Outcome of bone marrow instillation at fracture site in intracapsular fracture offemoral neck treated by head preserving surgery

Purpose: The aim of present study is to evaluate the outcome of bone marrow instillation at the fracture site in fracture of intracapsular neck femur treated by head preserving surgery. Methods: This study included 32 patients of age group 18e50 years with closed fracture of intracapsular neck femur. Patients were randomized into two groups as per the plan generated via www.randomization.com. The two groups were Group A (control), in which the fracture of intracapsular neck femur was treated by closed reduction and cannulated cancellous screw fixation, and Group B (intervention), in which additional percutaneous autologous bone marrow aspirate instillation at fracture site was done along with cannulated cancellous screw fixation. Postoperatively the union at fracture site and avascular necrosis of the femoral head were assessed on serial plain radiographs at final follow-up. Functional outcome was evaluated by Harris hip score. Results: The average follow-up was 19.6 months. Twelve patients in each group had union and 4 patients had signs of nonunion. One patient from each group had avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The average Harris hip score at final follow-up in Group A was 80.50 and in Group B was 75.73, which was found to be not significant. Conclusion: There is no significant role of adding on bone marrow aspirate instillation at the fracture site in cases of fresh fracture of intracapsular neck femur treated by head preserving surgery in terms of accelerating the bone healing and reducing the incidence of femoral head necrosis.     

股骨头颈静脉造影的临床应用

本文报告27例股骨头颈内静脉造影的临床应用结果.其中未手术的股骨颈骨折11例、股骨颈骨折内固定术后8例、股骨头无菌性坏死7例、髋后脱位合并髋臼骨折术后1例.作者认为:该法是一种了解股骨头颈静脉回流的简单易行、安全的方法,通过本造影能预示无明显移位的股骨颈骨折和髋脱位患者下地负重时间,并可用来观察股骨头无菌性坏死的程度、过程和归宿.还可对带血管的骨转移或血管植入等的疗效进行评估.     

旋髂深血管骨瓣和旋股外血管束联合移植治疗股骨颈骨折

目的 探讨用带血管骨瓣加血管束移植到股骨头人治疗股骨骨折,以提高骨折的愈合率,降低股骨头的坏死率。方法 骨折复位固定后,用旋髂深血管骨瓣移植到骨折处,再用旋股外血管束移植到股骨头内治疗３０例,并与股方肌骨瓣治疗的３０例作对照。结果 股骨头坏死率从２０％下降到１０％,功能优良率从８０％提高到９０％,骨折全部愈合,愈合时间缩短１／４。结论 旋髂深血管骨瓣另旋股因管束联合移植治疗股骨颈骨折,可改善骨折处     

中老年股骨转子间骨折患者股骨近端解剖参数的性别和年龄差异研究

目的比较中老年股骨转子间骨折患者股骨近端解剖参数的性别和年龄差异,以期为内固定器械的研发提供理论支持。方法回顾性分析2009年9月至2017年3月期间解放军总医院第一医学中心骨科收治的375例股骨转子间骨折患者资料。按不同年龄段将患者分为4组:中年(45~59岁)组22例,男16例,女6例;老年前期(60~74岁)组87例,男37例,女50例;老年(75~89岁)组238例,男76例,女162例;长寿老年(≥90岁)组28例,男6例,女22例。通过影像学资料测量患者的股骨颈前倾角、股骨颈干角、股骨头直径、股骨颈长度、股骨颈偏移量及股骨颈宽度。比较同一组内不同性别之间及同一性别不同组别之间患者股骨近端解剖参数的差异。结果男性与女性中老年股骨转子间骨折患者的体重指数和骨折AO分型比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。中老年男性股骨转子间骨折患者的股骨颈前倾角(8.33°±5.00°)显著小于女性患者(11.28°±6.15°),股骨头直径、股骨颈长度、股骨颈偏移量、股骨颈宽度[(49.10±2.48)、(99.70±5.22)、(7.18±2.20)、(39.10±4.92)mm]显著大于女性患者[(43.46±2.79)、(90.00±4.75)、(6.29±2.07)、(33.49±4.87)mm],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。中年组、老年前期组、老年组、长寿老年组男性患者股骨头直径、股骨颈长度、股骨颈宽度显著大于女性患者,老年前期组、老年组、长寿老年组男性患者股骨颈前倾角显著小于女性患者,老年组男性患者股骨颈偏移量显著大于女性患者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。同一性别不同组之间患者的股骨颈前倾角、股骨颈干角、股骨头直径、股骨颈长度、股骨颈偏移量及股骨颈宽度比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论与中老年男性相比,中老年女性股骨转子间骨折患者的股骨颈前倾角偏大,股骨颈偏移量、宽度、长度及股骨头直径偏小。中老年股骨转子间骨折患者股骨近端的解剖参数无明显年龄差异。     

