中国高等药学教育:进展,现状及展望（英文）

中国高等药学教育已经走过了一百多年的历程。如今,制药工业的快速发展和患者医疗服务需求的增加需要越来越多的药学专业领域的人才,这给目前的高等药学教育提出了很多挑战。论文通过回顾中国高等药学教育的发展历程,描述其现状,并展望中国高等药学教育的未来,提出了应对挑战的建议。     

我国制药机械行业的现状与发展趋势

目的对我国制药机械行业的发展现状、存在的问题及发展机遇与趋势进行综述,为制药机械行业的发展提供参考。方法查阅国内外近几年的文献,进行归纳总结。结果与结论我国制药机械行业的发展虽然存在一定问题,但随着制药行业的快速发展和新版GMP的实施,将给制药设备行业带来前所未有的发展机遇,只要能正确认识和应对存在的问题,我国制药机械行业将会有广阔的发展空间。     

Pharmacist,the pharmaceutical industry and pharmacy education in Saudi Arabia: A questionnaire-based study

Background: In Saudi Arabia there is an estimated need of more than 100,000 pharmacy graduates to cover all present sectors. The shortage of pharmacists has affected many of these sectors especially the pharmaceutical industry. The contribution of Saudi pharmacists to local pharmaceuticals industry would be extremely beneficial and important for shaping the future of the drug industry within the Kingdom. It is not clear whether future Saudi pharmacists are willing to contribute to local pharmaco-industrial fields. Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey was conducted on all final-year pharmacy students in King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Results: Out of a total of 130 students registered in the final-year of the pharmacy program in KSU, 122 (93.8%) were able to complete the questionnaire. The results showed that the majority (83%) of Saudi pharmacy students indicated that they had not received practical training in the pharmaceutical companies, while only 17.2% of the students felt that they had the knowledge and the skills to work in the pharmaceutical industry after graduation. The majority of the students (66.7%) chose clinical pharmacy as their future career field while only 10.9% indicated willingness to work in a pharmaceutical industry career. Only 8.2% selected working in the pharmaceutical industry. The significant predictor of possibly choosing a career in the local drug industry is a student with a bachelor’s degree (compared to Pharm D degree) in pharmacy (OR = 2.7 [95% CI 1.1–6.3]). Conclusion: Pharmacy students who are enrolled in the capital city of Riyadh are not properly trained to play an influential role in local drug companies. As a result, their level of willingness to have a career in such important business is not promising (more among Pharm D program). Future research in other pharmacy colleges within Saudi Arabia is needed to confirm such results.     

Implementing FIP's global pharmaceutical education transformation vision in Sub-Saharan African Countries

The realization of a competent, versatile and adaptable Pharmaceutical workforce which is a key component in achieving the World Health Organization Universal Health Coverage agenda in 2030 depends on the supply of adequately trained pharmacy workforce who can improve access to quality medicines while delivering quality pharmaceutical services. Despite the rise in the density of pharmacists across all World Health Organization regions, African countries still stay considerably behind in terms of absolute capacity per capita which means that the pharmacy workforce in Africa continues to be very low and not adequate to deliver the pharmaceutical services needs of the region. The International Pharmaceutical Federation is leading the transformation of pharmacy education in Sub-Saharan African countries to bridge this gap with a spotlight on increasing academic capacity, establishing needs-based education strategies and creating an enabling practice environment through advocacy. This commentary paper seeks to discuss the strategies such as the FIP-UNITWIN Programme and the Kenya-Nottingham Partnership utilized in transforming the pharmacy education and therefore the pharmaceutical workforce within the Sub-Saharan African Countries. This paper also gives a clue on subsequent steps which can advance pharmaceutical practice and science in the region.     

Challenges faced by the pharmaceutical industry: training graduates for employment in pharmaceutical R&D

There is a shortfall between output from universities and demand by the pharmaceutical and health care industries for science and engineering graduates able to rapidly contribute to success in the business environment. Against a changing infrastructure of pharmaceutical research, the development of new chemical entities by major companies accounts for a high proportion of R&D expenditure. Allocation of staff is divided fairly evenly between discovery, non-clinical and clinical research activities and in all categories the new sciences are likely to be used extensively.In dealing with the shortfall the challenge comes from balancing education in basic science with training in the emerging areas of science and technology. There is a need for a ‘partnership’ that includes not only industry and academia but also government, since these three bodies have both synergistic and diverging interests in scientific education.On the education-training continuum, industry should recognise what it most values from academia and provide as much input and support as possible. At the same time universities must question their ability to fulfil their traditional educational role in the face of current rates of adoption of new sciences and technology. While disciplinary excellence remains vital for PhD students, multi-disciplinary programmes are becoming increasingly important to enable graduates to function effectively in the modern, globalised pharmaceutical industry.     

