Treated threshold stage 3 versus spontaneously regressed subthreshold stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity: a study of motility, refractive, and anatomical outcomes at 6 months and 36 months

AIM: To compare the visual acuity (VA), spherical equivalent refractive error, motility, and anatomical outcomes in children with treated regressed threshold stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and those with spontaneously regressed subthreshold stage 3 ROP. METHOD: 6 month and 3 year data collected from infants examined between 1989 and 1999 with regressed stage 3 ROP, with or without treatment were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: 85 infants were included in this study. 40 eyes received cryotherapy, 81 eyes laser photocoagulation, and 34 eyes had spontaneously regressed subthreshold stage 3 ROP. Grating acuity score > or =2 cycles/degree (c/d) at 6 months was predictive of optotype acuity > or =6/9 in 69% of eyes and a score <2 c/d at 6 months was predictive of acuity < 6/9 in 88% of eyes. Eyes with subthreshold stage 3 ROP were twice as likely to have VA of 6/9 or better at 36 months than the treated eyes. The mean spherical equivalent refractive error at 36 months was -6.5 dioptres (D) (-21.5D to +1.38D) in cryotherapy treated eyes, -2.4D (-13D to +4D) in the laser group, and -0.22D (-9D to +2.25D) in the subthreshold group. Eyes within the treated groups were more myopic than the eyes within the spontaneously regressed group (p = 0.005). At 36 months, 42 out of the 85 infants (that is, 49%) had strabismus (44% in the cryotherapy group, 26% in the laser group, and 25% in the subthreshold group). There was a statistically significant association between the presence of strabismus and anisometropia (p = 0.016) and strabismus and intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) (p = 0.005). There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of strabismus between mild and moderate and severe grade IVH (p = 0.01). Eight out of 40 eyes in the cryotherapy group and six out of the 81 eyes in the laser group developed macular ectopia. None of the eyes in the spontaneously regressed group had macular dragging. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the grating acuity at 6 months was a good predictor of the 3 year optotype acuity in all groups. Eyes with spontaneously regressed subthreshold stage 3 ROP were associated with better vision at 3 years of age and a lesser degree of myopia compared to the treated groups. Strabismus developed predominantly in the treated groups and was frequently associated with neurological damage and/or anisometropia. The spontaneously regressed subthreshold stage 3 group had a better anatomical outcome compared to the groups in which the retinopathy regressed following treatment.     

Outcomes of primary scleral buckling for stage 4 retinopathy of prematurity

BACKGROUND: Scleral buckling is an option for stage 4 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). This study evaluated the anatomic results of a primary scleral buckling procedure for the treatment of this condition. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of cases in which premature infants were treated solely with a primary scleral buckling procedure for stage 4 ROP by 1 retinal specialist between January 1990 and April 2001. The 20 eyes, of 14 infants, had previously been treated with cryotherapy or laser photocoagulation ablation for threshold ROP, but stage 4 ROP had developed. Maintenance of an attached macula was the desired anatomic result of surgical treatment. RESULTS: Of the 20 eyes, 14 (70%) had an attached macula postoperatively. During a follow-up period of 3.5 to 28 months the retina redetached in 2 eyes, which became phthisical. The other 6 eyes also became phthisical, despite additional surgical treatment. INTERPRETATION: Primary scleral buckling has a high anatomic success rate in infants with stage 4 ROP, a rate thought to be higher than would occur with natural progression of the disease. Because an attached macula is associated with improved visual potential, timely primary scleral buckling is reasonable for these infants, offering a 60% chance of useful vision.     

Advanced cicatricial retinopathy of prematurity--outcome and complications.

