短暂性脑缺血发作早期卒中风险预测方法的研究进展

短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack,TIA）是一种常见的脑血管病,患者发病后早期卒中风险较高。近年来出现了一些TIA患者早期卒中风险预测的方法。为了更好地预测TIA患者的早期卒中风险,从而对患者进行分层管理和治疗,本文对TIA早期卒中风险预测方法的研究进展进行了回顾。     

短暂性脑缺血发作与脑梗死的关系

短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)和脑梗死是神经科的常见急症.TIA与脑梗死的关系主要在于两方面:一方面TIA可以进展为脑梗死,另一方面TIA又能改善继发性脑梗死的预后.随着神经科学的发展,人们对TIA与脑梗死的关系有了更深入的认识.国外的学者除了呼吁废除传统的TIA定义以外,对TIA后卒中发生率,如何预测TIA后的脑梗死风险,以及TIA诱导的神经保护机制都做了一定的研究.本文就将结合国内外的一些研究新进展探讨TIA与缺血性卒中的关系.     

卒中后认知障碍预警因子的研究进展

卒中后认知障碍（PSCI）是指卒中后6个月内出现达到认知障碍诊断标准的一系列综合征,是血管性认知障碍的一种亚型。目前的研究认为,血清微小RNA、氧化应激因子、血清代谢物等生物学标志物,脑小血管病以及心房颤动、高血压、糖尿病等危险因素均可作为PSCI的预警因子。本文阐述了PSCI警示因子的研究进展,探讨了对这些警示因子的早期发现和早期干预的意义,并有望为预防和延缓卒中后认知障碍的发生和发展开启新思路。     

Essen评分在TIA、缺血性小卒中与大卒中 患者中预测效度的比较

目的 比较Essen卒中风险分层量表（Essen Stroke Risk Score,ESRS）预测短暂性脑缺血发作（transient
ischemic attack,TIA）、缺血性小卒中和缺血性大卒中患者的卒中复发和联合血管事件发生的效度。
方法 以前瞻性、多中心中国国家卒中登记研究（China National Stroke Registry,CNSR）中连续录入
的11 384例完成1年随访的TIA、非心房颤动性缺血性卒中的住院患者为研究人群,小卒中定义为入院
时缺血性卒中患者的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）
评分≤3分,大卒中定义为NIHSS评分＞3分。采用曲线下面积（area under the curve,AUC）评价ESRS对
TIA、缺血性小卒中和大卒中患者进行卒中复发和联合血管事件复发风险的分层能力,预测卒中复发
和联合血管事件发生的效度。
结果 本研究有1061例TIA,3254例小卒中,7069例大卒中患者。在TIA患者中,ESRS预测卒中复发
AUC=0.57,预测联合血管事件AUC=0.56;小卒中患者中,ESRS预测卒中复发的AUC=0.58,预测联合
血管事件AUC=0.59;大卒中患者中,ESRS预测卒中复发的AUC=0.60,预测联合血管事件AUC=0.60。
结论 ESRS评分对大卒中的卒中复发/联合血管事件发生的预测效度最高,其次是对小卒中,在TIA
中预测效度最低,但是三组人群中差异无显著性。     

卒中后认知障碍预警因子的研究进展

卒中后认知障碍(PSCI)是指卒中后6个月内出现达到认知障碍诊断标准的一系列综合征,是血管性认知障碍的一种亚型。目前的研究认为,血清微小RNA、氧化应激因子、血清代谢物等生物学标志物,脑小血管病以及心房颤动、高血压、糖尿病等危险因素均可作为PSCI的预警因子。本文阐述了PSCI警示因子的研究进展,探讨了对这些警示因子的早期发现和早期干预的意义,并有望为预防和延缓卒中后认知障碍的发生和发展开启新思路。     

