Return to work and quality of life in severely injured patients

Background. Little is known about the long-term consequences of severe injuries in terms of return to productivity and quality of life.

Methods. In this study we focused on the return to work status and quality of life in 53 severely injured patients (AIS/ISS ≥ 16, mean ISS 24, range 16 – 54), mean age 37 years, one to two years after the injury. Questions were asked concerning employment in the past and at present. Quality of life was measured by means of the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) questionnaire. Injury-related parameters were analysed in order to study their relation with disablement.

Results. Of those patients who survived their injuries, 87% had resumed their former work. Only 10% of the patients received disability benefits. A mean SIP-total score of 6.7 was found, the mean SIP-physical score was 5.9 and the mean SIP-psychosocial score was 6.9. “No disability” (SIP score ≤ 3) was found in 55% of the patients, whereas 11% of the patients reported “severe disability” (SIP score ≥ 20). Age was a significant predictor of disablement (odds ratio 1.07). The Injury Severity Score (ISS), the length of hospital stay and the number of diagnoses did not predict disablement.

Conclusions. Although the results were obtained in a relatively small sample size, the return to work rate in the surviving severely injured patients appears to be excellent. The quality of life is good; the majority of patients are not disabled. Age (and not the ISS) seems to be a significant predictor of disablement.     

Return to work and quality of life in severely injured patients

Background. Little is known about the long-term consequences of severe injuries in terms of return to productivity and quality of life.

Methods. In this study we focused on the return to work status and quality of life in 53 severely injured patients (AIS/ISS ≥ 16, mean ISS 24, range 16 - 54), mean age 37 years, one to two years after the injury. Questions were asked concerning employment in the past and at present. Quality of life was measured by means of the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) questionnaire. Injury-related parameters were analysed in order to study their relation with disablement.

Results. Of those patients who survived their injuries, 87% had resumed their former work. Only 10% of the patients received disability benefits. A mean SIP-total score of 6.7 was found, the mean SIP-physical score was 5.9 and the mean SIP-psychosocial score was 6.9. “No disability” (SIP score ≤ 3) was found in 55% of the patients, whereas 11% of the patients reported “severe disability” (SIP score ≥ 20). Age was a significant predictor of disablement (odds ratio 1.07). The Injury Severity Score (ISS), the length of hospital stay and the number of diagnoses did not predict disablement.

Conclusions. Although the results were obtained in a relatively small sample size, the return to work rate in the surviving severely injured patients appears to be excellent. The quality of life is good; the majority of patients are not disabled. Age (and not the ISS) seems to be a significant predictor of disablement.     

Serious winter sport injuries in children and adolescents requiring hospitalization

To describe the epidemiology of serious winter sports-related injuries resulting in hospitalization in children and adolescents, we prospectively collected and analyzed records of all winter sports-related injuries requiring hospitalization at our respective institutions from 1996 to 2000. We identified 101 patients with a mean age of 10.7 years, of whom 68% were male and 32% female. Skiers accounted for 71% and snowboarders 26% of injuries; 3% of injuries were snowmobile-or luge-related. Leading mechanisms of injury were ground level falls (50%), crashes into trees, (18%), and falls from ski lift (13%). Approximately 26% of the patients met criteria for trauma-team activation. Leading diagnoses were head injury (20%), femur fracture (18%), and concussion (11%). Five patients required admission to the intensive care unit. The median injury severity score (ISS) was 7; 8% of patients had an ISS score > 15. Abbreviated Injury Scale-1990 scores of > or = 3 were noted in 34% of the patients. We conclude that Injuries sustained through participation in winter sports may be severe, especially in the case of injuries involving the head. Injury-prevention strategies should focus on head injuries.     