AIMS: To assess the outcome and complications of patients with advanced retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: All patients with eyes achieving stage 4 or 5 retinopathy of prematurity were reviewed. Twenty one eyes were diagnosed during ROP screening in maternity hospitals and 10 eyes were of infants transferred for treatment. RESULTS: Thirty one eyes of 17 patients were included. Thirteen eyes were treated for acute disease but progressed to stage 4 or 5; seven had cryotherapy and six diode laser photocoagulation. Cataract was found in 17 eyes (54.8%), glaucoma in seven eyes (22.6%), microphthalmos in 15 (48.4%), and corneal opacification in four eyes (12.9%). Fifteen eyes had surgical procedures; two (6.5%) had trabeculectomy, four (12.9%) had lensectomy, and nine (29%) retinal detachment repair. Transferred infants had their initial eye examination later than infants in hospitals screened by the authors and 80% of them had progressed beyond threshold ROP by the time they were transferred for treatment. Twenty nine eyes (93.6%) had visual acuities of 3/60 or less and only two eyes (6.5%) achieved 6/18 or less. CONCLUSION: The visual outcome of the eyes undergoing retinal re-attachment surgery was disappointing. Cataract, microphthalmos, and glaucoma were the most frequent complications, and surgical intervention was often required. The need for children who are blind as a result of ROP to have long term follow up is shown.     

激光光凝治疗早产儿视网膜病变的疗效分析

目的 观察激光光凝治疗早产儿视网膜病变（ROP）的临床效果。方法 临床确诊为阈值前Ⅰ型和阈值期的ROP患儿64例127只眼纳入研究。其中,阈值前Ⅰ型ROP 15例30只眼,占患眼的23.6%;阈值期ROP 49例97只眼,占患眼的76.4%。所有患儿均于确诊后72 h内在全身麻醉状态下行间接检眼镜引导的532 nm或810 nm激光光凝治疗。阈值前Ⅰ型ROP 15例30只眼中,行532 nm激光光凝治疗6例12只眼,行810 nm激光光凝治疗9例18只眼。阈值期ROP 49例97只眼中,行532 nm激光光凝治疗37例73只眼,行810 nm激光光凝治疗12例24只眼。治疗后随访时间12~36个月,平均随访时间18.4个月。观察患儿病变退化情况。以1次激光光凝治愈率、重复治疗率、不良预后发生率、全身及局部并发症的发生情况为疗效观察指标,对比分析阈值前Ⅰ型与阈值ROP,以及532 nm与810 nm激光光凝治疗的效果差异。结果 127只眼中,附加病变消失、嵴消退、病变完全退化125只眼,占98.4%;颞侧周边部残存膜状牵拉、视网膜血管颞侧牵拉移位2只眼,占1.6%。未出现进展为4期或5期严重不良预后者。经1次激光光凝治疗病变完全退化者118只眼,占92.9%;经2~3次激光光凝治疗病变完全退化者6只眼,占4.7%;因近周边部病变较重,激光光凝反应欠佳,行冷冻治疗者3只眼,占2.4%。64例127只眼中,发生麻醉意外1例,占患儿的1.6%;出现结膜下出血12只眼,占患眼的9.4%;发生白内障1只眼,占患眼的0.8%。经532 nm或810 nm激光光凝治疗阈值前Ⅰ型和阈值期ROP的治疗效果相当,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。但需要重复激光光凝治疗、附加冷冻治疗、出现不良预后及严重并发症者主要出现在阈值期532 nm激光光凝治疗的患儿中。结论 激光光凝可有效治疗阈值前Ⅰ型和阈值期ROP。     

Prospective randomized evaluation of diode-laser and cryotherapy in prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity

PURPOSE: To study the efficacy of indirect diode laser photocoagulation and cryotherapy in prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: Thirty-six eyes of 18 premature infants less than 34 weeks gestational age and/or less than 1600 g birth weight with prethreshold ROP were prospectively randomized to treatment with either indirect laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy. Prethreshold ROP was defined as any stage of ROP in zone I with plus disease; or stage 3 with three or more contiguous clock hours or five or more total clock hours of involvement of retina in zone II with plus disease but less than threshold disease. Regression of the ROP was assessed for a minimum period of 6 months. RESULTS: Regression of ROP occurred in all 36 eyes (100%) in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Excellent results are achieved if ROP is treated at the prethreshold stage with both indirect laser photocoagulation and cryotherapy. Although laser has definite advantages, cryotherapy can be considered as an alternative modality of treatment in developing countries due to economic reasons.     

