苯磺酸氨氯地平对糖尿病并发高血压患者血压及蛋白尿的疗效观察

目的从降压质量和减少蛋白尿方面,观察苯磺酸氨氯地平和硝苯地平缓释片对糖尿病并发高血压患者的疗效。方法将40例糖尿病并发高血压患者随机分为观察组和对照组(各20例),所有患者受试前停用影响肾功能药物及其他降压药物2周。观察组患者在糖尿病对症治疗的基础上给予苯磺酸氨氯地平5mg/d,如果2周后血压仍未降至正常,则苯磺酸氨氯地平增加至10mg/d;对照组患者给予硝苯地平缓释片每次10mg,2次/日,如果2周后血压仍未降至正常,硝苯地平缓释片增加至每次20mg,2次/日。疗程均为12周。结果两组患者治疗前后收缩压、舒张压差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。观察组患者治疗前后24h尿白蛋白差异有统计学意义(P0.05);对照组患者治疗前后24h尿白蛋白差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论苯磺酸氨氯地平不仅能有效控制糖尿病并发高血压,而且还能减少24h尿白蛋白的排泄。     

左旋氨氯地平联合贝那普利治疗2型糖尿病肾病合并高血压22例效果观察

目的探讨左旋氨氯地平与贝那普利联用治疗2型糖尿病肾病合并高血压患者的效果。方法将确诊的62例2型糖尿病肾病合并高血压患者随机分为氨氯地平组、贝那普利组各20例及联合组22例。三组均口服降糖药或皮下注射诺和灵30R等,洗脱期2周后口服降压药物治疗。氨氯地平组、贝那普利组分别予左旋氨氯地平2.5 mg、贝那普利10 mg;联合组予左旋氨氯地平2.5 mg＋贝那普利10 mg;用药1次/d,疗程为4个月。观察治疗前后血压、24 h尿蛋白排泄量和肾功能变化。结果治疗后联合组血压、24 h尿蛋白量及血肌酐均明显低于氨氯地平组及贝那普利组（P均〈0.05）,治疗过程中均未见明显不良反应。结论左旋氨氯地平联合贝那普利治疗糖尿病肾病合并高血压效果优于单独用药,且较为安全。     

苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平与苯磺酸氨氯地平在社区治疗轻中度高血压的成本效果分析

目的探讨苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平与苯磺酸氨氯地平在社区治疗轻中度高血压的成本效果。方法选择100例原发性轻中度高血压患者,随机分为两组,分别给予苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平(Ⅰ组)和苯磺酸氨氯地平(Ⅱ组)治疗,运用药物经济学成本效果分析方法进行评价。结果苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平2.16元/片(2.5mg/片),苯磺酸氨氯地平5.70元/片(5mg/片),两组均为1次/d,1～2片/次,治疗8周后,Ⅰ组总有效率86%,Ⅱ组总有效率80%;8周一疗程用苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平可节约药费396元,按敏感度分析一疗程可节约药费316.8元。结论根据经济性、有效性、安全性,苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平可作为轻中度高血压社区治疗的一线用药。     

缬沙坦联合氨氯地平治疗2型糖尿病合并高血压的临床观察

目的探讨缬沙坦联用苯磺酸氨氯地平治疗2型糖尿病合并高血压患者的疗效及安全性。方法 150例2型糖尿病合并高血压患者,随机分为苯磺酸氨氯地平组,缬沙坦组和联合组,每组各50例。苯磺酸氨氯地平组口服苯磺酸氨氯地平5mg/d,缬沙坦组口服缬沙坦80mg/d,联合组口服缬沙坦80mg/d及苯磺酸氨氯地平5mg/d,8周为1疗程,比较三组临床疗效。结果联合组总有效率明显高于其他两组,联合组的SBP及DBP降低幅度更为明显。联合组尿白蛋白排泄率明显低于其他两组。结论苯磺酸氨氯地平联合缬沙坦治疗2型糖尿病合并高血压,疗效显著且不良反应少,能明显减轻对于靶器官的损伤,值得推广。     

缬沙坦联合苯磺酸氨氯地平治疗糖尿病合并高血压疗效观察

目的观察缬沙坦联合氨氯地平治疗糖尿病合并高血压的降压疗效及肾脏保护作用。方法108例糖尿病合并高血压患者随机分成观察组（55例）与对照组（53例）。对照组口服缬沙坦80-160mg／d,观察组口服缬沙坦80mg／d及苯磺酸氨氯地平5～10mg／d。两组均治疗12周。治疗前、后分别测量静息状态下的血压、尿白蛋白的排泄率（UAEa）、空腹血糖和血肌酐。结果观察组降压疗效及UAER明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论缬沙坦联合苯磺酸氨氯地平治疗糖尿病合并高血压安全有效,且有明显的肾脏保护作用。     

