类风湿关节炎膝关节置换后深静脉血栓发生情况及溶栓效果研究

[目的]探讨类风湿关节炎患者行全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓的发病率及溶栓效果研究。[方法]2009年2月～2011年5月手术治疗类风湿关节炎24例,其中男性4例,女性20例;年龄29～74岁,平均58.2岁。双膝关节置换术6例(分两次手术),6例行左膝关节置换术,12例行右膝关节置换术。全膝关节置换术后行下肢深静脉造影诊断是否有深静脉血栓形成,术后深静脉血栓形成患者使用系统性溶栓治疗。[结果]深静脉造影术后,类风湿关节炎行全膝置换术后深静脉发生率为26.7%;系统性溶栓后,临床有效率为100%。分别在术后3、6个月随访两次。[结论]类风湿关节炎行全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓发生率不低,值得在今后的临床工作中注意;下肢深静脉造影是关节置换术后诊断深静脉血栓形成的必要手段。     

全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成

目的：探讨全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的发生情况及预防治疗措施。方法：对220例（244髋）全髋关节置换患者围手术期皮下注射低分子肝素来预防治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成。术后第7天行彩色多普勒超声检查。结果：58例发生下肢深静脉血栓，其中远端血栓33例，近端血栓14例，全静脉血栓11例，DVT发生率26．4％，未发生1例肺栓塞。结论：围手术期低分子肝素应用可降低全髋关节置换术后DVT发生率，且安全可靠。     

类风湿关节炎患者术后深静脉血栓形成危险因素分析

目的 分析类风湿关节炎患者行全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓发生情况及分析危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2010年3月至2018年12月南京鼓楼医院运动医学与成人重建外科116例接受全膝关节置换术的类风湿关节炎患者血栓发生情况,其中男性12例,女性104例,纳入标准为诊断明确,行标准全膝关节置换术,有完整术前术后血栓筛查,排除诊...     

人工关节置换术后并发深静脉血栓形成的危险因素评估

[目的]探讨全髋和全膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)形成的相关危险因素。[方法]选取2010年1月~2014年12月在本院行人工髋膝关节置换术的患者536例进行DVT的回顾性分析。选择性别、年龄、体重指数、凝血指标、吸烟史、麻醉方式、手术时长、合并慢性病史等22项与人工关节置换术后DVT形成的可能相关因素进行统计分析。[结果]216例人工膝关节置换术后发生DVT 23例,320例人工髋关节置换术患者术后发生DVT 22例,进行单因素分析表明:年龄、性别、体重指数、D-D、心肌梗死病史、深静脉血栓史是关节置换术后DVT发生的危险因素(P0.05),多因素logistic回归分析表明:年龄、深静脉血栓史使术后发生DVT的风险分别增加到1.058、6.283。[结论]年龄、性别、体重指数、D-D、心肌梗死病史、深静脉血栓史等的患者发生DVT的风险较高。尤其是高龄、深静脉血栓史与术后DVT发生密切相关,需要引起临床医生的重视。     

膝髋骨性关节炎关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓发生的常见危险因素分析

[目的]分析膝、髋关节骨性关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)人工关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)形成的常见危险因素。[方法]2010年8月²012年2月行全膝、髋关节置换术的患者456例,所有患者均在术后32012年2月行全膝、髋关节置换术的患者456例,所有患者均在术后3⁵ d行下肢深静脉造影。根据造影结果分为DVT组(男22例,女121例;平均年龄66.97岁)和非DVT组(男68例,女245例;平均年龄65.93岁),分析两组患者中年龄、性别、糖尿病、高血压、心血管疾病史、血栓史、恶性肿瘤史、体重指数(Body mass index,BMI)、吸烟史及手术类型与DVT发生风险的潜在相关性。[结果]OA患者中,BMI≥25 kg/m2(OR=1.716;95%CI=1.100-2.675;P=0.017)和心血管疾病史(OR=3.403;95%CI=1.129-10.260;P=0.030)能显著增加关节置换术后DVT的发生风险。[结论]高BMI和心血管疾病史是膝、髋OA患者行关节置换术后DVT发生的危险因素。     