闭合式三切口玻璃体视网膜手术治疗4期和5期早产儿视网膜病变

目的：探讨闭合式三切口玻璃体视网膜手术治疗4期和5期早产儿视 网膜病变（ROP）的临 床效果。方法：回顾性分析26例ROP患儿32只眼行闭合式玻璃体视网膜手 术治疗的临床资料。其中， 男性18例，女性8例；出生孕周27~35周，平均孕周29.4周；出生体重960~2200 g，平均体 重 1434.6 g。手术时年龄为出生后50~705 d，平均158.3 d。32只眼中ROP5期病变13只眼 ， 4期病变19只眼（4A期10只眼，4B期9只眼）。其中11只眼因ROP阈值病变或阈值前病变1型接 受间接检眼镜激光光凝治疗，1只眼再次接受冷冻治疗，病变未能控制进展至4期或5期。玻 璃体视网膜手术采用闭合式三切口入路，其中11只眼保留晶状体，21只眼行晶状体切除。手 术后随访 2~24个月，主要随访视网膜复位情况。结果：所有患儿手术过程顺利。4 期的19只眼中，4A期 的10只眼视网膜均完全复位，占100%。3只眼有视盘黄斑牵引；4只眼分别于视盘前、鼻侧视 网膜前及颞侧周边部残余机化增生膜；1只眼手术后玻璃体少量积血，2周后吸收；1只眼手 术 后并发白内障。4B期的9只眼，视网膜完全复位6只眼，占66.7%。但均周边广泛瘢痕机化 ，1只眼有视盘黄斑牵引；另外3只眼视网膜未复位，手术后即有玻璃体积血，其中2只眼合 并前房积血。5期的13只眼，3只眼视网膜完全复位，占23.1%。其中2只眼周边广泛瘢痕机 化，视网膜血管细，视盘色淡；1只眼颞侧视网膜皱襞；1只眼视网膜大部分复位，占7.7% ，鼻侧视网膜有增生膜和浅脱离；另外7只眼视网膜均未复位。结论：4 期ROP 通过保留或不保留晶状 体的闭合式三切口玻璃体视网膜手术治疗，能够使视网膜有效解剖复位，手术成功率较高； 但对于5期ROP，玻璃体视网膜手术效果差，成功率较低。     

早产儿视网膜病变筛查和阈值期治疗的研究

目的研究早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)的发生率,评估ROP阈值期治疗效果。方法使用双目间接检眼镜对108例早产儿进行ROP筛查,将筛查结果进行统计学分析,达到阈值病变的患儿及时进行视网膜激光光凝或经巩膜、视网膜冷凝术。结果筛查108例早产儿,发现ROP23例,发生率为21.3%。在所有ROP患儿中,ROP1期13例,占56.5%;ROP2期3例,占13.0%;ROP3期7例,占30.4%。其中ROP3期患儿均伴有附加病变,达到阈值病变标准。ROP患儿出生体重为(1.43±0.25)kg(t=4.059,P<0.001);孕周为(31.0±2.3)周(t=2.637,P=0.013);吸氧时间为1~49d,平均17d(n=23,Z=-3.630,P<0.001);需要机械辅助呼吸患儿18例(χ2=12.009,P=0.001);上述指标与非ROP患儿比较,差异均有统计学意义;而与是否多胎的差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.013,P=0.314)。Logistic回归分析:出生体重低(β=-2.542,OR=0.079,P=0.032)和使用机械辅助呼吸(β=1.341,OR=3.823,P=0.025)的患儿是发生ROP的相关高危因素。7例阈值期病变患儿中,6例进行激光光凝或冷凝治疗。术后随访2个月至2年,手术眼的结构和视功能未见异常。1例阈值期病变患儿未予治疗,于1个月后出现视网膜脱离。结论出生体重轻、孕周少、吸氧时间长、需要机械辅助呼吸的早产儿发生ROP的风险较高。对阈值期病变患儿应及时进行激光光凝或冷凝治疗。     