ABCD3-I评分预测短暂性脑缺血发作后早期卒中风险

目的 探讨采用ABCD3-I评分法预测短暂性脑缺血发作早期进展为卒中的风险。方法 收集在我院治疗的186例以短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack,TIA）为首发症状的患者,均于发病后48小时内行常规弥散加权成像（diffusion weighted imaging,DWI）、磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）、磁共振血管成像（magnetic resonance angiography,MRA）检查,按照ABCD3-I评分法分为低危组、中危组和高危组,观察TIA后7天、90天内各组卒中的发生率,并比较ABCD2评分法、ABCD3评分法、ABCD3-I评分法这3种评分方法的阳性预测值。采用logistic回归模型预测TIA后早期进展为卒中的危险因素。结果 ABCD3-I评分的低危组（0～3分）、中危组（4～7分）、高危组（8～13分）7天内卒中发生率分别为0、3.0%、33.8%,90天内卒中发生率分别为0、6.0%、52.3%。与低危组、中危组分别比较,高危组TIA后7天、90天内卒中发生率明显升高（P均﹤0.01）。与低危组比较,中危组90天内卒中发生率升高（P﹤0.01）,两组7天内卒中发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。Logistic回归模型显示：双重TIA患者90天内预测卒中风险比值比（odds ratio,OR）为4.307,95%可信区间（credibility interval,CI）2.317～8.005,P ﹤0.01;DWI检查出现高信号患者90天内预测卒中风险OR为1.102,95%CI 27.719～223.344,P ﹤0.01;同侧颈动脉中重度狭窄患者90天内预测卒中风险OR为7.800,95%CI 2.075～29.319,P ﹦0.005。预测7天内卒中发生风险时,ABCD2评分法、ABCD3评分法、ABCD3-I评分法的曲线下面积（area under thecurve,AUC）分别为0.627、0.842、0.900;阳性预测值分别为25.3%、68.4%、81%。预测90天卒中发生风险：ABCD2评分法、ABCD3评分法、ABCD3-I评分法的AUC分别为0.608、0.796、0.860;阳性预测值分别为21.5%、59.1%、73%。结论 ABCD3-I评分≥8分时（高危组）,TIA后7天及90天内卒中发生率均升高,ABCD3-I评分≥4分时（中高危组）,TIA后90天内卒中发生率升高。双重TIA、DWI检查出现高信号、同侧颈动脉狭窄与TIA后早期发生卒中相关。本研究提示ABCD3-I评分法在预测TIA进展为卒中的阳性率上,明显优于ABCD2评分法和ABCD3评分法。     

抗血小板治疗与短暂性脑缺血发作后的卒中预防

短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack,TIA）是早已公认的脑缺血标志。随着新型神经影像学技术相继应用于流行病学研究和临床试验，人们发现根据症状和体征迅速消失界定TIA并不科学，而继续信守TIA为良性过程的传统观念正在严重妨碍缺血性卒中的二级预防^[1]。大量证据表明，TIA一旦发生，就意味着这些患者随时面临缺血性卒中的高危风险。因此，应像冠心病患者发生心绞痛后积极预防心肌梗死那样，对TIA患者进行及时、有效的干预，从根本上降低TIA后的卒中风险。最近，许多研究对抗血小板药用于TIA后缺血性卒中的二级预防进行了有益探讨。     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者微栓子监测的研究进展

血液中微栓子的存在被认为是缺血性脑卒中的众多独立危险因素之一,而TCD又被认为能、甚至是唯一能侦测到血液中活动微栓子信号(MES)的无创性检查方法。TCD MES监测可预测无症状颈动脉狭窄发生卒中的风险,同时提示高危、不稳定的无症状斑块,或者斑块表面有血栓;还用于颈动脉内支架成形术后的MES监测与研究,使用抗凝药或抗血小板药的评估和疗效评价等。大面积脑梗死患者的MES阳性率显著高于小面积脑梗死和TIA的患者。对于隐源性卒中或复发性TIA,TCD MES是实时发现、定位、量化脑血栓形成的金标准,是卒中早期复发的独立预测因子。但是,TCD MES的检出率及其栓子负荷与急性缺血性脑卒中患者远期预后的关系的文献尚少,需要更多的研究加以证实。     

短暂性脑缺血发作的影像学研究进展

短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)是严重的、需紧急干预的卒中预警事件.其发作后2d内发生脑卒中的危险性超过5％,7d内出现卒中的风险为8％左右.因此,对于TIA患者病灶的早期检出对预测卒中有很大作用.随着影像学检查的广泛开展,越来越多的证据表明部分TIA患者有不同程度的持久性脑缺血损害.不过,CT和常规MRI不能准确地鉴别急性和慢性病灶.因此,对超早期缺血开发敏感的影像学检测是神经科影像学重要的研究方向.     

