin levels and semen parameters of Arab horse.MethodsFifteen fertile Arab stallions of different ages belonging to Police Academy were divided into three equal groups according to their age. Old horses are those of >18 yeas (18–27), Mid-age horses ≥13 to 18 years (13–18), Young horses are those of <12 years (7–11). Semen was evaluated three times for each stallion. Blood and seminal plasma were assayed for measuring leptin, testosterone and estradiol. Subcutaneous rump fat thickness was measured using ultrasound for estimating body fat percent and fat mass percent.ResultsAll body fat parameters were significantly high in Young stallions and decreased with increasing age. As age increased, testosterone levels increases but leptin levels decreased. Age was inversely correlated with fat %, fat mass and leptin. All fat parameters had direct correlation with leptin in semen and serum but an inverse one with serum testosterone. Serum leptin directly correlated with sperm cell concentration in Mid-age stallions and inversely correlated with percent of live sperm in Old stallions. Semen leptin correlated directly with both percent of live sperm and percent of abnormal sperm in Old stallions.ConclusionThis study proved that aging in stallions is related to a drop in fertility, a decrease in body fat and in turn leptin. Arab stallions of age 7 to 18 years could be used in the breeding efficiently.     

山东省儿童脂肪组织和非脂肪组织指数对血压水平的影响

目的分析群体儿童脂肪组织指数(FMI)和非脂肪组织指数(FFMI)分布对血压的影响,为成年期疾病的早期预防提供依据。方法利用2005年山东省学生体质健康调研资料,对4 321名7～12岁儿童进行身高、体重、血压和皮褶厚度测量,采用回归方程推算体脂比(BF%),并计算脂肪组织指数(FMI)和非脂肪组织指数(FFMI)。将个体的收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)转化为Z分,用标准离差法分析7～12岁青少年FMI和FFMI分布与血压水平的关联性。结果 FMI、FFMI的Z分与收缩压、舒张压的Z分存在显著正相关(P值均<0.01)。血压偏高检出率随FMI,FFMI百分位数的上升而升高,男、女生分别由FMI相似文献   

超重肥胖小学生BMI、腰围与体脂百分比及腹部脂肪率的关系

目的 研究超重肥胖小学生BMI、腰围与体脂百分比及腹部脂肪率的相关性.方法 于2010年5月,采用方便抽样方法在北京市东城区抽取2所小学,以两所学校医务处4月份体检记录中符合超重肥胖标准的162名2～5年级学生为研究对象,对其进行体检,测量其体脂百分比、腹部脂肪率和内脏脂肪等级,并计算BMI.采用t检验和秩和检验分析各指标性别间的差异;采用相关分析探索各脂肪分布指标(体脂百分比、腹部脂肪率和内脏脂肪等级)与BMI及腰围的相关性;运用单因素回归分析探索各变量对各脂肪分布指标的贡献率.结果 超重肥胖小学生体脂百分比为(43.62±2.98)％,腹部脂肪率为(28.06±6.02)％,内脏脂肪等级为7.51±3.43,BMI为(23.41±2.83) kg/m2.男生腰围、体脂百分比和腹部脂肪率分别为(78.57-±7.76)cm、(42.36±2.56)％和(26.47±5.39)％,女生分别为(73.34 ±7.22)cm、(45.88±2.26)％和(30.92±6.07)％,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-4.22、8.75和4.81,P值均＜0.01);男、女生内脏脂肪等级分别为8.86±3.42和5.09±1.70,差异有统计学意义(Z=-7.08,P＜0.01).BMI与体脂百分比的相关性及对其方差贡献率(r =0.563,R2 =31.7％)高于腰围(r=0.402,R2=16.1％)(P值均＜0.01),腰围与内脏脂肪等级的相关性及对其方差贡献率(r=0.723,R2=57.3％)高于BMI(r=0.621,R2=41.7％)(P值均＜0.01).结论 BMI对体脂百分比的相关性及预测能力优于腰围,腰围则对内脏脂肪的相关性和预测性较BMI强.     