Intravitreal pegaptanib combined with diode laser therapy for stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity in zone I and posterior zone II

Purpose. To investigate efficacy of intravitreal injection of pegaptanib and laser photocoagulation for treatment of stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) affecting zone I and posterior zone II, and to compare the results in terms of regression, development of peripheral retinal vessels, and final structural outcome with conventional laser photocoagulation or combined with cryotherapy. Methods. In a prospective comparative study, 152 eyes with zone I, II posterior ROP 3+ (76 premature rabies), from 2009 to 2011, were included. Patients were randomly assigned to receive intravitreal pegaptanib (Macugen? 0.3 mg = 0.02 mL, Pfizer) with conventional diode laser photocoagulation in group 1 (68 eyes of 34 infants) or only laser therapy combined with cryotherapy in group 2 (84 eyes of 42 infants), bilaterally. The primary outcome of treatment success was defined as absence of recurrence of stage 3+ ROP. The mean follow-up after treatment was 19.3 months in group 1 and 21.5 months in group 2. Results. Final favorable anatomic outcome and stable regression of ROP at last control examination was noted in 89.7% of eyes in group 1 and 60.8 % of eyes in group 2. Regression of plus disease and peripheral retinal vessels development appeared significantly more rapidly in group 1. No recurrence of neovascularization (stage 3+ ROP) was identified in 85.4% of patients in group 1 and 50% of patients in group 2. Conclusions. Results of this study support the administration of intravitreal pegaptanib as useful therapy in the management of stage 3+ ROP.     

Trends in the management of stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity.

AIMS/BACKGROUND: The clinical outcome of 66 consecutive infants with stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is reported. METHODS: Thirty four infants (64 eyes) were treated with cryotherapy and 32 infants (59 eyes) underwent laser photocoagulation. RESULTS: Infants with anterior-mid zone II ROP had a high rate of disease regression whether treated by cryotherapy or laser photocoagulation. Infants with posterior zone II or zone I ROP had a 40% success rate with cryotherapy, and 87.5% when treated with laser photocoagulation. CONCLUSION: Evolving experience and changing management policies in infants with posterior ROP has led to improved results.     

早产儿视网膜病变七年筛查治疗结果临床分析

目的 观察遵循我国早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)防治指南进行ROP筛查和及时治疗对ROP预后的影响。方法 2003~2010年7年间筛查确诊的1379例ROP患儿纳入研究。所有患儿均由经验丰富的小儿视网膜专科医生用双目间接检眼镜或二代广角数码视网膜成像系统（RetCamⅡ）检查确诊,并密切随访记录病变发展过程。对于1期病变,2周复查1次,直至病变完全退化、视网膜血管长到锯齿缘。对于2期病变或阈值前病变,1周复查1次,若病变程度下降,改为2周复查一次,直至病变完全退化。对于3期病变或怀疑急进性后部型ROP,1周复查2~3次,如达到阈值病变或阈值前病变1型,在72 h内进行激光光凝治疗。激光光凝治疗后每1~2周复查ROP变化,病变退化者随访处理,病变进展者行视网膜激光光凝或视网膜冷冻治疗,出现视网膜脱离的4、5期患者接受巩膜环扎手术、闭合式玻璃体切割手术治疗。本组患儿随访6个月~2年,平均随访时间为152.3 d。结果 7年间筛查确诊ROP 1379例2758只眼。患儿出生孕周26~35周,平均孕周30.6周。出生体重800~2200 g,平均体重1424.6 g。其中,206例400只眼达阈值病变或阈值前病变1型需进行激光光凝治疗,占患眼数的14.5%。激光光凝治疗后,345只眼病变完全退化,占治疗眼数的86.2%;55只眼进展到视网膜结构不良,占治疗眼数的13.8%。其中,10只眼仅有视盘黄斑牵引,32只眼进展至4期,13只眼进展至5期。未达到需要治疗程度的2358只患眼病变均退化。病变自然退化或干预后退化者共2703只,占98.0%;视网膜结构不良55只眼,占2.0%。其中,4期占1.2%,5期占0.5%。进展至4、5期的45只眼中,6只眼行巩膜外环扎或垫压手术治疗,视网膜均复位,但残留视盘黄斑牵引;39只眼行保留或不保留晶状体的闭合式玻璃体切割手术治疗。17只4a期患眼视网膜均复位,15只4b期患眼中10只眼视网膜复位,5只眼未复位,13只5期患眼中仅4只眼视网膜复位,1只眼视网膜大部复位。结论 及时有效的筛查和早期治疗能够减少导致视网膜结构不良的严重ROP的发生。     