浅谈模仿创新在我国制药企业发展中的应用

目的讨论模仿创新在我国制药企业发展中的应用。方法通过对模仿创新内涵的阐释和我国制药企业现状的描述,分析目前我国制药企业发展中应用模仿创新战略的必要性,并在此基础上提出现阶段具体可行的模仿创新策略。结果及结论我国制药企业现阶段更适合模仿创新战略。在具体的应用中应着重考虑积极的跟随策略、合理的专利利用策略、资源的集中投入策略三大战略。     

Promoting the uptake of green and sustainable methodologies in pharmaceutical synthesis: CHEM21 education and training initiatives

An extensive suite of educational and training resources have been created by the CHEM21 project to promote the uptake and application of green and sustainable methodologies in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. They include a bespoke online learning platform containing free, shareable and interactive material suitable for distance learning; easy to use tools and guides that can be readily embedded into everyday practice; and a new RSC text book available in both print and electronic format. These initiatives were specifically designed to result in the elaboration of an educational program to train both students and those currently working within the industry. The involvement of EFPIA partners in their development has ensured that the training materials and methods developed have practical applicability within the medicinal and process chemist community. The research originated by the CHEM21 project has also informed the development of the educational and training material and provided case studies to exemplify the benefits of adopting sustainable chemistry in medicinal and process chemistry.     

中国医药行业的现状与前景展望

目前,我国已经成为全球原料药的生产和出口大国之一,也是世界上最大的制剂和疫苗产品生产国。不少地方政府把制药产业作为经济发展的支柱产业之一。山东、江苏、浙江、广东、上海、河北等省市产业规模较大。     

Nonprofit organizations and pharmaceutical research and development

Not‐for‐profit or nonprofit organizations (NPOs) are playing an increasingly important role in providing solutions to the significant challenges faced by both large pharmaceutical and smaller biotechnology companies in today's world. NPOs chartered for the public benefit are common in the United States and in selected other parts of the world. The largest NPOs in the U.S. with bioscience programs include Battelle, the Midwest Research Institute, the Research Triangle Institute, Southern Research, and SRI International. To provide a perspective on NPO business models, 10 SRI case studies spanning a broad range of technical and business initiatives are summarized herein, including basic and contract research, discovery of new drugs and biologics, pharmaceutical and biotech R&D services, technology pivots, company spin‐ins and spin‐outs, and the creation of new NPOs. The article concludes with lessons learned and food for thought for both pharmaceutical companies and outsourcing participants. Drug Dev Res 70: 461–471, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Teaching and practice of pharmaceutical comprehensive study in China

Pharmaceutical comprehensive study (PCS) is a new system of experimental teaching in China, which integrates multidisciplinary pharmaceutical knowledge and covers the basic process of new drug discovery. To explore the feasibility of this experiment teaching system and mode, we developed PCS as an elective course. The PCS is designed with two sections: pharmaceutical comprehensive design (PCD) and pharmaceutical comprehensive experiment (PCE). The PCD section includes literature review, comprehensive project design and oral examination. PCE can be divided into four parts: synthesis, quantitative determination, pharmacodynamic evaluation, and formulation and quality determination. Course grade was determined by experimental performance, written report, literature review, new project design and oral examination. The learning interest,experimental ability, theoretical level and literature retrieval ability, team spirit and interpersonal skills have been all significantly improved among students taking this course. A survey was administered at the end of the semester to the enrolled students. The responses were reported as percentages, and the feedback was positive. The course was highly recommended by the teaching inspection committee. This new course plays an important role in developing students’ creativity and comprehensive ability. It could help students understand the focus and features of every secondary discipline, as well as establish scientific and reasonable knowledge system. Most students can better understand the processof drug research after this course.     