ESRS评分对预测非心源性脑梗死患者复发的评价

目的评价Essen卒中风险评分量表(ESRS)评分对短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)及非心源性脑梗死患者复合血管事件发生情况的预测价值。方法连续入组TIA及非心源性脑梗死患者816例,随访1年期复合血管事件发生率。应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估ESRS在总体人群、TIA、小卒中、大卒中患者中预测复合血管事件发生的效度。结果完成1年期随访757例,总体人群、TIA、小卒中和大卒中患者的1年期复合血管事件发生率分别是15.98%、16.54%、14.04%、16.97%。ESRS评分预测复合血管事件发生的曲线下面积(AUC)值分别为0.611、0.585、0.605、0.614。结论 ESRS评分预测大卒中患者复合血管事件发生率的效度最高,小卒中其次,TIA的效度不理想。     

非致残性缺血性脑血管病生物标记物研究进展

短暂性脑缺血发作、轻型卒中和症状迅速缓解未遗留残疾的缺血性脑血管事件统称为非 致残性缺血性脑血管事件（non-disabling ischemic cerebrovascular events,NICE）,具有早期卒中复发风 险高的特点,是严重的、需要紧急干预的事件。至今尚无公认的对NICE预后预测价值高的生物标记物。 寻找快速准确的NICE预后的生物学标记物成为目前研究的热点,本文将就血栓形成因子、炎症因子、 代谢异常、基因学等对NICE预后的预测价值进行阐述。     

Blood Biomarkers in Minor Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack

Minor stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) are common disorders with a high rate of subsequent disabling stroke, so the early recognition and management of minor stroke and TIA is of great importance. At the moment, the diagnosis of these disorders is based on neurologic deficits in a stroke-clinician’s examination of the patient, supplemented by the results of acute brain imaging. However, high variability in TIA diagnosis has been reported between physicians, even trained vascular neurologists, and image-based diagnostic confirmation is not always readily available. Some patients still have ischemic events despite sustained standard secondary preventive therapy. Blood biomarkers are promising to aid in the diagnosis, risk stratification, and individual treatment of minor stroke and TIA. Some studies are being conducted in this field. This mini-review aims to highlight potential biomarkers for diagnosis and those helpful in predicting the risk of future stroke and the selection of treatment.     

Diagnostic and Prognostic Blood Biomarkers in Transient Ischemic Attack and Minor Ischemic Stroke: An Up-To-Date Narrative Review

IntroductionEarly diagnosis and correct risk stratification in patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and minor ischemic stroke (MIS) is crucial for the high rate of subsequent disabling stroke. Although highly improved, diagnosis and prognostication of TIA/MIS patients remain still based on clinical and neuroimaging findings, with some inter-rater variability even among trained neurologists.ObjectivesTo provide an up-to-date overview of diagnostic and prognostic blood biomarkers in TIA and MIS patients.Material and methodsWe performed a bibliographic search on PubMed database with last access on July 10^th 2021. More than 680 articles were screened and we finally included only primary studies on blood biomarkers.ResultsIn a narrative fashion, we discussed about blood biomarkers investigated in TIA/MIS patients, including inflammatory, thrombosis, neuronal injury and cardiac analytes, antibodies and microRNAs. Other soluble molecules have been demonstrated to predict the risk of recurrent cerebrovascular events or treatment response in these patients. A rapid point of care assay, combining the determination of different biomarkers, has been developed to improve triage recognition of acute cerebrovascular accidents.ConclusionsThe implementation of blood biomarkers in the clinical management of TIA/MIS could ameliorate urgent identification, risk stratification and individual treatment choice. Large prospective and longitudinal studies, adopting standardized sampling and analytic procedures, are needed to clarify blood biomarkers kinetic and their relationship with TIA and minor stroke etiology.     