Utility of INR For Prediction of Delayed Intracranial Hemorrhage Among Warfarin Users with Head Injury

BackgroundIncidence of delayed intracranial hemorrhage (DICH) in patients on warfarin has been controversial. No previous literature has reported the utility of international normalized ratio (INR) in predicting traumatic DICH.ObjectivesUtilizing INR to risk stratify head trauma patients who may be managed without repeat imaging.MethodsThis was a retrospective study at a Level II trauma center. All patients on warfarin with head injuries from March 2014 to December 31, 2017 were included. Each patient underwent an initial head computed tomography scan (HCT) and subsequent repeat HCT 12 h after. Patients presenting > 12 h after head injury received only one HCT. Two blinded neuroradiologists reviewed each case of DICH. Statistical analysis evaluated Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), age, and platelet count.ResultsThere were 395 patients who qualified for the protocol; 238 were female. Average age was 79 years. Seventy-seven percent of patients underwent repeat HCT. Five resulted in DICH (INR 2.6–3.0), three of which might have been present on initial HCT; incidence rate of 0.51–1.27%. One patient required neurosurgical intervention. Among 80 patients with INR < 2, no DICH was identified, resulting in high sensitivity, but with a wide confidence interval; sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] 47.8–100), specificity 21% (95% CI 16.6–28.9). Correlation of factors: ISS (p = 0.039), GCS (p = 0.978), HR (p = 0.601), SBP (p = 0.198), age (p = 0.014), and platelets (p = 0.281).ConclusionNo patient with INR < 2 suffered DICH, suggesting that warfarin users presenting with INR < 2 may be managed without repeat HCT. For INR > 2, patients age and injury severity can be used for shared decision-making to discharge home with standard head injury precautions and no repeat HCT.     

It is safe to manage selected patients with acute coronary syndromes in unmonitored beds

This prospective, observational study evaluated the safety of the Western Hospital admission protocol for patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes. The study included all patients admitted from the Emergency Department with an admission diagnosis of unstable angina, post infarct angina, atypical chest pain, or chest pain for evaluation. Data collected included demographic data, admission diagnosis, location of admission (bed with or without cardiac monitoring), past medical history and presenting chest pain history to determine Agency for Health Care Policy (AHCPR) and Western Hospital (WH) protocol classifications, cardiac enzyme assays, electrocardiogram analysis, adverse outcomes [death, myocardial infarction (MI), dysrhythmia, acute pulmonary edema, recurrent pain], diagnosis at hospital discharge, and length of stay-(LOS). There were 508 patients with a mean age of 63.7 years enrolled in the study. Three hundred nineteen (62.8%) were admitted to beds without any cardiac monitoring. There was one unexpected death in the unmonitored group, an 85 year-old patient who suffered a presumed dysrhythmia and whom the treating physician had decided was not for resuscitation. Twelve patients suffered nonfatal MI, and none suffered pulmonary edema. All MI patients made an uneventful recovery, and none required thrombolysis. If all patients had been admitted to an area of care based on AHCPR guidelines, an additional 310 admissions to monitored beds would have been required. The results of this study suggest that selected patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes can be safely managed in beds without continuous cardiac monitoring.     

Increased pedestrian mortality among the elderly

Elderly pedestrians struck by motor vehicles have the highest mortality rate of all pedestrian injury victims. One thousand eighty-two motor vehicle-pedestrian accidents occurring in a metropolitan area over a 5-year period were studied. Age-specific injury rates and fatality rates were evaluated with respect to the injury severity scores (ISS) for all fatally injured autopsied pedestrians. Of the 1,082 injuries, 131 fatalities occurred. Mean ISSs were found to be significantly higher for pedestrians dying at the scene of the accident (mean ISS, 54.83) and higher for those dying in the emergency department (mean ISS, 45.18), than for pedestrians who died in the hospital (mean ISS, 30.57) (P less than .0001). The mortality rate for pedestrians aged greater than or equal to 60 years was substantially higher than for those adults aged less than 60 years of age (P less than .001). Elderly patients involved in accidents were much more likely to die than younger pedestrians (44.6% v 10.4%; P less than .0001). Elderly pedestrians were significantly overrepresented in the group of pedestrians dying in the hospital compared with younger injury victims (52.5% v 21.5%; P less than .008). This study shows that elderly pedestrians struck by motor vehicles die at a higher rate because they succumb to injuries in the hospital more frequently than younger pedestrians. This may reflect the greater susceptibility of the elderly to metabolic, surgical, and infectious complications after admission to the hospital. A decrease in mortality rates of elderly patients suffering pedestrian injuries will probably follow improved in-hospital intensive care services for the elderly.     