Scleral buckling in stages 4B and 5 retinopathy of prematurity

Twenty-two eyes with traction retinal detachment (RD) secondary to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in 21 infants were treated by scleral buckling in combination with external cryotherapy and drainage of subretinal fluid. Anatomic reattachment of the retina was achieved in 13 (59%) of 22 eyes. Of those patients achieving anatomic reattachment with follow-up of 18 months or more, four (40%) of ten had 20/400 or better visual acuity.     

早产儿视网膜病变的冷冻治疗

目的:观察早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)阈值前病变I型及阈值病变的冷冻治疗疗效,探讨其合理的治疗时机及模式。方法:对胎龄≤35wk,质量≤2000g患儿进行ROP筛查,对阈值前病变I型及阈值病变进行冷冻治疗。结果:(1)共筛查829例符合条件的早产儿,发现早产儿视网膜病变患儿86例(172眼,占10.4%),如按照中华眼科学会制定的ROP筛查标准(出生胎龄≤35wk,质量≤2000g)则患病率为20.6%;其中4期6眼(3.5%),3期44眼(25.6%),发展快的2期14眼(8.1%),稳定或退行2期56眼(32.6%),1期52眼(30.2%);24眼有后部plus现象,58眼周边视网膜出血;50眼2区发病,122眼3区发病;32wk及以内发病的16眼,32~36wk发病的60眼,36wk及以后发病的96眼;(2)行冷冻手术32例(64眼),其中阈值前病变I型12例,阈值病变20例;24眼有后部plus现象;40眼周边视网膜出血;50眼2区发病,14眼3区发病;32wk及以内发病的16眼,32~36wk发病的36眼,36wk及以后发病的12眼;单生子21例,双生子10例,三生子1例;(3)30例病情控制满意;1例发展为后极部视网膜皱襞,周边视网膜脱离,最后行玻璃体切割手术;2例玻璃体出血,其中1例出血吸收,1例最后牵引性视网膜脱离;(4)3例术后短期角膜水肿,5例眼睑冻伤,2例玻璃体出血。结论:(1)后部plus现象、周边视网膜出血、2区发病、32wk内发病的ROP是高风险病变,病情发展迅速,往往需要行手术治疗;(2)对阈值前病变及阈值病变及时行视网膜冷冻术效果较满意且安全。     

Combined use of cryotherapy and diode laser photocoagulation for the treatment of threshold retinopathy of prematurity.