"低风险"人群初次人工关节置换术后的深静脉血栓

目的研究"低风险"人群在人工髋、膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓的发生情况。方法2003年2月至2005年4月,准备行选择性初次人工关节置换术的"低风险"患者136例,其中全髋关节置换术73例76髋,全膝关节置换术63例72膝,年龄46～84岁,平均68.5岁。具有深静脉血栓高危因素的患者排除在研究之外。患者术后均未采用任何方法预防深静脉血栓,于术后6～8天行静脉造影或根据临床表现急诊行静脉造影。怀疑肺栓塞的患者摄胸部X线片及CT加以确诊。结果全髋关节置换术73例76髋中,22髋(28.95%)发生深静脉血栓,其中近端栓塞14髋,远端栓塞8髋;全膝关节置换术63例72膝中,33膝(45.83%)发生深静脉血栓,其中9膝为近端栓塞,24膝为远端栓塞。全髋关节置换组与全膝关节置换组的深静脉血栓发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(!2=4.515,P<0.05);两组间近端血栓发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(!2=0.988,P>0.05);两组间远端血栓的发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(!2=11.348,P<0.05)。发生肺栓塞1例(0.74%)。临床症状对深静脉血栓的阳性预测值为52%。结论初次人工关节置换术后"低风险"人群深静脉血栓的发生率为37.16%,而临床表现并不能作为诊断深静脉血栓的可靠依据。临床上应建立起一套安全有效的方法降低深静脉血栓的发生。     

动静脉脉冲系统与低分子肝素钙联合应用预防全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓

目的总结动静脉脉冲系统联合低分子肝素钙预防人工全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)术后深静脉血栓形成的效果。方法2006年3月-2008年3月,对76例(76膝)骨性关节炎患者行TKA。男25例,女51例;年龄58～79岁,平均66.6岁。左侧41例,右侧35例。患者根据预防下肢深静脉血栓发生的处理方式不同分为实验组和对照组。两组患者术前及术后常规应用低分子肝素钙,此外实验组术后1～4d不间断应用动静脉脉冲系统,术后5～7d每日应用2次,30min/次。术后7d患者均行彩色超声多普勒探查下肢深静脉血栓发生情况。结果实验组发生小腿深静脉血栓5例,发生率13.16%,经给予尿激酶、丹参等药物治疗后完全消失;对照组发生小腿深静脉血栓11例,全下肢深静脉血栓3例,发生率36.84%,经同样治疗后好转。两组深静脉血栓发生率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组均无继发肺栓塞及死亡发生。结论动静脉脉冲系统可有效加速下肢静脉血液回流速度,与低分子肝素钙联合应用较单纯应用低分子肝素钙对预防TKA术后下肢深静脉血栓形成有更好的效果。     

全膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓的预防

目的 介绍全膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓的预防经验。方法 对44例(56膝)全膝关节置换术后病人采用低分子量肝素 足底和下肢静脉泵，并行早期活动和功能锻炼等综合措施预防下肢深静脉血栓。结果 44例中，2例术后发生腓肠肌静脉丛内血栓，未见股静脉血栓。无一例发生肺栓塞死亡。结论 低分子量肝素结合足底和下肢静脉泵法是预防关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓的有效方法。     

人工全髋置换术中拉钩对下肢深静脉血栓影响的研究

目的：通过对髂外动静脉及股动静脉与髋臼解剖学与临床的研究，探讨在全髋臼置换术中拉钩在髋放置位置对下肢深静脉血栓的影响。方法：通过解剖学研究56具成年骨盆标本中髂外动静脉及股动静脉来源及走行、与髋臼的关系进行测量分析；并通过临床观察22例（股骨颈骨折12例、股骨头缺血性坏死6例、类风湿性关节炎4例）在人工全髋置换术（THR）中拉钩放置安全区，经下肢静脉超声多普勒检查观察下肢深静脉血栓发病率。结果：在左侧3-5点间、右侧7-9点、左侧9点、右侧3点使用拉钩用力要适度，牵拉时间过长，会造成臀下血管、股动脉的牵拉过度或时间过长，易引起下肢深静脉血栓；通过临床22例THR拉钩放置安全区的观察，无一例下肢深静脉血栓，仅有2例轻度深静脉血流缓慢、但无明显的症状体征，经过口服活血通络中药后消失。结论：通过解剖学与临床观察研究，确定在THR中拉钩放置位置、深度是避免下肢深静脉血栓的重要因素。     

麻醉方式对全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的：评价不同的麻醉方法对全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的影响。方法：84例全髋关节置换术患者随机均分为2组。硬膜外麻醉组、全麻组：术后4～7d内通过静脉造影，了解深静脉血栓发生情况。结果：硬膜外麻醉组有4例发生DVT，未见症状性DVT和肺栓塞(PE)患者。全麻组有11例发生DVT，有2例症状性DVT，未见症状性PE患者。结论：硬膜外麻醉能减少全髋关节置换术后DVT的发生率，是全髋关节置换术首选的麻醉方法。     