Snowmobile injuries in children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the risk factors and patterns of injury for children involved in snowmobile incidents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of patients younger than 18 years who required hospital admission for snowmobile-related incidents from 1992 to 2001. Information obtained from these records and from the trauma database included patient demographics, mechanism of injury, injury patterns, medical care, and outcomes. RESULTS: Forty-three patients were admitted to our hospital for snowmobile-related incidents. Snowmobile incidents occurred most commonly in male adolescents. The 2 most common mechanisms of injury were ejection and striking a stationary object. Twenty-seven (63%) of the patients drove the snowmobile. Only 23 patients (53%) wore a helmet. At presentation, the mean +/- SEM Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 12.1 +/- 1.4. Orthopedic injuries predominated (n = 42); however, abdominal (n = 12) and head (n = 8) injuries were also common. Four patients were intubated, and 15 required intensive care unit admission. Twenty-nine patients (67%) required surgical intervention. The mean +/- SEM length of hospitalization was 6.7 +/- 1.4 days. No deaths occurred; however, 7 patients (16%) had long-term disabilities. A significant improvement occurred in both Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and ISS for patients using a helmet. In addition, helmet use increased with age (P = .01). Days in the intensive care unit were proportional to both GCS score (r(s) = -0.47; P = .002) and ISS (r(s) = 0.6; P < .001). Length of hospitalization also correlated with both GCS score (r(s) = -0.03; P = .008) and ISS (r(s) = 0.54; P = .02). CONCLUSION: Snowmobiles are a significant source of multitrauma for children. Orthopedic injuries predominate, especially in older children, and can lead to long-term disabilities. Helmet use significantly reduces injuries; however, vulnerable younger patients do not frequently wear helmets.     

Bicarbonate-based haemofiltration in the management of acute renal failure with lactic acidosis

Continuous haemofiltration with lactate-based replacement fluid is widely used for the treatment of acute renal failure (ARF). In the presence of lactic acidosis, such treatment exacerbates rather than improves the clinical state. Continuous haemofiltration using a locally- prepared bicarbonate-based replacement fluid was performed in 200 patients over 7 years. All the patients had ARF with concomitant lactic acidosis, or demonstrated lactate intolerance after starting haemofiltration with lactate-based replacement fluids. In every case it was possible to correct the acidosis without inducing either extracellular volume expansion or hypernatraemia. In 89 patients (45%), the lactic acidosis resolved while being treated with bicarbonate-based haemofiltration. Fifty-seven patients (28.5%) survived. Significant differences at presentation in the group who survived, compared with those who died, were seen in age (50.8 vs. 57.1), mean arterial pressure (68.5 vs. 60.0 mmHg) and APACHE II score (32.1 vs. 38.9). Neither the severity of the presenting acidosis nor the arterial blood lactate appeared to predict outcome. Patients who developed ARF and lactic acidosis after cardiac surgery had a low survival rate. The combination of ARF and lactic acidosis that cannot safely be treated by haemofiltration using lactate-based replacement fluids can be managed with bicarbonate-based haemofiltration.      

Predicting posttrauma functional disability for individuals without severe brain injury

The utility of the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), the most widely used anatomic scale for rating severity of injuries, and its derivative for assessing the combined effect of multiple injuries, the Injury Severity Score (ISS), were tested for their ability to predict functional disability at time of discharge from the hospital and 6 months after discharge. The ISS has been shown to correlate well with mortality and length of stay, but the relationship to levels of subsequent disability has not been examined. Five hundred and ninety-seven patients (aged 16-45 years) were interviewed at time of discharge and 6 months after discharge to ascertain functional disability along three dimensions: activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and mobility. The authors report on the relationship between severity and functional disability at time of discharge and 6 months after discharge for a subset of 473 patients who did not suffer a severe brain injury. The results show that the relationship between ISS and status at discharge and 6 months after discharge is not monotonically increasing, as it is with mortality and length of stay (LOS). Rather, the proportion of people with severe injuries who report limitations is lower than for those with moderately severe injuries as defined by the ISS. Further, it is shown that the AIS of the most severe extremity and spinal cord injury carry considerably more weight when predicting functional status at discharge and 6 months after discharge than do the AIS scores of injuries to any other body region, although the relative explanatory power of each type of injury varies with the nature of the functional disability and the time interval between the initial insult and assessment.     

Get off the bus: sound strategy for injury prevention during a tornado?