Joint effects of risk factors for stroke and transient ischemic attack in a German population

BACKGROUND: Single, modifiable risk factors for stroke have extensively been studied. In contrast, differences of their combined effects among stroke and transitoy ischemic attack (TIA) have been rarely investigated. The aim of the present study was to assess single and joint effects of risk factors on the incidence of stroke and TIA and to compare their magnitudes in a large population-based German cohort. METHODS: Incident cases of stroke and TIA were identified among 25,538 participants (aged 35-65 at baseline) of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Relative risks for stroke and TIA related to modifiable risk factors were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: During 4.3 years of follow-up 100 stroke cases and 112 TIA cases occurred. Incidences of stroke and TIA were 91.7 and 102.7 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. Relative risks for ischemic stroke (RR 5.12, 95% CI 1.49-17.6, p for trend<0.0001) and for TIA (RR 3.08, 95% CI 1.00-9.44, p for trend<0.024) were highest among participants having 4 or 5 modifiable risk factors. 58.5% of ischemic strokes and 26.2% of TIA cases were attributable to the 5 risk factors hypertension, diabetes mellitus, high alcohol consumption, hyperlipidemia, and smoking. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that classical risk factors may explain almost 60% of ischemic stroke but only one in four TIA cases. Analysing potential differences of known risk factors between ischemic stroke and TIAs and the identification of other determinants of ischemic attacks are important steps to better explain the burden of stroke.     

Transient ischemic attack: A neurologic emergency

Classically, a transient ischemic attack (TIA) has been defined as an acute episode of neurologic symptoms lasting less than 24 hours attributed to focal ischemia in a vascular distribution of the brain or retina. Stroke and TIA share similar risk factors, evaluation, and secondary prevention. However, evaluation of patients with TIA has traditionally lacked the same urgency that has been directed to acute stroke, probably because patients with TIA are at baseline neurologically when the diagnosis is made. Recently, several studies have found a high risk of stroke shortly after TIA. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that early recovery from ischemia actually is associated with greater instability. Identifying patients with the highest risk of recurrent ischemic events for urgent evaluation and intervention is key in secondary stroke prevention. This article reviews the current literature on new concepts about TIA, subsequent risk of stroke, and guidelines on evaluation and treatment.     

Comparison of population-based models of risk factors for TIA and ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a difference in the risk factors for ischemic stroke and for TIA. BACKGROUND: TIA is associated with a high risk for ischemic stroke, but some have considered TIA as mild ischemic stroke. Prevention of disabling stroke is sufficient reason to label TIA as a precursor for stroke, but some risk factors may be more or less associated with TIA than with ischemic stroke, suggesting differences in mechanism. METHODS: The medical records linkage system for the Rochester Epidemiology Project provided the means of identifying first episodes of TIA in the Rochester, MN population among those who had not had ischemic stroke. Control subjects were selected from an enumeration of the population through the medical records. The exposure to various risk factors was ascertained. The conditional likelihood approach to estimate the parameters of a multiple logistic model permitted estimation of the OR for TIA for each risk factor while adjusting for confounding variables. RESULTS: The multivariable logistic regression model for TIA shows that the estimates of the ORs for ischemic heart disease, hypertension, persistent atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, and cigarette smoking are similar to the ORs for those variables in the ischemic stroke model. However, the OR for mitral valve disease in the TIA model is 0.4, suggesting that mitral valve disease is unlikely to be associated with cerebral ischemic episodes that are brief enough to be called TIA.     

Rheumatoid arthritis significantly increased recurrence risk after ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack

The effect of RA on recurrent stroke is unknown. Therefore, we examined effects of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on risk of stroke recurrence and investigated the interaction between RA and traditional cardiovascular risk factors on recurrence risk after ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Of 3190 patients with IS or TIA recruited in this cohort study, 638 were comorbid with RA and 2552 without RA. Stroke recurrence, RA, lifestyle, lipid variables and other comorbidities were identified through linkage between a nationwide stroke database in Taiwan and the National Health Insurance claims database. Cox proportional hazard models with competing risk adjustment were used to evaluate the relationship between RA and recurrent stroke. Patients with RA showed a significantly increased risk of recurrent stroke, particular in recurrent IS/TIA. The increased risk of recurrent IS/TIA in RA patients may through the changes of triglycerides (TG)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio. A positive additive interaction was observed between RA and current smoking on the risk of recurrent IS/TIA. Significantly increased risks for recurrent IS/TIA were observed among RA patients who smoked?>?40 years or those who smoked?>?20 cigarettes/day. This study provides the first evidence that RA significantly increased recurrence IS/TIA risk. The changes of TG/HDL-C ratio may play some roles in the recurrence IS/TIA risk in RA patients. In addition, our results suggest that smoking increases the risk of recurrent IS/TIA in RA patients and reinforces the need for aggressive smoking cessation efforts in RA patients.     

ABCD~2评分法对短暂脑缺血发作患者的卒中风险分析

目的探讨ABCD~2评分法对短暂脑缺血发作(TIA)患者短期内进展为脑梗死的预测价值。方法按照Johnston等[4-6]对TIA的ABCD~2评分标准,测定98例TIA患者的评分并危险分组,观察其2、7d内脑梗死的发生率,比较各危险组之间卒中率的差异,分析ABCD~2评分中预测因子的作用。结果评分≤3分的TIA患者有40例,2、7d发生脑梗死的例数分别为0例(0%)、2例(5%);评分为4~5分的患者46例2、7d进展为脑梗死的例数分别为4例(8.7%)、11例(23%);评分≥6分的患者12例2、7d进展为脑梗死的例数分别为3例(25%)、4例(33.3%),不同ABCD~2评分值的TIA患者,其脑梗死发生率差异有统计学意义(P0.05);ABCD~2评分中的各预测因子Logistic回归分析症状持续时间≥10min及具有局灶体征可以进入回归方程,以此建立的回归方程有效性差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。结论 ABCD~2评分能够预测TIA患者2、7d内卒中发生率,是临床预测TIA短期进展为脑梗死的一种简便、有效的方法。ABCD~2评分值不同的TIA患者,脑梗死的发生率不同,分值越高,发生率越高;ABCD~2评分中的卒中预测因子,最重要的是局灶体征及症状持续时间萁次为年龄、糖尿病等。     

TIA短期内进展至脑梗死的相关因素分析

目的探讨TIA短期内进展至脑梗死的相关因素.方法回顾性分析396例TIA患者, 采用多元Logistic回归模型分析TIA短期内进展至脑梗死的相关因素.结果发作次数在3次以上、高血压病史、脑血管病家族史、发作持续时间超过180分钟、高血糖是TIA短期内进展至脑梗死的危险因素; 接受抗凝、抗血小板、降纤维蛋白原治疗及病史超过30天(对照组7天以内)者脑梗死危险性降低.结论 TIA反复发作、发作持续时间较长以及存在脑血管病危险因素的患者容易发生脑梗死, 对TIA患者应该采取积极的抗血栓治疗.     

Can we predict early recurrence in acute stroke?

BACKGROUND: The prevention of early recurrent stroke, which worsens outcomes after a cerebral infarction, is a major objective for acute stroke therapy. The ability to predict which patients are at risk for early recurrence would be useful for both the management and design of clinical trials. METHODS: Using the prospective database with the 1,266 stroke patients admitted in the TOAST study, we analyzed all the patients who had suffered either a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or a recurrent stroke within 3 months after stroke, and their possible association with 20 selected clinical variables. Both univariate and stepwise regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients (4.9%) had a second stroke, and 47 patients (3.7%) had at least one TIA. No particular high-risk period was observed. Early recurrent stroke was associated with the large artery atherosclerosis subtype. A prior history of TIA increased the odds for recurrent stroke (OR = 2.52; 1.16-5.46) or poststroke TIA (OR = 3.46; 1.59-7.48). In addition, patients who had a TIA after the stroke had a 17% chance of having an early recurrent stroke, as compared with 4.4% among those that did not (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our present ability to identify patients at risk for early recurrence based on baseline clinical features remains limited. While the presence of TIA before or after the stroke denotes a subgroup of acute stroke patients at higher risk for early recurrence in the first 3 months, no other factors reliably identify high-risk patients.