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head after osteosynthesis of a proximal femur fracture with a 95° condylar plate

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a frequent complication after osteosynthesis of femoral neck fractures. It is rarely seen after proximal femur fractures with intact trochanteric area. The choice of the implant varies from different blade systems (DHS, DCS and condylar plates) to intramedular nailing systems (gamma nail, classic nail). The complication of avascular necrosis of the femoral head after internal fixation of subtrochanteric and proximal femur fractures is reported following intramedullary nailing. We report a case of a femoral head necrosis after osteosynthesis of a proximal femur fracture with a 95 degree condylar plate.     

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head after osteosynthesis of a proximal femur fracture with a 95° condylar plate

Summary Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a frequent complication after osteosynthesis of femoral neck fractures. It is rarely seen after proximal femur fractures with intact trochanteric area. The choice of the implant varies from different blade systems (DHS, DCS and condylar plates) to intramedular nailing systems (gamma nail, classic nail). The complication of avascular necrosis of the femoral head after internal fixation of subtrochanteric and proximal femur fractures is reported following intramedullary nailing. We report a case of a femoral head necrosis after osteosynthesis of a proximal femur fracture with a 95 degree condylar plate.      

股骨头骨坏死范围对髋关节表面置换术后股骨近端力学分布的影响

目的探讨髋关节表面置换术后股骨头骨坏死范围对股骨近端与假体松动或股骨颈骨折相关的应力分布的影响。方法依据基于连续CT断层图像构建的股骨三维图形和髋关节表面置换假体，采用计算机辅助技术，建立股骨头部无坏死和前后位坏死角分别为60°、80°、100°、120°、140°的表面置换三维有限元模型，单腿负重条件下，模拟坏死骨未清除及清除后填充骨水泥的情形进行受力分析。结果骨坏死范围对股骨颈部的应力分布影响微小。股骨头近端骨质出现明显的应力遮挡。当坏死角≤80°时，骨水泥界面和头颈交界骨质中的Von Mises等效应力峰值变化较小；当坏死角≥100°时，应力峰值变化明显，其中水泥层外上缘的峰值增幅为22．3％和27．3％（坏死角120°和140°），头颈交界外上缘骨质的峰值增幅为13．2％、28．3％和53．3％（坏死角100°、120°和140°）。填充骨水泥后，主要应力集中区的等效应力峰值逐渐减小或变化不明显。结论髋关节表面置换术改变了股骨头内应力分布；股骨头近端出现明显的应力遮挡，允许股骨头负重区出现小的骨坏死（坏死角≤80°）；坏死角≥100°的骨坏死，是否适于髋关节表面置换术还需深入研究。     

Treatment of post-traumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head by multiple drilling and muscle-pedicle bone grafting. Preliminary report

Twenty-nine patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head after injury have been treated by operation. Multiple drilling of the femoral head was performed, necrotic bone removed and a muscle-pedicle bone graft implanted into the head and neck of the femur. In 17 of the patients the necrosis was associated with an un-united femoral neck fracture, in 11 it occurred after the fracture had united, and one case followed reduction of a dislocated hip. The hips became painless soon after operation. The patients were young (average age 35 years), and full weight-bearing was not allowed for several months. The follow-up period ranged from 22 to 64 months. The results were excellent in 20 patients, good in five, fair in three and poor in one.     