术中间歇性充气加压系统联合3M升温仪预防股骨近端抗旋髓内钉手术患者下肢深静脉血栓

目的: 探索股骨转子间骨折患者行新型股骨近端防旋髓内钉(proximal femoral nail antirotation,PFNA)手术过程中,双下肢间歇性充气加压装置(intermittent pneumatic compression,IPC)联合3M升温仪对预防下肢深静脉血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)的效果。方法: 回顾性分析2016年3月至2019年8月行PFNA手术治疗的127例股骨转子间骨折患者,按术中不同血栓防治方法分为两组,A组63例不使用IPC及3M升温仪;B组64例使用IPC联合3M升温仪。应用彩色多普勒超声动态监测围手术期下肢DVT及变化情况,分别在术毕0、24、72 h以及>72 h(以后每3 d复查1次直至出院)进行下肢静脉血栓形成情况进行监测。结果: 两组PFNA手术后患者下肢DVT发生情况:B组5例(7.8%),而A组20例(31.7%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.001);术后0、72 h及>72 h两组下肢DVT比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),但术后24 h时A组DVT形成率明显高于B组(P=0.049);A组患者右下肢及双下肢DVT形成与B组比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05);但A组左下肢DVT形成明显高于B组(P=0.012)。结论: 术中IPC联合3M升温仪治疗可有效预防行PFNA手术患者下肢DVT形成。     

Perioperative incidence and locations of deep vein thrombosis following specific isolated lower extremity fractures

PurposeTo determine perioperative incidence and locations of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in injured and uninjured lower extremities following isolated lower extremity fractures (ILEFs).MethodsRetrospective analysis of a prospectively collected data of a consecutive patient series with ILEFs who underwent surgical treatment between September 2014 and September 2017 was performed. Patients’ bilateral lower extremities were screened for DVT with duplex ultrasonography (DUS) before and after surgery. DVT occurrence was analyzed by location of DVT and fracture site. All patients received pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis while hospitalized. Data on demographics, time to surgery, time of DUS examinations, length of hospital stay and symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) was collected.Results1825 patients were included in the study. The incidence of symptomatic PE was 1.6%. All patients were screened with DUS of the bilateral lower extremities in a mean of 3.5 days (range: 0–18 days) after injury, and a mean of 3.6 days (range: 1–11 days) after surgery. Preoperative DUS detected DVT in 547 patients (30.0%), including 3.7% of patients with proximal DVT. 792 patients (43.4%) were found to have a DVT postoperatively, but only 6.2% of patients with proximal DVT. Proximal DVT was detected postoperatively of the represented fractures: 6.5% of the hip, 14.5% of the femoral shaft, 4.5% of the tibial plateau, 4.6% of the tibial shaft, 1.7% of the patellar, and 2.0% of the peri-ankle. Interestingly, the rate of DVT in an uninjured lower limb was significantly higher postoperatively compared to preoperatively (16.4% vs. 4.9%), however, only 0.2% of patients had proximal DVT.ConclusionsWhile the perioperative incidence of overall DVT is high following ILEFs, the majority were distal DVT, and the rate of symptomatic PE was low. Femoral shaft fractures were associated with the highest incidence for proximal DVT. The incidence was lower in more distal fractures. The majority of patients diagnosed with DVT postoperatively had already shown symptoms of DVT prior to surgery. DVT can occur in both the injured and uninjured leg, with an obviously higher incidence in the injured leg. The incidence of proximal DVT in an uninjured leg is rare.     

Do patients with acute deep vein thrombosis have fever?

The purpose of this study was to determine whether those with lower extremity acute venous thrombosis have fever. During a recent 14.5-month period, 1847 patients undergoing lower extremity venous duplex scanning also had their oral temperature measured using a digital thermometer at the time of duplex examination. Patients were 57.8 +/- 17.3 years of age (range, 14 to 99). Temperature was 98.5 +/- 1.1 degrees F. Twenty-three patients had acute inferior vena cava thrombosis, 60 had acute iliac vein thrombosis, 138 had acute femoral venous thrombosis, and 131 had acute popliteal venous thrombosis. Calf vein thromboses were present in 102 patients, and 43 patients had superficial venous thrombosis. A total of 228 patients had acute lower extremity venous thrombosis in one or more of these venous segments. Temperature with acute lower extremity venous thrombosis was 98.7 +/- 1.05 degrees F versus 98.5 +/- 1.10 degrees F in those with no acute thrombosis. Although small, this temperature difference was statistically significant (P < 0.02). Acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was defined as acute popliteal or more proximal femoral, iliac, or vena cava thrombosis. The temperature for the 175 patients with acute DVT was 98.7 +/- 1.10 degrees F versus 98.5 +/- 1.10 degrees F for those without DVT (P < or = 0.035). There was no temperature that served to accurately differentiate those who did from those who did not have DVT. The frequency that patients with DVT had fever, defined as a temperature > or = 100 degrees F, was 9.1 per cent (16 of 175) with DVT versus 7.5 per cent (126 of 1678) without DVT (not significant). In the subgroup with a temperature > or = 101 degrees F, 4.6 per cent (8 of 175) with DVT had such a fever versus 3.4 per cent (57 of 1672) without DVT (not significant). Those undergoing venous duplex who were found to have acute lower extremity venous thrombosis, including acute DVT, had statistically higher temperatures, but such temperature differences were minimal. The incidence of fever, defined as a temperature > or = 100 degrees F or > or = 101 degrees F, was not different between those with and those without acute DVT. It appears that the presence of fever may not be a sensitive or specific indicator for the presence of underlying acute DVT.     

