依达拉奉对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:观察依达拉奉对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法:制备SD大鼠MCAO模型,梗死2h后再灌注,并分为假手术组、生理盐水(NS)组、依达拉奉低剂量组及依达拉奉高剂量组,再灌注24h后进行神经功能缺损评分及检测各组脑组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)浓度。结果:①依达拉奉低剂量与高剂量组的神经功能缺损评分明显低于NS组(P<0.01),且依达拉奉高济量组的神经功能缺损评分明显低于低剂量组(P<0.01);②与假手术组相比,NS组SOD活性降低、MDA含量增加,有显著性差异(P<0.01);与NS组相比,依达拉奉低剂量与高剂量组SOD活性增高、MDA含量降低(P<0.01),且低剂量组与高剂量组相比有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:依达拉奉通过降低自由基水平,对脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用。     

依达拉奉对脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用机制的研究

目的探讨依达拉奉在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的保护作用,并将结果进行总结分析,为脑缺血再灌注的保护提供依据。方法选取60只大鼠为研究对象,将其随机分为对照组（生理盐水组）30只和实验组（依达拉奉组）30只,后再根据时间将两组其分为1、6、12h组,后将其制作为脑缺血再灌注模型,分别对其进行脑组织NO、NOS及SOD含量进行检测研究,同时对部分大鼠脑切片进行坏死程度统计,并将结果进行统计比较。结果经研究比较发现,1及6h时实验组NO低于对照组,P〈0．05,6hNO降至最低,但12h时回升;1及6h时实验组SOD高于对照组,但12h时低于对照组,P〈0．05;1及6h时实验组NOS低于对照组,P〈0．05;但12h时两组差异不大,P〉0．05。两组大鼠脑坏死程度比较,P〈0．05。结论从研究中可以看出,依达拉奉在脑缺血再灌注损伤具有明显的保护作用,值得进一步研究探讨。     

依达拉奉对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后p-Bad的作用

目的：探讨促凋亡蛋白Bad的磷酸化p-Bad在局灶性脑缺血再灌注中的表达及依达拉奉的作用机制。方法：建立局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠模型;HE染色观察脑组织形态病理学变化;免疫组织化学法测定大鼠脑缺血再灌注不同时间磷酸化Bad的平均光密度值（A值）。结果：与假手术组比较,p-Bad在缺血再灌注2 h明显升高,于4 h达到峰值（P〈0.05）,随灌注时间延长表达逐渐减少并低于假手术组;依达拉奉干预组阳性表达在各时间点明显增加（P〈0.05）。结论：脑缺血再灌注损伤可能导致Bad磷酸化活性增强,依达拉奉可通过上调p-Bad来发挥脑保护作用。     

高压氧对脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经功能的影响

【目的】探讨高压氧对脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经功能的影响。【方法】选取60只Wistar大鼠,随机分成3组,假手术组、模型组和实验组,每组20只。假手术组大鼠仅进行手术过程而不造成缺血,模型组大鼠直接行大脑中动脉缺血再灌注,实验组大鼠采用高压氧预处理再行大脑中动脉缺血再灌注,对比三组大鼠再灌注24 h后神经功能缺损评分、脑梗死体积、缺血病灶脑组织神经细胞凋亡指数(AI),脑组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力、丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)含量变化。【结果】假手术组的脑组织没有受损,其神经功能缺损评分和脑梗死体积占比均为0。模型组和实验组脑组织均受到损伤,神经功能缺损评分和脑梗死体积及AI这3种指标均升高,但实验组损伤较轻,其数据低于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);三组大鼠再灌注24 h后脑组织SOD、LDH活力及MDA、NO含量比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。模型组大鼠脑组织SOD、LDH活力均低于假手术组(P<0.05),但实验组大鼠脑组织SOD.LDH活力均高于模型组(P<0.05)。模型组大鼠脑组织MDA、NO均高于假手术组(P<0.05),但实验组大鼠脑组织MDA、NO活力均低于模型组(P<0.05)。【结论】高压氧可通过改善脑组织氧化应激损伤抑制大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

活血通脉汤对脑缺血再灌注大鼠TNF-α、ICAM-1表达的影响

目的：探讨活血通脉汤对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织TNF-α、ICAM-1的影响。方法：制作脑缺血再灌注模型，70只大鼠随机平均分为活血通脉汤组、阿司匹林组、手术组和假手术对照组，应用免疫组织化学方法分别测定缺血再灌注24h、48h脑组织TNF-α、ICAM-1表达的改变情况。结果：手术组大鼠脑缺血再灌注24h、48h脑皮质TNF-α、ICAM-1表达显著高于假手术对照组（P〈0．01），缺血再灌注48h ICAM-1表达低于24h（P〈0．05）。使用活血通脉汤治疗能降低TNF-α、ICAM-1表达水平，减轻缺血脑组织神经元坏死的程度。结论：活血通脉汤对脑缺血再灌注具有保护作用，其机制与其降低TNF-α、ICAM-1的表达，从而减少神经元坏死有关。     