股骨颈骨折治疗中支持带的生物力学特点

目的：研究股骨颈骨折治疗中支持带的生物力学特点。方法 ：通过1名75岁老年女性志愿者的CT数据,经过软件处理,构建完整股骨模型和骨折后3枚空心钉固定模型,并分为有支持带模型和无支持带模型,使用不同模型的Von-Mises力分布和模型位移差异分析其稳定性差异,研究支持带在股骨颈骨折治疗中的力学特点。结果：在完整股骨上,位移最明显部位出现在股骨头的负重区。有支持带模型位移为0.381 37 mm,无支持带模型位移为0.381 68 mm。Von-Mises力分布最集中的部位在股骨颈内下方,有支持带模型为11.80 MPa,无支持带模型为11.91 MPa。在骨折3枚空心钉内固定模型中,位移最明显部位同样出现在股骨头的负重区。有支持带模型位移为0.457 27 mm,无支持带模型位移为0.458 63 mm。Von-Mises力分布最集中位置在股骨颈内下方,有支持带模型为59.22 MPa,无支持带模型为59.14 MPa。对于空心钉,Von-Mises力峰值均出现在后上方空心钉,有支持带模型为107.48 MPa,无支持带模型为110.84 MPa。3枚螺钉中前上方螺钉Von-Mises力...     

高龄股骨颈骨折患者人工股骨头置换术的围术期处理

目的观察和分析高龄股骨颈骨折患者行人工股骨头置换术的围术期处理方法。方法28例70岁以上高龄股骨颈骨折患者施行人工股骨头置换术。结果所有患者均安全度过围术期。按美国Harris评分标准从疼痛、功能、关节活动及畸形四个方面进行临床评定。本组28例中，优lO例，良11例，中6例，差1例，其优良率达到78．6％。结论在认真做好围术期工作前提下，高龄股骨颈骨折患者行人工股骨头置换术，是安全有效的方法。     

旋股外多条血管束移植治疗青壮年移位型股骨颈骨折

青壮年移位型股骨颈骨折往往并发发骨不连及股骨头坏死。采用旋股外多条血管束移植，加压螺钉内固定，配合中药活血化瘀，治疗ＧａｒｄｅｎⅣ型股骨颈骨折，与带肌蒂骨瓣，带血管蒂骨瓣移植加螺钉内固定及单纯加压螺钉内固定比较，疗效优越。     

Gelenk erhaltende Verfahren bei medialen und lateralen Schenkelhalsfrakturen

Fractures of the femoral neck still pose problems despite over 100 years'experience of operative treatment of such fractures.The two most frequently used operative methods, internal fixation with the DHS and with cannulated screws, are presented.The choice of implant is discussed with reference to stability and incidence of pseudarthrosis,and also to the increased intraarticular pressure that can result from intracapsular haematoma is seen as a possible factor in necrosis of the femoral head.The pre- and postoperative steps in treatment of a fracture of the neck of the femur are also given due emphasis.     

An irreducible variant of femoral neck fracture: A minimally traumatic reduction technique

We present 25 cases of irreducible variant femoral neck fractures that require surgical management after routine manipulative manoeuvre attempts have failed. In our study, an irreducible variant of femoral neck fractures is defined as a reduction that cannot be achieved after multiple attempts at closed reduction. This was evident radiographically, as seen in displaced-impacted femoral neck fractures when the proximal femur compacts and rotates along with the distal part, and anatomical reduction cannot be achieved with manipulative manoeuvres. Another rare situation also included is when the proximal fragment disconnects from the femur and dislocates as a ‘floating’ component, consequently resulting in failure of alignment of the distal fragment to the proximal femur.Here, we describe a technique, applied as a minimally traumatic procedure to achieve anatomic reduction in such cases. With the patient placed in supine position on the fracture table under general anaesthesia, the injury site is exposed and the procedure performed under intra-operative radiographic control. Location of the femoral artery is done first by palpation. The insertion site of the K-wires or Steinman pins on the proximal thigh is 1.5-3 cm lateral to the femoral artery. The K-wires or Steinman pins are inserted vertically into the middle 1/2-2/3 of the femoral head and more than 1 cm inferior to the sub-chondral bone of the femoral head to a depth of approximately, 1/2 diameter of the femoral head. The pins are then used as a joystick to control the movement of the proximal femur. With the help of the K-wires, surgeons can manually control the movement of the proximal femur and ensure anatomic reduction with the distal fragment using routine-closed reduction. Three cannulated screws are used to stabilise the fracture after anatomic reduction is achieved and maintained in a stable position. All cases were treated with this minimally invasive procedure and internal fixation, 25 fractures united, uneventfully, whilst two of them developed femoral head necrosis at 10 months and 4.5 years postoperatively, respectively.     