天津市2011-2013年大学新生血压水平及其与BMI的关系

探讨天津市大学新生血压水平现状及其与BMI分布的关系,为制定大学生控制体重和预防高血压措施提供科学依据.方法 采用整群抽样法,对2011-2013年天津市9所大学共50 503名19~22岁入学新生的血压和身高、体重进行测定,并对高血压、高血压前期现状和BMI进行统计分析.结果 2012年和2013年入学新生高血压检出率分别比2011年增长0.9和0.8百分点(x2值分别为22.739,18.315,P值均<0.01);2012年和2013年正常血压高值检出率分别比2011年增长5.0和4.5百分点(x2值分别为98.825,84.983,P值均<0.01).男生高血压和正常血压高值总检出率均高于女生,差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为850.961,4 465.881,P值均<0.01).男、女生高血压与正常血压高值的检出率表现出随BMI增长而上升的趋势,低体重组、正常组、超重组和肥胖组男生的高血压检出率分别为1.9%,3.1%,7.2%和20.9%(x2=1 134.466,P<0.01),女生的高血压检出率分别为0.3%,0.5%,2.3%和8.9%(x2 =808.956,P<0.01).结论 大学新生的BMI增高与血压偏高密切相关,可通过控制大学生的体质量指数来降低患高血压的危险性.     

分泌型卷曲相关蛋白5和脂联素在肥胖儿童体重指数与血压关联中的中介效应分析

目的 探讨肥胖高血压患儿血中脂肪细胞因子水平变化在体重指数(BMI)与血压关联的中介效应,为控制肥胖儿童高血压的进展提供一定理论依据及临床指导。方法 以2012年6月—2014年8月就诊于西安交通大学第二附属医院小儿内分泌门诊的120例肥胖儿童为研究对象,根据血压测量结果对高血压组儿童进行为期6个月的生活方式干预,入院后及生活方式干预前后测量所有儿童及高血压组儿童身高、体重、腰围、BMI及血压,用酶联免疫法检测血中脂联素、趋化素、瘦素、分泌型卷曲相关蛋白5(Sfrp5)、Wnt家族分泌性相关蛋白a(Wnt5a)、超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)浓度。以给予生活干预前后细胞因子的变化作为中介变量,BMI的变化为自变量(ΔBMI),舒张压及收缩压的降低为因变量(ΔSBP和ΔDBP)进行中介效应分析。结果 高血压组儿童与非高血压组比较,Sfrp5及脂联素显著降低,而趋化素、瘦素、Wnt5a、hsCRP显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);TNF-α在两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P<0.05);生活方式干预后肥胖高血压组儿童血中脂联素及Sfrp5与干预前相比显著升高,而趋化素、瘦素、Wnt5a、hsCRP则显著降低(P<0.05)。肥胖高血压患儿在接受生活方式干预后BMI的变化(ΔBMI)与收缩压及舒张压的变化关联中,控制协变量后,ΔSfrp5及Δ脂联素具有部分中介效应,而Δ趋化素及ΔhsCRP在BMI的变化(ΔBMI)与收缩压及舒张压变化的关联中无中介效应。结论 Sfrp5和脂联素在肥胖儿童血压升高的过程中具有一定中介作用。     

The association of body mass index with social and economic disadvantage in women and men.

BACKGROUND: Although an inverse relationship between socioeconomic status and body mass index (BMI) is well documented, broad population studies focusing on the association between BMI and various forms of disadvantage such as unemployment, low income or social isolation are rare. METHODS: A nationwide, representative sample of 25-64-year-old Finnish subjects (n = 6016) was classified according to their BMI into four groups: 'thin' (BMI < 20), 'normal' (BMI 20-24.9), 'overweight' (BMI 25-29.9) and 'obese' (BMI > or = 30). Multivariable analyses using logistic regression were conducted with this BMI-grouping as an independent variable to predict social and economic disadvantage, controlling simultaneously for age, educational attainment, region of residence, and limiting long-standing illness. RESULTS: In women, overweight was associated with current unemployment and obesity with long-term unemployment as well as absence of close friends outside the family circle. Both overweight and obesity were associated with low individual earnings. Obese women were also most likely to have low household disposable and individual incomes; a similar pattern was seen among thin women. A small subgroup of thin men were socially and economically disadvantaged with all our indicators whereas excess body weight was not problematic for men. CONCLUSIONS: Deviant body weight is associated with social and economic disadvantage in a gender-specific and partly curvilinear way. In particular, obese women face multiple social and economic disadvantage.