2-（E）-（3-甲氧基-4-环戊氧基苯基亚甲基）环戊酮衍生物的合成及抗肿瘤活性

目的设计并合成一系列2-（E）-（3-甲氧基-4-环戊氧基苯基亚甲基）环戊酮衍生物，并对其体外抗肿瘤活性进行筛选。方法合成目标化合物并用人肝癌细胞（Bel-7402）和人口腔癌细胞（KB）对化合物的体外抗肿瘤活性进行筛选。结果合成了5个目标化合物，其中3个未见文献报道。化合物的结构经IR、^1H NMR、MS和元素分析确证。初筛结果显示化合物5具有较高的活性，对Bel-7402和KB细胞的IC50值分别为1．62gmol·L^-1和8．04gmol·L^-1,但低于对照药5-氟脲嘧啶。结论2-（E）-（3-甲氧基-4-环戊氧基苯基亚甲基）环戊酮Mannich碱衍生物具有一定抗肿瘤活性。     

1－取代－2－（3－甲氧基－4－肉桂酰氧基）苯乙烯衍生物的合成和抗血小板聚集活性

设计并合成了９个目标化合物，其中７个化合物未见文献报道。初步体外药理实验结果表明，化合物（Ⅱｂ）对花生四烯酸和骨胶原诱导的兔血小板聚集模型有良好的抑制活性，其活性与阳性对照药阿司匹林相平行。     

1-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-(2,4-二氟苯基)-3-(N-异丙基-N-取代氨基)-2-丙醇的合成及抗真菌活性

目的：以氟康唑为先导化合物,设计合成新的三唑醇类化合物,并研究其抗真菌活性。方法：引入异丙基及取代氨基侧链结构,合成一系列目标化合物,所有化合物结构均经MS、^1H—NMR等谱确证;选择8种真菌为实验菌株,测定其体外抗真菌活性。结果：合成了15个目标化合物;所有化合物对所选真菌均表现出了一定的抑菌活性,其中化合物（6c）,（6d）,（6e）,（6f）和（6g）对除薰烟曲霉菌外的7种菌株都表现出了较好的抑菌活性。结论：取代氨基侧链结构的引入对目标化合物的抗菌活性有一定的影响,侧链为取代苄基活性较好,且取代苄基侧链越短,抑菌活性越好。     

抗癌散的抗肿瘤活性成分研究

目的：对抗癌散的抗肿瘤活性成分进行研究。方法：用硅胶、葡聚糖凝胶（Sephadex LH-20）柱色谱等方法进行分离纯化,通过理化性质及光谱数据确定化合物的结构;采用流式细胞术（FCM）对部分单体化合物进行抗肿瘤活性的测定。结果：分离得到β-谷甾醇（Ⅰ）、正丁基-β-D-吡喃果糖苷（Ⅱ）、人参皂苷Rg1（Ⅲ）3个化合物;活性实验结果表明,部分化合物具有一定的抗肿瘤活性。结论：本研究初步阐明了复方抗癌散中的主要化学成分,其中化合物Ⅱ为首次从该植物中分离得到;化合物（Ⅱ）和化合物（Ⅲ）对人肝癌细胞（Bel-7402）有较好的抑制活性。     

1-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-(2,4-二氟苯基)-3-[N-环丙基-N-(4-取代苄基)]-2-丙醇的合成及抗真菌活性

目的：以氟康唑为先导化合物,设计合成新的三唑醇类化合物,并研究其抗真菌活性。方法：引入4位羧酸酯取代的苄基侧链结构,合成一系列目标化合物,所有化合物结构均经MS、^1H-NMR等谱确证;选择8种真菌为实验菌株,测定其体外抗真菌活性。结果：合成了15个未见文献报道的目标化合物;所有化合物对所选真菌均表现出了一定的抑菌活性,其中化合物（1）,（2）和（3）对除薰烟曲霉菌外的7种菌都表现出了较好的抑菌活性。结论：4位羧酸酯取代的苄基侧链结构的引入对目标化合物的抗菌活性有一定的影响,侧链越短．抑菌活性越好.     