INTRODUCTION: On 08 May 2003, a tornado categorized as an F-3 on the Fujita Tornado Scale (the "F Scale") struck an Oklahoma City, Oklahoma commuter bus carrying 24 passengers. The driver evacuated several passengers before the tornado struck. The tornado rolled the bus, and pelted it with debris. METHODS: A case-series investigation of tornado-related injuries was conducted among passengers who were evacuated to a ditch and those who remained on the bus when the tornado struck. RESULTS: Nineteen of 24 passengers sought care for injuries at hospital emergency departments (injury rate = 79.2%). While a greater number of passengers who were outside the bus when the tornado struck (11) sought care for injuries than did those who remained on the bus (8); passengers outside of the bus suffered fewer injuries than did those who remained on the bus (median number of injuries 3 versus 4), and their injuries were less severe (median injury severity score (ISS) 1 versus 4). CONCLUSION: For persons caught in motor vehicles during tornado events, this study supports currently accepted recommendations to immediately evacuate and lie in a low-lying area away from motor vehicles if other shelter is unavailable. However, generalizing the experience of bus passengers to automobile drivers might be inappropriate because buses lack the safety features that might protect automobile drivers from tornado-related injuries.     

Injuries sustained by falls.

During a recent 4-year period, 381 patients were admitted with injuries sustained from falls. Equal numbers of patients were less than and greater than 50 years of age and included 53 children (less than or equal to 16 years) and 214 elderly (greater than or equal to 55 years). Falls from heights occurred predominantly in young males (mean age 34.2 years), were most commonly job or recreation related and resulted in higher injury severity scores (ISS). Falls in the elderly occurred more commonly in women, typically on a flat surface, and were less severe. Despite lower mean ISS, fall victims over 55 years of age had longer hospitalizations (11.4 vs. 4.5 days) and incurred higher hospital charges compared to younger patients. There were 35 deaths (9.2%). In patients under 55 years, deaths resulted from fall-related central nervous system (CNS) injury and/or multisystem trauma. In patients over 55 years, fatalities were most commonly related to pre-existent medical conditions. Based on a review of this experience, we conclude that: (1) unlike other causes of blunt and penetrating trauma, both sexes are equally at risk from fall-related injuries but sex incidence is age related; (2) falls from heights are more common in men; (3) advanced age and pre-existing medical conditions account for the increased morbidity and mortality following falls and; (4) cost containment measures for fall-related trauma must consider not only injury severity, but the age and pre-existent medical conditions of the patient.     

Effects of mode and time of EMS transport on the rate and distribution of dead on arrival among trauma population transported to ACSCOT-verified trauma centers in the United States

BackgroundUnintentional injury remains the leading cause of death for adults worldwide. We aimed to investigate the rates and distribution of dead on arrival (DOA) patients according to emergency medical services (EMS) mode of transport (MoT), EMS transport time (TT), injury severity score (ISS), and type of injury.MethodsThis retrospective study utilized de-identified incident-based data from the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program Participant Use File (ACS-TQIP PUF) dataset (2013–2018) to study Adult DOA patients. DOA was defined according to the data point, “arrived with no signs of life and did not recover”. Patients with unknown vitals and patients with no EMS vitals at the scene (HR = 0, RR = 0, and SBP = 0) were excluded to identify DOAs who died during transport. The DOAs included for analysis were sorted into three groups based on injury severity score [low (ISS < 15), intermediate (ISS = 15–24), and severe (ISS ≥ 25)] and subdivided according to injury type (blunt vs. penetrating), EMS Mode of transport and transport times. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.ResultsThe majority of the evaluated 6030 adult DOA patients were male (73.3%) and 18–64 years of age (79.6%). Most patients sustained blunt injuries (58.2%), and the most common mechanism of injury was motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). Patients who traveled by helicopter EMS (HEMS) experienced less deaths than those traveling by ground EMS (GEMS) despite transporting more severely injured patients over longer time intervals. Median HEMS TTs were greater than their GEMS counterparts for blunt and penetrating injuries across all ISS groups but were associated with fewer deaths.ConclusionHelicopter emergency medical service use with intermediate and severely injured patients with penetrating injuries is associated with a reduced number of DOAs. Future studies should prospectively investigate EMS performance to confirm the findings identified in this retrospective analysis. Additionally, other factors affecting pre-hospital EMS performance (e.g., geographic variations, weather-related characteristics, in-flight interventions/procedures) should be investigated. Finally, the results of this study highlight the need for standardized HEMS utilization triage criteria.     