PURPOSE: Cryotherapy and indirect laser retinal photoablation are both effective in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). We describe the safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of combined cryotherapy and diode laser photocoagulation to treat threshold ROP. METHODS: Records of patients developing threshold ROP from January 1, 1996 through December 31, 1998, were retrospectively reviewed to identify those treated with combined cryotherapy and photocoagulation and followed up for at least 45 days postoperatively. Diode laser was used to ablate posterior avascular retina, and cryotherapy was used for anterior retina. Data reviewed included ocular and systemic complication rates, treatment duration, number of laser burns, most recent fundus examination, visual acuity, and refraction. RESULTS: In 13 patients, 23 eyes received combined treatment. No intraoperative complications occurred. Mean duration of anesthesia and treatment was 35 +/- 8 minutes/eye. A mean of 117 +/- 84 laser burns/eye were applied. In 20 of 23 eyes (87.0%), anatomic outcome was favorable at last examination. In 13 of 16 eyes (81.3%), functional (visual acuity) outcome was favorable (visual acuity better than 20/200) at 1 year. At 6 months or later, 14 of 16 eyes (87.5%) measured were myopic, of which 5 (31.3%) were highly myopic (> 6 diopters). CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of treating ROP with combined cryotherapy and diode laser photocoagulation compares with that of either modality alone. By decreasing the number of laser applications, combined therapy may be faster and technically easier for eyes with very posterior ROP. This may decrease the number of complications seen when either excessive cryotherapy or laser retinal photoablation is used.     

Retinopathy of prematurity in infants less than 29 weeks' gestation at birth

From January 1986 to December 1991 we examined the eyes of 206 infants born at Westmead Hospital, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit who were less than 29 weeks' gestation at birth to determine the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity. Eighty-five infants (41.3%) had no retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in either eye, 82 infants had stages 1 or 2 ROP (39.8%), 29 had stage 3 ROP (14.1%) and 11 had stage 4 ROP (5.3%). Of these, cryotherapy was performed in 18; six now have bilateral retinal detachment and are blind The more severe stages of ROP were significantly associated with an increase in the number of days of oxygen supplementation, an increase in the number of days of mechanical ventilation and the presence of patent ductus arteriosus. Infants receiving steroids for mechanical ventilator dependence had a significantly greater chance of requiring cryotherapy (11 or 22 receiving steroids versus seven of 43 without steroids; P < 0.01).     

玻璃体手术治疗晚期早产儿视网膜病变的疗效及影响因素评估

目的 观察玻璃体手术治疗晚期早产儿视网膜病变（ROP）的临床效果,评估5期ROP手术后视网膜解剖复位失败的影响因素。方法 非随机、回顾性病例研究。临床确诊为晚期ROP并行玻璃体手术治疗的40例患儿58只眼纳入研究。其中,4a期16只眼,4b期7只眼,5期35只眼。玻璃体手术前曾接受过激光光凝治疗者18只眼,冷冻治疗者2只眼,玻璃体腔注射抗血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）单克隆抗体bevacizumab（商品名Avastin）（IVB）治疗者11只眼;其余27只眼无既往治疗史。玻璃体手术后平均随访时间17.01个月。随访期间采用双目间接检眼镜和二代广角数码视网膜成像系统(RetCamⅡ)记录各期患儿视网膜解剖复位情况;条栅视力（lea gratingTM）检查记录视功能,并将结果换算为Snellen视力值进行分析,对无法配合检查的患儿,以手动、光感和无光感来记录。分析患儿出生体重、胎龄,手术时年龄,手术前激光光凝、冷冻和IVB治疗史与5期ROP手术后视功能解剖复位失败的相关性。结果 4a期16只眼视网膜解剖复位成功,占100.00%。4b期7只眼中,视网膜解剖复位成功5只眼,占71.43%;复位失败2只眼,占28.57%。5期35只眼中,视网膜解剖复位成功12只眼,占34.29%;部分复位成功10只眼,占28.57%;复位失败13只眼,占37.14%。5期患儿视网膜解剖成功率较4a、4b期明显降低,差异有统计学意义（χ2=22.55,P＜0.05）。4a期16只眼中,在视功能随访过程中失访3只眼。其余13只眼中,完成条栅视力检查6只眼,视力为0.03但＜0.07,占46.15%;手动5只眼,占38.46%;光感2只眼,占15.39%。4b期7只眼中,完成条栅视力检查2只眼,视力分别为0.008和0.017,占28.57%;手动1只眼,占14.29%;光感2只眼,占28.57%;无光感2只眼,占28.57%。5期35只眼中,失访5只眼。其余30只眼中,完成条栅视力检查2只眼,视力均为0.004,占6.67%;手动4只眼,占13.33%;光感12只眼,占40.00%;无光感12只眼,占40.00%。5期患儿手术后视功能较4a、4b期明显降低,差异有统计学意义（χ2=15.734,P＜0.05）。5期患儿出生体重、胎龄,手术时年龄,手术前激光光凝、冷冻和IVB治疗史与手术后视网膜解剖复位失败无明显相关性（F=5.56, P＞0.05）。结论 玻璃体手术能有效控制4a期病变进展,使部分4b、5期病变视网膜复位。5期患儿出生体重、胎龄,手术时年龄,手术前激光光凝、冷冻和IVB治疗史与手术后视网膜解剖复位失败无明显相关性。     