高等药学教育质量管理的新思路

人才培养质量是高等学校的生命线。通过对高等药学教育存在问题以及全面质量管理理念的特点分析，提出高等药学教育质量全面质量管理的新思路；结合药学教育的特点，阐明高等药学教育构建和实施全面质量管理的关键环节。     

对药学高等教育多元化发展趋势的思考

在分析我国医药行业发展对人才需求的基础上，通过发达国家与我国药学高等教育人才培养层次、目标和模式的比较，从药学高等教育人才培养目标、办学层次、教育模式、课程体系等角度探讨我国药学高等教育的多元化发展趋势。     

Future training needs in the pharmaceutical sciences: Academia – Industry

The markets for the traditional output of schools of pharmacy, namely education, research and graduates, are changing. The main private client in these markets, the pharmaceutical industry, is moving fast to become more efficient, under pressure from overly costly drug development. The challenges to the industry that emanate from the fantastic rate of advances in the biomedical sciences and pharmaceutical development are considerable. The many agents that were unheard of 10 years ago, such as gene-regulators, together with new technologies, all require new approaches to fundamental pharmaceutical issues.

The concept of disciplines in graduate education may have to be reconsidered in the light of the multidisciplinary problems to be tackled. In addition, graduates will need to acquire a range of non-disciplinary skills, such as better communication or team working, in order to be effective in the commercial market place.

The concept of ‘research schools’ following either a local or network model may provide the way forward to help academia meet the graduate education needs of industry. The objectives and mission of such institutions must be clearly defined to ensure that the current scientific environment is embraced fully.     

人文素质教育融入成人高等医学教育的研究

在当今国内外医疗、医学的改革与发展的背景下,人文素质教育融入成人高等医学教育的重要现实意义与作用已日益显现。为更好地实现人文素质教育融入成人高等医学教育,使医学教育真正成为＂人＂的医学教育,该研究通过对成人高等医学人文素质教育现状的分析,提出了从观念、教师队伍、课程设置以及教学方法等领域构建全方位人文素质教育体系的设想和建议。     

新时代高职院校医药市场营销课程建设探讨

市场经济迅猛发展,我国缺乏高素质的医药营销人才问题日益突出。为培养出理论知识和实际问题解决能力兼具的医药营销人才,众多医药类高职院校设置了医药市场营销课程,但在课程建设过程中存在课程定位模糊,学生学习意愿不强,理论与实践设置不合理,师资不足等问题。笔者在本课程教学中,不断对存在的问题进行反思、诊改,从教学方法、教学内容、校企合作和师资建设等方面探讨课程建设策略,以期培养出适应新时代的医药营销人才。     

教育人学视野中我国药学本科教育现状分析及对策

通过教育人学理论分析得出我国药学本科教育现状,得出药学本科教育存在“人的缺失”和“科学世界的占领”两方面问题的结论,提出在药学拳科教育中要树立教育人学观念、推行跨学科教育、建立带教教师制度、改革药学教育内容、采用多样化教学方式、鼓励多方合作办学、使用多元化评价方式的对策。     

药学学生参与社会药房药学服务工作的探索与实践

目的呼吁药学实习生积极参与社会药房的药学服务工作,提高药学人员技术服务能力,为实习企业赢得社会信誉。方法通过对部分社区居民的问卷调查,结合淄博市社会药房药学服务的现状,制订实习基地药学服务计划,引导本专业实习生进行多种形式的药学服务活动。结果与结论初步为实习基地确立了有效的药学服务模式,强化了学生的沟通技巧及药学服务知识,培养了药学服务专业人才队伍。为我院开展药学服务活动提供建议和参考依据。     

中英医院药学技术人员职业发展及教育模式探讨

目的 以英国药学技术人员的职业发展和教育模式为借鉴,以期为中国医院药学事业的发展提供实践依据.方法 介绍英国国家药学教育与药学技术人员发展框架及医院药师的受教育和职业发展路径,找出两国在药师培养、工作模式的不同和差距,提出促进中国临床药学事业发展、药学教育改革和临床药师培养的建议.结果 与结论英国的药学教育以培养面向临...     

关于药学类高校开放实验室建设与发展的思考

开放实验室是药学类高校进行实验教学改革的重要组成部分,对提高本科毕业生的综合素质和专业技能有着重要作用。本文从药学开放实验室的意义、模式、要求和存在问题等几个方面探讨了药学类高校开放实验室建设与发展的问题。以期能和各位同行相互学习讨论,使得药学开放实验室工作能够更好地开展下去。     

药学专业人才培养模式改革与创新的思考

模式与人才的培养紧密关联,药学的教育尤其如此,药学本科教育模式对中国药学人才的培养有着重要的意义.本文从药学教育的3个部分描述新型药学人才的培养模式,希望为药学复合型人才培养作有益探索.