Trauma center versus non-trauma center admissions in adult trauma victims by age and gender

Objective

The admission types and appropriateness of admission of adults with differing levels of injury severity were compared, based on patient age and gender.

Methods

This retrospective study used a statewide hospital discharge dataset. The patients included adults who had sustained trauma related to motor vehicles and were admitted to trauma center (TCs) and non-trauma center (NTCs) hospitals. Using injury severity scores (ISSs) ≥ 16 to denote major trauma, the proportion of patients with major traumatic injuries who were admitted to TCs and NTCs was determined. Types of admission (TC versus NTC) were compared by age and gender for four subgroups of men and women, aged 25 to 64 years, and aged 65 years and older.

Results

The sample included 5,712 patients. Of those patients with ISS ≥ 16, younger men were most likely to be admitted to a TC (82%), and older women were least likely to be admitted to a TC (60%). The proportions of older men and women with ISS ≥ 16 who were admitted to a TC were comparable. Among patients with ISS < 16 admitted to NTCs, older women were the highest proportion (65%), and younger men were the lowest proportion (43%). Overall, more older men and women with ISS ≥ 16 were admitted to NTCs than would have been expected. Conversely, a statistically significant proportion of younger men and women with ISS<16 were admitted to TCs.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that older trauma victims whose injuries appear to be serious are admitted to NTCs more often than are younger trauma victims with similarly serious injuries. Additional studies to examine this phenomenon are warranted.     

Do all trauma patients need early crossmatching for blood?

Trauma patients frequently have blood drawn for type and crossmatch. The majority of these units are held for 48 hours and never used for that patient. We conducted a retrospective review and followed with a prospective protocol, attempting to identify a variable that would predict the need for blood transfusion, thus decreasing cost and blood waste. In the 180 patients studied retrospectively, we found that 61% of patients with prehospital hypotension (BP < 100 mm Hg) required transfusion, whereas only 11% of patients without prehospital hypotension required transfusion (P < .0001). We prospectively evaluated prehospital hypotension as a predicator of blood usage in 136 patients. Patients with prehospital systolic blood pressure ≥ 100 mm Hg had only a type and screen ordered unless clinical judgment dictated otherwise. Of the 136 patients, 109 had no history of prehospital hypotension, and 81 of these were managed with a type and screen. Only 8 patients without prehospital hypotension received a transfusion, 6 because of operative procedures. No patient received uncrossmatched blood, and there were no complications. Implementation of this protocol decreased our units crossmatched for each unit transfused from 3.8 to 2.8. Prehospital blood pressure is a useful adjunct to clinical judgement in identifying major trauma patients who can be initially managed safely without crossmatching.     

EPIDEMIOLOGY,MORBIDITY, MORTALITY AND TREATMENT OF LIGHTNING INJURIES IN A TURKISH BURNS UNITS

Deaths from lightning injuries are infrequent – 0.2–0.8 per million per year. The victims are mostly young, active people who are struck during various outdoor activities in the summer months. From November 1975 to October 1998; 22 lightning burns were treated in Ankara Numune Teaching and Research Hospital. The mean age of the patients was 32.9 (12–65) years, the female/male ratio 9/13 and the mean duration of hospital stay 15.4 (1–62) days. The commonest clinical symptoms were confusion, amnesia (5 patients), neurological dysfunction (2 patients), cystitis (4 patients), and cardiac arrhythmias (1 patient). There were no deaths. Sixteen surgical procedures were carried out on 14 patients; this was significantly fewer than from any other cause of burns. The commonest long-term complication was chronic pain. Because complications are frequently seen in lightning injuries, our results revealed that patients should be hospitalised and treated as soon as possible after the accident with fluid resuscitation, cardiac resuscitation, tetanus prophylaxis and antibiotics where necessary.     