双乳突法低频电刺激对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 观察双乳突法低频电刺激对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用，并探讨其作用机制。方法 用线栓法制备一侧大脑中动脉栓塞-再灌注（MCA-OR）大鼠模型，造成右脑缺血2h再灌注24h，采用5级评分法评定神经功能缺损来筛选病例。脑含水量用干重湿重法测定，用TTC染色-图像分析仪测定梗死灶体积，并分析缺血侧脑组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化。结果 与对照组相比，治疗组大鼠（即刻治疗组除外）脑水肿程度明显减轻（P〈0．05），脑梗死体积减小（P〈0．05），脑组织中SOD含量增加，而MDA值下降（P〈0．05）。结论 双乳突法低频电刺激对脑缺血再灌注损伤具有神经保护作用，此作用可能与减轻脑水肿、提高SOD活性、降低MDA含量及缩小梗死体积有关。     

东菱迪芙与依达拉奉联合应用对大鼠脑缺血损伤的研究

目的探讨东菱迪芙与依达拉奉联合应用对大鼠脑缺血损伤的影响。方法成年健康雄性Wistar大鼠100只,采用改良线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)脑缺血再灌注模型,随机分为5组,即假手术组(正常组)、缺血再灌注组、东菱迪芙治疗组、依达拉奉治疗组、联合用药治疗组。运用组织化学染色技术,检测脑梗死体积;运用循环酶法,检测Hcy水平;运用免疫比浊法,检测hs-CRP浓度变化。结果 1脑缺血再灌注24h后大鼠脑梗死体积显示,东菱迪芙组、依达拉奉组、联合用药组与缺血再灌注组比较,脑梗死体积均缩小,每组间均有显著性差异(P0.05);联合用药组与东菱迪芙组、依达拉奉组间比较有统计学差异(P0.05)。2Hcy检测结果显示,缺血再灌注组显著高于正常组(P0.05);东菱迪芙组显著低于缺血再灌注组(P0.05);依达拉奉组显著低于缺血再灌注组(P0.05);东菱迪芙组显著低于依达拉奉组(P0.05);联合用药组显著低于单药组(P0.05)。3超敏C-反应蛋白的测定结果显示,缺血再灌注组显著高于正常组(P0.05);依达拉奉组显著低于缺血再灌注组(P0.05);东菱迪芙组显著低于缺血再灌注组(P0.05);东菱迪芙组显著低于依达拉奉组(P0.05);联合用药组显著低于单药组(P0.05)。结论 1东菱迪芙与依达拉奉通过缩小急性期脑梗死的梗死体积,降低Hcy和超敏C-反应蛋白水平,可有效减轻脑缺血损伤,均具有脑保护作用。2东菱迪芙与依达拉奉联合应用较单用东菱迪芙治疗或依达拉奉治疗其治疗效果更为显著。     

阿托伐他汀钙对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后NF-κB、表达及神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的：探讨阿托伐他汀钙对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后脑组织中NF-κBp65表达水平及神经细胞凋亡的影响。方法：Wistar大鼠105只,分为假手术组、再灌注组及干预组各35只。干预组阿托伐他汀灌胃20d后,与再灌注组采用大脑中动脉线栓法制备局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,参考Longa的5分制法在大鼠麻醉清醒后进行评分,应用免疫组化、TUNEL法检测阿托伐他汀钙对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后NF-κBp65表达及对神经细胞凋亡的影响。结果：与假手术组比较,再灌注组及干预组大鼠脑缺血再灌注后缺血脑组织中NF-κBp65表达明显增加（P〈0．01）,缺血再灌注24h达高峰;干预组给予阿托伐他汀钙干预后与再灌注组比较能减少缺血脑组织中NF-κBp65表达（P〈0．01）,减少神经元凋亡（P〈0．01）,降低神经功能缺损评分（P〈0．01）。结论：阿托伐他汀钙能抑制大鼠脑缺血再灌注后脑组织中NF-κBp65表达,并能减少神经元凋亡,减轻缺血再灌注损伤。     

运动预处理对脑缺血再灌注大鼠血清炎症因子水平的影响

目的探讨运动预处理对脑缺血再灌注大鼠血清白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量的影响。方法雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠24只分为运动预处理组(n=8)、模型组(n=8)、假手术组(n=8)。线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)缺血再灌注模型。再灌注后2 h、24 h分别行神经功能缺损评分。随后取材,HE染色观察大鼠缺血侧脑组织病理形态变化,酶联免疫吸附法检测血清TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6的含量。结果脑缺血再灌注后24 h,运动预处理组神经功能评分较模型组改善(P0.05),血清TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6含量明显降低(P0.01);脑缺血区皮质病理损伤减轻,间质水肿程度减轻,细胞排列较整齐,缺血区变性和坏死的神经元数量明显减少。结论运动预处理可以降低急性脑缺血再灌注大鼠炎症反应,降低神经功能缺损。     

依达拉奉联合牛磺酸对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠保护作用的实验研究

目的 探讨依达拉奉及牛磺酸对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响及作用机制.方法 制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血-再灌注模型,分别测定血清丙二醛(MDA)的含量,脑组织Bcl-2蛋白表达和凋亡细胞数.结果 与再灌注组比较,依达拉奉组、牛磺酸组及联合用药组的血清MDA浓度及凋亡细胞数明显减小,Bcl-2蛋白表达明显增加,差异具有统计学意义.结论 依达拉奉及牛磺酸对脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,其机制可能与其清除氧自由基及上调Bcl-2的表达有关.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.