下肢闭合骨折术前并发深静脉血栓形成的临床分析

目的:探讨下肢闭合骨折术前并发深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis of the extremity,DVT)形成的情况。方法:回顾性分析2008年3月至2009年2月54例(男23例,女31例;年龄23～95岁)下肢闭合骨折术前经彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)确诊并发DVT患者的临床资料,分析下肢骨折并发DVT的危险因素。结果:下肢DVT包括髂外静脉血栓、股静脉血栓、腘静脉血栓、胫后静脉血栓、比目鱼肌静脉血栓。下肢骨折术前并发DVT形成情况:①患者年龄70岁以上23例;②骨折合并其他病症11例,其中合并高血压2例,合并高血压和糖尿病3例,合并高血压和脑梗死2例,合并高血压、糖尿病和冠心病4例;③多发骨折10例;④下肢骨折后7～14d发生DVT28例。结论:DVT发生的危险因素包括:高龄,术前合并高血压、糖尿病、冠心病和脑梗死等疾病,下肢多发多段骨折。DVT多发生在下肢骨折后7～14d,尽早安排手术治疗比其他预防DVT措施在降低围术期肺栓塞风险中更有重要意义。     

经股腘静脉抽吸治疗下肢深静脉继发下腔静脉血栓

目的探讨经股静脉入路放置滤器治疗继发于下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的下腔静脉血栓的可行性及安全性,评价滤器保护下血栓抽吸术的有效性。方法收集109例下肢DVT患者,其中11例血栓累及下腔静脉。于路径图引导下经健侧股静脉入路放置Aegisy滤器,打开但不解脱;再次穿刺股静脉,以8F指引导管抽吸下腔静脉内血栓;若血栓脱落于滤器内,尽量取出滤器内血栓后收回滤器,清洗后重新放置。经腘静脉入路抽吸髂股静脉内血栓,应用球囊或支架治疗髂静脉病变。14天内取出滤器。结果对11例DVT合并下腔静脉血栓者均成功取出髂股静脉及下腔静脉内血栓,8例术中发生血栓脱落;置入髂静脉支架5例,球囊扩张6例;8例取出滤器,3例永久植入滤器。随访6~35个月,下腔静脉及支架通畅,患者无活动后酸沉、肿胀,无色素沉着、静脉曲张等。结论经股静脉放置滤器治疗DVT合并下腔静脉血栓安全可行;在滤器保护下应用血栓抽吸术经股腘静脉入路治疗血栓快速、有效。     

Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens: Rare Complication of Vena Cava Filter Placement in Man With Paraplegia

Objective: To describe a complication of placement of an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter in a man with paraplegia.

Design: Case report.

Participants/Methods: A 48-year-old man with T11 paraplegia secondary to an L1 burst fracture underwent thoracic spinal fusion. The postoperative course was complicated by deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the right common femoral vein, which was treated with warfarin.

Results: During rehabilitation, the hematocrit declined, and fluctuance was noted along the surgical site. Computed tomographic scan suggested a hematoma in the paraspinal and latissimus dorsi muscles. Warfarin was discontinued, and an IVC filter was placed. He subsequently developed severe leg pain, followed by hypotension, acute renal failure, and compartment syndrome in bilateral lower extremities requiring fasciotomies. Ultrasound and computed tomographic angiogram showed extensive bilateral lower extremity DVTs and pulmonary emboli. The diagnosis of cerulea dolens was made. Mechanical and pharmacological thrombectomy was aborted secondary to bleeding complications and hypotension. The patient died shortly after care was withdrawn at the family's request. The autopsy revealed multiple thrombi in IVC, bilateral pelvic and femoral veins, and left pulmonary artery embolus, consistent with phlegmasia cerulea dolens.