A retrospective review of the relationship between facial fractures, head injuries, and cervical spine injuries

Facial fractures are common in the multiply-traumatized patient, and the results of previous studies that have examined the relationship between facial fractures, cervical spine injuries, and head injuries have produced conflicting results. A retrospective review of 1,050 blunt-trauma patients during a 40-month period at a regional trauma unit revealed 168 patients with facial fractures. The average injury severity score (ISS) of these patients with facial fractures was 31 compared with an average ISS of 25.6 for the entire group. There were 266 facial fractures in these 168 patients: mandible (n = 72), maxilla (n = 74), zygoma (n = 52), orbital (n = 46), nasoethmoidal (n = 20), and frontal (n = 2). There were seven (4%) cervical spine injuries, three of which were atlanto-occipital subluxations in patients who ultimately died. Of the four surviving patients, one had a cord injury. In contrast, 145 (85%) showed evidence of head injuries; 64 (38%) of these head injuries were serious and 17 of these patients required craniotomy. The relationship of facial fractures and cervical spine injuries may be over emphasized; head injuries, although frequently minor, are much more commonly associated with facial fractures.     

143例ICU老年创伤患者的流行病学分析

目的探讨单中心老年创伤重症患者流行病学特点,为临床救治提供参考。 方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2018年6月陆军军医大学大坪医院重症医学科（ICU）收治的65岁以上老年创伤患者143例,分析患者性别、年龄、致伤机制、损伤严重程度评分（ISS）、并发症、住院时间等资料。采用Mann-Whitney检验比较ISS评分、急性生理与慢性健康评分（APACHE Ⅱ评分）、ICU时间、住院时间在不同受伤机制和不同年龄之间的差异,使用Pearson χ²检验比较年龄分层计数、基础疾病分类计数、好转出院例数在不同受伤机制和不同年龄之间的差异,应用Logistic回归分析法分析并发症发生的危险因素。 结果所有创伤患者中,男性患者71例（49.65%,71/143）,女性72例（50.34%,72/143）;年龄65~99岁,平均年龄（78±1）岁;多发伤43例（30.07%,43/143）,单部位伤100例（69.93%,100/143）。跌倒伤是首位致伤原因90例（62.94%,90/143）,其次为车祸伤40例（27.97%,40/143）。跌倒伤ISS［9（9,9）分vs 22（16,27）分,Z=7.574,P<0.001］、APACHE II评分［15（14,17）分vs 17（15,21）分,P=0.001］均较低,住ICU时间［2（1,3）d vs 8（1,16）d,Z=4.407,P<0.001］和住院时间［（16（12,22.25）d vs 30（19,49）d,Z=4.779,P<0.001）］较非跌倒伤更短,好转出院率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。≥80岁患者与<80岁患者比较,APACHE Ⅱ评分明显升高［16（15,20）分vs 14（15,18）分,Z=2.093,P=0.036）］,住ICU的时间更长［3（1,10）d vs 1（1,7.5）d,Z=2.013,P=0.044］。APACHE Ⅱ评分是并发症发生的危险因素（OR=1.771,P=0.01）。 结论老年患者入住ICU的主要原因是跌倒伤,其次是车祸伤。除年龄外,APACHE Ⅱ评分高时,住ICU时间更长和并发症发生率更高。     

Pediatric trauma: Blood product transfusion characteristics in a pediatric emergency department,a single center experience

AimTo investigate clinical and laboratory data, management and outcomes of pediatric trauma patients who initially received blood product transfusions.MethodsBetween January 2011-January 2021, traumatic children who underwent blood product transfusions within 24 h of arrival at the emergency department were included. Demographics, clinical and laboratory data, Injury Severity Score (ISS), volume of transfused blood products and crystalloid boluses in 24 h were recorded. Massive transfusion (MT) was defined as transfusion of ≥40 mL/kg of all blood products in 24 h.ResultsAmong 32 cases, 8 (25.0 %) patients met the MT threshold criterion. Length of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay and mechanical ventilation (MV) were longer for patients who received MT although there was no difference for age, ISS, volume of crystalloid boluses, length of hospital stay, and 30-day mortality between those who received MT or not. Volume of crystalloid boluses was higher in patients who died than those who survived but the volume of blood products was similar for two groups. An APTT value of >37.5 s was identified as a predictor of 30-day mortality (OR = 48.000, 95 % CI: 3.704-621.998, p: 0.003).ConclusionChildren who received MT had longer durations of MV and PICU stay than those who did not receive, but there was no significance for ISS, volume of crystalloid boluses, hospital stay, or mortality between two groups. Volume of crystalloid boluses was higher in patients who died than those who survived. An APTT value of >37.5 s can be used to predict 30-day mortality.