基于造口工作坊的回授法用于肠造口患者健康教育的效果

目的 探讨基于造口工作坊的回授法用于肠造口患者健康教育的效果.方法 将80例肠造口患者按入院时间分为观察组和对照组各40例,对照组采用传统健康教育方法,观察组采用基于造口工作坊的回授法进行健康教育.结果 观察组出院时造口自我护理能力评分显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),但两组出院后3个月造口周围皮炎、造口狭窄、造口水肿、...     

自制小儿肠造口扩肛器及人工肛门袋用于造口护理

目的预防小儿肠造口处肠管狭窄,降低吻合口处感染发生率。方法采用随机数字表法将行暂时性结肠造口患儿40例分为观察组和对照组各20例。观察组采用自制小儿肠造口扩肛器配合人工肛门袋进行造口护理,每天扩肛治疗1次。对照组采用常规造口护理方法,肠造口排便后使用康乐宝儿童型人工造口袋,常规使用手指润滑后扩肛。观察两组造口肠管狭窄、造口周围皮肤情况等。结果观察组造口皮肤完好率、排便通畅率及患儿家属对造口护理满意度显著高于对照组,造口狭窄发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论自制小儿人工肛门袋配合肠造口扩肛器扩肛的应用,可有效预防肠造口术后并发症;起到堵住造口,训练定时排便,改善造口患儿长期使用造口袋的不便。     

肠造口术后患者医院-社区互动康复护理干预效果观察

为探索开展肠造口术后患者医院-社区-家庭一体化的全程护理服务方法,将60例患者随机分为两组。观察组30例接受医院社区-家庭一体化的全程护理服务,对照组30例接受常规护理服务,出院1年后对两组造口并发症的发生率、自我护理能力、每目护理造口所需时间、日常生活恢复与社交活动能力情况进行比较。结果显示,观察组造口并发症明显减少（P〈0．05）,自我护理能力显著提高（P〈0．05）,每日造口护理时间明显缩短（P〈0．05）,日常生活恢复及社交活动能力显著提高（P〈0．05）。结果表明,医院-社区-家庭一体化的全程护理干预模式能有效促进肠造口患者的康复。     

造口袋及无痛保护膜在肠外瘘患者皮肤护理中的应用

目的 探讨造口袋及无痛保护膜在肠外瘘患者皮肤护理中的应用效果.方法 将35例肠外瘘患者按入院时间分为两组,观察组20例采用造口袋及无痛保护膜对瘘周皮肤进行护理,对照组15例采用传统的持续负压吸引和氧化锌实施痿周皮肤护理.结果 观察组瘘口周围皮炎发生率及换药次数显著低于和少于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 造口袋结合无痛保护膜的护理方法可有效预防瘘口周围皮炎的发生,减少患者的医疗费用.     

以造口专科护士为主导的链式管理对肠造口患儿的影响

目的 探讨以造口专科护士为主导的链式管理在肠造口患儿中的实施效果,以促进临时性肠造口患儿全程管理及术后早期康复。方法 依据住院时间将肠造口患儿分为对照组和观察组,2020年6月至2021年6月收治的32例肠造口患儿为对照组,实施常规护理;2021年7月至2022年6月收治的32例肠造口患儿为观察组,以造口专科护士为主导,链接患儿首次造口期、居家护理期、造口还纳期3个环节对肠造口患儿实施链式管理。结果 观察组术后造口相关并发症发生率及非计划入院率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,照护者满意度评分显著高于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论 以造口专科护士为主导对肠造口患儿实施链式管理,落实全程护理,优化就医流程,可相对降低患儿术后造口相关并发症发生率,提升照护者满意度,以促进患儿早期康复。     

预防性肠造口患者以家庭为中心赋权模式的出院计划干预

目的探讨以家庭为中心赋权模式的出院计划在预防性肠造口患者的应用效果。方法将65例预防性肠造口住院患者随机分为干预组33例和对照组32例,对照组实行常规护理,干预组在此基础上实施以家庭为中心赋权模式的出院计划干预。采用中文版造口患者生活质量量表和出院准备度量表评价干预效果。结果干预后两组出院准备度得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。出院后两组生活质量得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论以家庭为中心赋权模式的出院计划干预能提高预防性肠造口患者的出院准备度及生活质量。     

肠造口患儿造口周围皮肤损伤现状及影响因素调查

目的调查肠造口儿童造口周围皮肤损伤的发生率,分析造口周围皮肤损伤的影响因素。方法对64例肠造口患儿及其主要照顾者,采用主要照顾者造口照护能力调查表进行调查,同时使用造口皮肤评估工具评估患儿造口周围皮肤损伤情况。结果 64名主要照顾者造口照护能力得分61.03±4.90;64例患儿造口周围皮肤损伤评分中位数2.5分,造口周围皮炎发生率为68.75%。造口位置是否方便护理、主要照顾者造口照护能力、其他造口并发症为造口周围皮炎的影响因素(P0.05,P0.01)。结论主要照顾者造口照护能力较强;患儿造口周围皮肤损伤发生率较高;造口位置不利于护理、相关并发症及主要照顾者照护能力较差者影响了造口护理效果。儿童造口治疗师应加强造口护理的介入和针对性培训,减少患儿造口周围皮肤损伤发生。     

互动护理模式在肠造口术后患者康复管理中的应用

目的探讨互动护理模式在肠造口术后患者康复管理中的应用及效果。方法将136例肠造口患者按入院时间分为对照组(70例)与观察组(66例),对照组实施常观护理,观察组按初始、转变、互助实施和评价4个阶段实施互动护理干预。结果两组干预后术后并发症发生率、自我护理能力比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论互动护理模式有利于提高肠造口术后患者自我护理能力,降低术后并发症发生率,促进术后康复。     

以家庭为中心护理模式对肠造口患者并发症的影响

为探究以家庭为中心护理模式对肠造口患者并发症发生的影响,将72例肠造口患者随机分为观察组及对照组,各36例.观察组采用住院期间对家庭护理内容进行宣教,通过护士上门、远程视频等多形式综合干预.对照组应用常规护理.比较分析两组生活质量、住院时间、护理满意度、并发症发生率等情况.结果显示,观察组护理满意度为94.44％,高于...     

5900造口袋联合持续负压吸引在高位小肠造口患者中的应用

目的:探讨5900造口袋联合持续负压吸引在高位小肠造口患者中的应用效果.方法:将44例高位小肠造口患者随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组22例采用5900造口袋联合持续负压吸引对造口周围皮肤进行护理.对照组22例采用传统护理方法对造口周围皮肤进行护理.结果:观察组造口周围皮炎发生率显著低于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论:5900造口袋联合待续负压吸引的护理方法可有效预防造口周围皮炎的发生,降低患者的医疗费用,减轻护理工作量,值得临床推广应用.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.