冷凝治疗早产儿视网膜病变初步报告

目的探讨冷冻治疗阈值或阈值前期(1型)早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of pre-maturity,ROP)的治疗效果。方法对筛查过程中发现的25例(50只眼)阈值或阈值前期(1型)ROP进行冷凝手术。全麻后在间接检眼镜直视下冷凝周边视网膜无血管区,术后局部应用皮质类固醇和睫状肌麻痹剂2周。病变继续发展者补充冷凝手术,或进行间接检眼镜直视下光凝治疗,发生视网膜脱离或有玻璃体积血者进行玻璃体手术治疗。结果第一次手术后21例(42只眼)病变控制;4例(8只眼)病变仍继续发展,其中2例(4只眼)第2次冷凝手术后病变控制,最后冷凝治疗成功率为92%。1例(2只眼)第2次冷凝手术后1只眼玻璃体积血,3个月后对侧眼发生视网膜脱离,进行了玻璃体视网膜手术病变控制;另外1例(2只眼)一次冷凝治疗后病变继续发展,遂进行激光治疗、玻璃体手术,最后病变控制。结论冷凝是阻止阈值或阈值前期(1型)ROP发展的有效方法,术后玻璃体出血是冷凝的主要并发症之一。冷凝治疗长期疗效有待进一步随访。     

Cryotherapy for treatment of active retinopathy of prematurity: experience in London, Ontario.

Between January 1985 and May 1990, 49 infants (97 eyes) with stage 3 "plus" retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) were treated with cryopexy. The mean gestational age at birth was 29.6 weeks and the mean birth weight 753 g. At the time of treatment the mean chronologic age was 8.7 weeks and the mean weight 1629 g. Noncutting cryopexy was applied to the entire avascular peripheral retina, anterior to the mesenchymal ridge. Confluent treatment was done anteriorly to the posterior border of the pars plana. Favourable results, defined as a normal-appearing fundus (apart from the cryopexy scars) with no retinal folds or traction, were observed in 70% of the eyes an average of 13.8 (range 2 to 60) months after treatment. Our results emphasize the importance of early detection of ROP and diligent monitoring and treatment of affected infants.     

Koagulationstherapie bei Frühgeborenenretinopathie

PURPOSE: To analyze and compare the anatomical and functional outcome following cryotherapy or laser therapy for ROP. METHODS: Between April 1991 and February 2002, 127 eyes with ROP (65 patients) were treated after threshold ROP was reached. Ten additional eyes with zone I disease were treated with prethreshold. All patients were followed up until a stable retinal situation occurred. RESULTS: An "unfavorable outcome," as described in the Cryo ROP study, occurred in 1 of 91 (1%) eyes with laser treatment and in 3 of 46 (6.5%) eyes with cryotherapy. Temporal dragging of vessels was noticed in 6 of 91 eyes (6.6%) with laser treatment vs 7 of 46 eyes (15.2%) with cryotherapy, respectively. Visual acuity > or =20/25 was achieved in 39.2% in eyes with laser therapy and in 17.6% with cryotherapy (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: A strict screening protocol and treatment at onset of threshold disease results in an excellent anatomical and functional outcome. The results of laser therapy were superior over cryotherapy, indicating that laser treatment is the therapy of choice.     