Conclusions: Inferior vena cava filters may prevent pulmonary embolism but do not affect the underlying thrombotic process. An IVC filter should be recognized as a possible thrombogenic nidus in patients with spinal cord injury who have known DVT.     

老年股骨颈骨折后下肢深静脉血栓发生情况及其危险因素分析

目的:探究老年股骨颈骨折后下肢深静脉血栓的发生率、血栓位置及相关危险因素。方法:回顾性分析天津南开医院和河北医科大学第三医院2017年1月—2019年6月收治的老年股骨颈骨折患者708例。入院后,对患者行常规超声多普勒扫描以评估患者双下肢是否有深静脉血栓,将有血栓者为病例组(112例),无血栓者为对照组(596例)。提取患者的临床资料,包括人口学信息、合并病、受伤情况和入院时实验室结果,采用单因素检验和二元logistic回归分析确定DVT发生的相关危险因素。结果:共112例(15.8%)患者诊断为DVT,84例(75.0%)为远端型,21例(18.8%)为近端型,7例(6.2%)为混合型DVT。75.9%(85/112)的患者DVT发生在骨折侧肢体,12.5%(14/112)发生于双侧肢体,11.6%(13/112)发生于未骨折侧。多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄大、D-二聚体升高(>0.5 mg/L、受伤至入院时间长、血清白蛋白水平降低(<35 g/L)和血小板计数(>262×10⁹/L)是发生下肢深静脉血栓的独立危险因素。结论:老年股骨颈骨折患者入院时DVT发生率较高,近端DVT达到6%。多个相关危险因素与DVT独立相关。     

切开复位内固定治疗膝关节后交叉韧带止点撕脱骨折病人围术期深静脉血栓的发生规律

目的探讨后正中入路齿状垫片空心钉治疗膝关节后交叉韧带止点撕脱骨折病人围术期下肢深静脉血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)的发生规律。方法前瞻性分析2014年1月至2017年12月收治的膝关节后交叉韧带止点撕脱骨折病人58例,其中男48例,女10例;年龄为18~64岁,平均33.5岁。按Meyers McKeever分型:2型16例,3型30例,4型12例。所有病人均采用后正中入路齿状垫片空心钉固定韧带止点撕脱骨折块。分别在术前、术后进行双下肢静脉超声判断DVT的发生情况,分析其发生规律。结果14例(24.14%,14/58)术前发现DVT,其中远端血栓8例,近端血栓4例,混合血栓2例;术后DVT发生率增加至36.21%(21/58),其中11例远端血栓,7例近端血栓(其中5例为腘静脉血栓),3例混合血栓。7例术前无血栓病人中在术后4例出现远端血栓,2例出现近端血栓,1例出现混合血栓;1例术前为远端血栓的病人在术后变化为近端血栓;其中有50例病人术前、术后血栓未发生变化(37例无血栓病人,7例远端血栓,4例近端血栓,2例混合血栓)。结论膝关节后交叉韧带止点撕脱骨折病人术前及术后血栓形成均以远端血栓为主,术后DVT发生率有所增加。使用后正中入路齿状垫片空心钉治疗膝关节后交叉韧带止点撕脱骨折,可以获得牢固的固定,在术中暴露时应轻柔操作,降低对腘静脉的牵拉损伤,减少下肢静脉血栓的发生。     

Risk for deep venous thrombosis in pediatric cancer patients undergoing surgery

PurposeCancer is a well-established risk factor for deep venous thrombosis (DVT). We sought to assess the incidence of DVT in pediatric cancer patients undergoing select surgical procedures at our institution and to identify additional factors associated with DVT development.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of cancer patients who underwent select surgical procedures and developed a DVT within 30 days of their operation from 2000 to 2018 at our institution. Catheter-associated DVTs were excluded from this analysis. Major oncologic operations were selected.ResultsFrom 2000 to 2018, 3031 major oncologic operations were performed following which 14 symptomatic DVTs occurred, for an overall incidence of 0.46%. Procedures associated with post-operative DVT included: mass biopsy (7), pulmonary wedge resection (2), inguinal lymph node excision (1), colectomy (1), nephrectomy (1), lower extremity limb-sparing revision (1), and femur resection (1).ConclusionsOur data suggest that surgery does not put children with cancer at significant risk for DVT. Given the low incidence of perioperative DVT, routine pharmacologic prophylaxis for children with cancer undergoing surgery does not seem warranted.Level of Evidence: II