Through-the-nail technique

Ipsilateral fractures of the neck of the femur and the femoral shaft are uncommon injuries and they present considerable challenge as the concurrent survival of the femoral head and union of the femoral shaft fracture is of paramount importance. We present a young male patient who sustained a Garden IV fracture of the neck of his right femur following a road traffic accident, with the fracture being adjacent to an ipsilateral intramedullary nail inserted 10 years previously for a midshaft femoral fracture; the nail was broken, with its proximal fragment lying behind the greater trochanter. The patient was operated on within 6 hours from the injury. An attempt was made to remove the nail but this was abandoned as warring iatrogenic bone loss was encountered, due to the proximity of the fracture to the nail entry point. Instead, three cancellous lag-screws were inserted to fix the fracture in a triangular fashion. Two screws placed posteriorly behind the nail, and one anterior screw through the nail.     

Genome screen for quantitative trait loci underlying normal variation in femoral structure.

Femoral structure contributes to bone strength at the proximal femur and predicts hip fracture risk independently of bone mass. Quantitative components of femoral structure are highly heritable traits. To identify genetic loci underlying variation in these structural phenotypes, we conducted an autosomal genome screen in 309 white sister pairs. Seven structural variables were measured from femoral radiographs and used in multipoint sib-pair linkage analyses. Three chromosomal regions were identified with significant evidence of linkage (log10 of the odds ratio [LOD] > 3.6) to at least one femoral structure phenotype. The maximum LOD score of 4.3 was obtained for femur neck axis length on chromosome 5q. Evidence of linkage to chromosome 4q was found with both femur neck axis length (LOD = 3.9) and midfemur width (LOD = 3.5). Significant evidence of linkage also was found to chromosome 17q, with a LOD score of 3.6 for femur head width. Two additional chromosomal regions 3q and 19p gave suggestive (LOD > 2.2) evidence of linkage with at least two of the structure phenotypes. Chromosome 3 showed evidence of linkage with pelvic axis length (LOD = 3.1), midfemur width (LOD = 2.8), and femur head width (LOD = 2.3), spanning a broad (60 cm) region of chromosome 3q. Linkage to chromosome 19 was supported by two phenotypes, femur neck axis length (LOD = 2.8) and femur head width (LOD = 2.8). This study is the first genome screen for loci underlying variation in femoral structure and represents an important step toward identifying genes contributing to the risk of osteoporotic hip fracture in the general population.     

利用有限元探究内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的生物力学研究

目的:利用有限元分析研究不同内固定治疗Pauwels Ⅲ型股骨颈骨折的生物力学特点。方法:选取1名健康受试者的股骨CT数据进行三维重建,骨折造模,装配动力髋螺钉、锁定加压钢板、三枚空心钉、四枚空心钉和髓内钉,建立有限元模型,在股骨头顶端轴向加载1400 N应力。研究不同内固定的应力分布和位移分布、股骨的应力分布和位移分布,并比较内固定和股骨模型的应力峰值和位移峰值。结果:股骨和内固定应力较大区域均分布于股骨颈及股骨干部位,且在骨折线附近均出现应力增大的现象;内固定位移分布主要集中于股骨头内螺钉尖端位置,股骨位移集中于股骨头顶端,应力加载位置。四枚空心钉的应力最小,峰值为135.3 MPa;锁定加压钢板的应力最大,峰值为405.9 MPa,但锁定加压钢板的位移12.3 mm为最小峰值;三枚空心钉的位移18.8 mm为最大峰值;三枚空心钉固定时,股骨受力最小,应力峰值为36.8 MPa,但股骨位移最大,峰值为19.3 mm;锁定加压钢板固定时,股骨受力104.6 MPa为最大应力峰值而位移12.6mm为最小位移峰值。结论:锁定加压钢板在固定股骨颈骨折时稳定性最高,但股骨和内固定承受更大的压力和剪切力;动力髋螺钉固定短期内促进骨折愈合较有优势,但长期固定时髓内钉固定更佳。     

Are piriformis reconstruction implants ideal for prophylactic femoral neck fixation?