Anatomical and visual results of vitreoretinal surgery for stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity

PURPOSE: To provide a historical perspective on outcomes of surgery for infants with stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) as performed by a single surgeon over a 24-year period. DESIGN: Retrospective observational cohort study. METHODS: Setting: Clinical practice of the Charles Retina Institute. Patients: The 601 infants with stage 5 ROP in at least one eye who were referred for surgery between 1977 and 2001. Charts were reviewed for demographic data and postoperative anatomical and visual acuity outcomes in eyes that underwent surgery. Main Outcome Measures: The postoperative anatomical status of the retina and visual function were assessed after surgery. Anatomical outcome was categorized as success (macula attached), partial success (macula detached), failure (total retinal detachment), or lost eye (opaque cornea, secluded pupil, or phthisis). Visual function was classified as>20/200, 20/200-5/200, hand movement, light perception, or no light perception. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore relationships between outcomes and baseline characteristics. RESULTS: Only a minority of eyes had prior cryotherapy (15%) or laser photocoagulation (7%) therapy. The mean follow-up was 44 months for the 956 eyes treated surgically. The 608 eyes with available follow-up data were classified as follows: 28% success, 5% partial success, 55% failure, and 11% lost eye. Visual function of light perception or better was achieved in 74% of the 183 eyes with data on visual acuity. Controlling for other baseline factors, early postpartum age at the time of surgery was a statistically significant predictor of failure/lost eye (OR=2.08, 95% CI 1.09-3.97) and no light perception (OR=5.13, 95% CI 1.45-18.14). Surgery for stage 5 ROP on the fellow eye was also a predictor of failure/lost eye (OR=2.38, 95% CI 1.39-4.08). CONCLUSIONS: Surgery resulted in anatomical success for approximately one third of infant eyes with stage 5 ROP, and only a minority of eyes (8 of 183) achieved visual acuity better than 5/200. However, some initially successfully attached retinas redetached. Although this study is limited by follow-up and may represent a group of patients with a more vascularly active disease state due to the low proportion of patients with prior peripheral ablation, this cohort of infants provides results against which future interventions may be compared.     

A comparison of cryotherapy versus diode laser retinopexy in 100 consecutive infants treated for threshold retinopathy of prematurity

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to present a series of patients who were treated for threshold retinopathy of prematurity with either cryotherapy or diode laser. Complications and unfavorable outcomes during the first year after treatment will be compared for the two procedures. METHODS: The clinical courses of a consecutive series of 100 infants (192 eyes) were reviewed. All infants had their threshold status confirmed by a second examiner. Infants were treated with cryotherapy through 1993 and with diode laser thereafter. One hundred two eyes of 54 patients were treated with cryotherapy. Ninety eyes of 46 patients were treated with laser retinopexy. Two of the patients who were treated with laser (4 eyes) did not survive to the 3-month follow-up visit, and their results are not included here. The two groups of infants were comparable in their birth weight, adjusted gestational age at treatment, and severity of disease as determined by zone and sectors of stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity. RESULTS: Unfavorable outcome (total retinal detachment) was seen in 25.4% of eyes treated with cryotherapy (26 of 102), as compared with 15% of eyes treated with laser (13 of 86). Two cataracts were seen in our patients: one patient 22 weeks after cryotherapy, and the other 7 months after diode laser. CONCLUSIONS: No statistically significant difference was found in the rate of retinal detachments in the two groups (X2 = 3.05; P = .08).