左旋氨氯地平贝联合贝那普利治疗糖尿病肾病高血压

目的探讨左旋氨氯地平联合贝那普利治疗糖尿病肾病合并高血压患者的临床疗效观察。方法选取该院201 1年11月—2012年11月收治的糖尿病肾病合并高血压患者84例,随机分为实验组、对照1组、对照2组,每组28例。实验组患者给予左旋氨氯地平联合贝那普利治疗,对照1组给予左旋氨氯地平单独治疗,对照2组给予贝那普利单独治疗。对比分析3组患者治疗前后的血压以及肾功能变化情况。结果经过12周治疗后,3组患者的血压均显著下降,且实验组下降效果明显优于对照1组和2组(P0.05)。所有患者治疗后24 h尿蛋白定量及24h尿白蛋白排泄量都比治疗前显著下降,实验组下降最明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论左旋氨氯地平联合贝那普利治疗糖尿病肾病合并高血压相比于左旋氨氯地平和贝那普利单独用药,其在降低血压和肾功能指标方面更具优势,值得临床广泛推广。     

缬沙坦治疗原发性高血压合并2型糖尿病对血压及肾功能的影响

目的 探讨缬沙坦治疗原发性高血压合并糖尿病对血压及肾功能的影响.方法 选取120例原发性高血压合并2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者,按照数字表格法随机分为观察组与对照组各60例,在降糖治疗基础上,对照组给予雷米普利5 mg/d口服,观察组在对照组用药基础上加用缬沙坦80 mg/d口服,用药时间4 w,在此期间不使用其他任何降压药进行辅助治疗,观察治疗前后血压(BP)、空腹血糖(FBG) 、24 h尿蛋白、血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、尿微量白蛋白排泄率、空腹胰岛素等指标的变化.结果 两组治疗前血压及血糖指标、肾功能指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组治疗后收缩压与舒张压均较治疗前明显下降(P＜0.05),观察组明显低于对照组(P＜0.05);对照组治疗总有效率为90.00％,观察组为80.00％,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);治疗后空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、24 h白蛋白、尿微量白蛋白排泄率均较治疗前下降(P＜0.05),24 h白蛋白与尿微量白蛋白排泄率观察组较对照组下降更为明显(P＜0.05),血肌酐、血尿素氮两组治疗前后组内比较、组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 缬沙坦治疗原发性高血压合并T2DM能降压疗效确切,有助于保护患者肾功能.     

骨化三醇联合福辛普利治疗2型糖尿病肾病的临床观察

目的观察骨化三醇联合福辛普利治疗2型糖尿病肾病蛋白尿的疗效并研究其可能的机制。方法将60例临床蛋白尿期的(24h尿蛋白≥1g)2型糖尿病肾病患者随机分为2组:对照组服用福辛普利10mg,1次/d,治疗组服用福辛普利10mg,1次/d,以及骨化三醇0.25μg,1次/d。每组30例,观察4周,比较治疗前后患者24h尿蛋白、尿微量白蛋白以及外周血T细胞亚群的变化。结果治疗4周后治疗组与对照组相比,24h尿蛋白、尿微量白蛋白出现下降,并且有统计学差异(P<0.05);并且外周血CD3+T细胞明显升高(P<0.05),CD4+T细胞明显降低(P<0.05),CD8+T细胞明显升高(P<0.05),CD4+/CD8+比值明显降低(P<0.05)。结论骨化三醇联合福辛普利能有效减少2型糖尿病肾病患者蛋白尿,可能通过免疫调节机制发挥作用。     

不同剂量的缬沙坦延缓糖尿病肾病进展的疗效观察

目的观察不同剂量的缬沙坦治疗糖尿病肾病患者蛋白尿及高血压的临床疗效和安全性。方法30例糖尿病肾病合并高血压的患者随机分为对照组、缬沙坦80mg、160mg治疗组,每组10例,观察治疗前、治疗后不同时间的血压、24h尿蛋白定量、血浆白蛋白、血尿素氮和血清肌酐等指标。结果3组患者治疗后血压和24h尿蛋白定量较治疗前明显下降(P0.05),组间比较160mg缬沙坦治疗组血压及尿蛋白下降速度显著优于另外2组(均P0.05);缬沙坦组患者治疗后血浆白蛋白水平较治疗前有所升高,但无统计学差异。对照组患者治疗后肌酐水平较治疗前明显上升(P0.05),而缬沙坦治疗前后肾功能指标无明显变化。结论缬沙坦对糖尿病肾病合并高血压患者具有良好的降低尿蛋白、降压和维持肾功能稳定作用,增加使用剂量至160mg能够增加降压速度和降低尿蛋白效果,并具有更优越的肾脏保护作用。     

氨氯地平联合缬沙坦治疗老年原发性高血压合并糖尿病的疗效观察

目的观察氨氯地平联合缬沙坦治疗老年原发高血压合并糖尿病的疗效。方法选取100例在我院就诊的原发性高血压合并糖尿病老年病人,随机分为对照组和观察组,各50例。对照组给予5mg/d氨氯地平,观察组给予5mg/d氨氯地平联合80mg/d缬沙坦。治疗1个月后对两组病人的血压、血糖、胰岛素水平、肾功能等进行对比。结果观察组血压(收缩压与舒张压)下降幅度均明显大于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组病人治疗前后空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、空腹血清胰岛素及胰岛素敏感性指数比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前两组肾功能水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组病人微量尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)及24h尿蛋白定量均低于治疗前(P0.05)。观察组UAER及24h尿蛋白定量低于对照组(P0.05)。两组不良反应发生情况比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论氨氯地平联合缬沙坦对老年原发高血压合并糖尿病病人有良好的治疗效果。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.