1-(1-取代苯基)-2-(1H-1,2,4-三唑或苯并三唑基)-O-(取代苄基)乙酮肟醚类化合物的合成及抗真菌活性

报道了２９个新的１（１取代苯基）２（１Ｈ１，２，４三唑或苯并三唑基）Ｏ（取代苄基）乙酮肟醚类化合物的合成与体外抗菌试验。结果表明，大多数化合物对大部分真菌有抑菌活性，化合物Ｔ１，Ｔ４，Ｔ６，Ｔ１１，Ｔ１２，Ｂ１，Ｂ３，Ｂ４和Ｂ６对部分真菌抑菌活性优于或相当于奥昔康唑。     

取代腺嘌呤类化合物的合成及其抗病毒活性研究

目的：修饰阿德福韦（ADV）结构,设计合成新化合物,研究其对乙肝病毒HBsAg、HBeAg的抑制活性。方法：以（ADV）为原料,经磷酰氯化、三氟乙醇酯化和氯甲酸酯缩合等反应,设计合成了未见文献报道的8个嘌呤类目标化合物1a-1h,所有化合物经^1HNMR谱等确证;体外药理实验采用酶联免疫法（ELISA）,阳性药物采用临床常用同类药物ADV。结果：设计合成的8个化合物,对HBsAg和HBeAg都有一定的抑制作用,其中化合物1d,1e,1g,1h对HBsAg抑制活性与ADV相当,化合物1g对HBeAg抑制活性与ADV相当。所有目标化合物对HBsAg抑制活性好于对HBeAg抑制活性。结论：在嘌呤环N6位引入较长碳链的1g活性最佳。     

13-酰胺基取代苦参碱衍生物的合成及抗肿瘤活性研究

目的 合成13-酰胺基取代苦参碱衍生物及研究该类化合物的体外抗肿瘤活性。方法 以槐果碱为原料,通过迈克尔加成（Michael addition）,叠氮还原酰化反应,制得系列13-位酰胺取代的衍生物,所有化合物结构均经¹H NMR等谱确证;选取人肝癌细胞（BEL-7404）和小鼠黑色素瘤细胞（K111）对所合成的目标化合物进行体外抗肿瘤药理活性筛选。结果 设计合成了9个新化合物,大多数化合物对两株肿瘤细胞都具有较强的抑制活性。结论 化合物4b和4e对人肝癌细胞（BEL-7404）有较强的抑制活性。     

杂环取代的二苯乙烯类化合物抗癌活性研究

目的：寻找新的抗癌化合物,方法：设计并用不同路线合成了１０个５－（或６－）杂环取代的－１,２－二苯基－１－烯类目的化合物,分别测定了它们抑制人鼻咽癌（）ＫＢ）和人宫颈癌（Ｈｅｌａ）细胞增殖的活性,并研究了其结构与抗癌活性之间的关系。结果：发现目的物对ＫＢ和Ｈｅｌａ细胞增殖均有一定的抑制作用,且抑制Ｈｅｌａ细胞的活性较抑制ＫＢ细胞强;定量构效关系（ＱＳＡＲ）研究结果认为取代基的诱导效应指数（Ⅰ）对活     

(E)-1(3H)-异苯并呋喃酮-Δ3-乙酰胺类化合物的合成及抗惊活性

目的设计合成了(E)-1(3H)-异苯并呋喃酮-Δ3-乙酰胺类化合物,寻找具有抗惊活性的化合物.方法以氯乙酸为起始原料,依次与氯化亚砜、胺、三苯膦反应制得季磷盐,再与邻苯二甲酸酐经Wittig反应制得目标化合物,硅胶柱色谱得纯品.通过最大电休克发作实验(MES),对目标化合物进行抗惊活性筛选.结果合成了9个新化合物,用IR和1H-NMR进行结构确证,其中3个化合物有良好的抗惊活性.结论 E型异构体具有抗惊活性.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.