Objectives

Prophylactic femoral neck fixation may be performed in the setting of geriatric diaphyseal femur fracture, pathologic or impending atypical femur fractures. Fixation constructs often utilize cephalomedullary implants with one or two proximal interlocking screws into the femoral head/neck. Variations in proximal femoral anatomy and implant design can interfere with the placement of two screws in the femoral head and neck. Our objective was to assess the strength of piriformis entry reconstruction implants with one versus two proximal interlock screws for prophylactic femoral neck fixation.

Evaluation of osteosynthesis with dual fibular bone grafting for neglected femoral neck fractures

BackgroundFemoral neck fractures in young adults is an unsolved problem and neglected femoral neck fractures presents more challenge to the orthopaedics surgeon if femoral head salvage is attempted. We reviewed the operative results of neglected femoral neck fractures in young adults with fixation with dual fibular bone grafting Purpose of study was evaluation of epidemiological, clinical, functional, rehabilitative outcome and complications in such patients.MethodsTwentyeight patients in age group 18–50 years were operated having fracture neck femur by dual fibular bone grafting in the Department of Orthopaedics, S.N. Medical College, Agra in (May 2005–February 2008) and divided into two groups. Group A: comprised of 8 patients treated by dual fibular bone grafting alone and Group B: comprised of 18 patients treated by dual fibular bone grafting with single cancellous hip screw.ResultsAll the patients of the present series were having neglected intracapsular fracture, neck femur which were treated by dual fibular bone grafting with or without cancellous hip screw fixation. Majority of the patients had good to fair result according to Larson method with average time of union 16 weeks. All patients had useful range of movement at hip. Satisfactory union was achieved in all patients except two.ConclusionDouble bone grafting is a simple and cost effective modality of treatment for late femoral neck fracture with good results. It is a stable and biological method of fixation with preservation of natural femoral head with fewer complications.     

Influence of calcar femoral on stress distribution of the upper femur and its clinical application

Relation between the integrity of the internal structure of upper femur and femoral neck fracture was investigated by means of photo-electric technique. It was found that the stress increased significantly in the upper femur when its calcar femoral was defective, and that the nearer the defective area to the femoral head the greater was the stress. This increased stress was especially significant at the heel strike period of stance phase during walking. As a result of osteoporosis and deficit of the calcar femoral in the elderly, upper femur fracture, mostly subcapital or transcervical type is commonly seen in the aged. The feasibility and principle of internal fixation with thread-screw pins for subcapital and transcervical fracture have been discussed in conjunction with the distribution of tensile and compressive stresses.     

The relationship between osteonecrosis of the proximal femur identified by MRI and lesions proven by histological examination

Total hip replacement in patients with advanced osteonecrosis of the femoral head is often complicated by early loosening of the femoral component. Recent evidence has suggested that abnormal bone extending into the proximal femur may be responsible for the early failure of the femoral component. We aimed to identify which patients were at high risk of early failure by evaluating gadolinium-enhanced MR images of histologically-confirmed osteonecrotic lesions beyond the femoral head. Although the MR signal intensity has been shown to correlate well with osteonecrosis in the femoral head, it was found to be relatively insensitive at identifying lesions below the head, with a sensitivity of only 51% and a predictive value of a negative result of only 48%. However, the specificity was 90%, with the predictive value of a positive MRI finding being 86%. Only those patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head secondary to sickle-cell disease, who are known to be at high risk of early loosening, had changes in the MR signal in the greater trochanter and the femoral shaft. This observation suggests that changes in the MR signal beyond the femoral head may represent osteonecrotic lesions in areas essential for the fixation of the femoral component. Pre-operative identification of such lesions in the neck of the femur may be important when considering hip resurfacing for osteonecrosis of the femoral head, following which early loosening of the femoral component and fracture of the neck are possible complications.