脑小血管病磁共振影像研究概况

脑小血管病（cerebral small vessel disease,cSVD）是血管性痴呆最常见的病因,且约占 卒中病因的1/5。目前对cSVD的认识主要是通过磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）进 行,cSVD在MRI上的表现包括腔隙性梗死（lacunar infarction,LI）与腔隙灶、白质高信号（white matter hyperintensities,WMH）、血管周围间隙扩张（dilated Virchow-Robin space,dVRS）、脑微出血（cerebral microbleeds,CMBs）及脑萎缩。本文综述上述cSVD磁共振影像学表现定义、分级及推荐序列等的研究 概况。     

脑小血管病:犹如“风暴”过后的全脑灾难

正脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel d isease,CSVD)是一种临床及影像综合征,病变累及脑的穿通小动脉、毛细血管及小静脉,临床表现为卒中、痴呆、情感障碍及步态异常,影像学表现为近期皮层下梗死及微梗死灶、腔隙灶、白质高信号(white matter hyperintensitie,WMH)、微出血及出血灶、血管周围间隙扩大及脑萎缩。脑小血管病是累     

口腔菌群在脑小血管病发病机制中的研究进展

正脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD)在老年患者认知障碍和痴呆的病理生理机制中具有重要的意义[1]。其主要影像学表现为脑白质高信号(white matter hyperintensity,WMH)、腔隙性梗死(lacunar infarction,LI)、脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMB)、扩大的血管周围间隙(perivascular spaces,PVS)和脑萎缩。虽然其临床表现通常是隐匿的,但以上脑部病变的存在常与肢体功能障碍、认知障碍、步态异常、膀胱功能障碍和死亡的风险相关[2]。高血压、糖尿病等传统危险因素在CSVD发病中起重要作用,但其确切的发病机制尚不清楚。目前研究表明,血脑屏障(Blood-brain barrier BBB)和内皮功能障碍与CSVD有关[3]。     

衰老相关的脑小血管病诊疗现状和亟待解决的问题

脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD)是指脑小动脉、分支小动脉、毛细血管和小静脉病变,导致临床表现为多种症状的一种综合征,如情绪异常、排尿异常、步态异常、腔隙性脑梗死、脑出血、认知功能障碍和痴呆、帕金森综合征等。MRI表现为脑白质损伤也称脑白质高信号(T2WI和FLAIR)、腔隙性梗死、扩大的血管周围间隙、脑微出血及脑萎缩。     

脑微出血检测在临床中的应用价值

<正>脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)是脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD)在磁共振成像(magneticresonanceimaging,MRI)中的一种表现,它是脑实质慢性微量出血后在脑组织中残留的微小病灶。1996年~([1])首次出现术语"microbleeds",随后,许多不同的术语如"brain microbleeds,cerebral microbleeds,petechial hemorrhage(斑片状皮下出血),asymptomatic microbleeds(无症状性出血)等被用来描述这种微小病变,然而最新的神经影像学共     

肠管菌群血液代谢物与脑小血管病相关性研究

<正>脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD)是一种常见的隐袭性脑血管病,由于多起病隐匿,临床存在静寂现象,容易被患者甚至临床医师忽视。主要影像学表现为腔隙性梗死(lacunar infarction,LI)、脑白质高信号(white matter hyperintensity,WMH)、血管周围间隙扩大(enlarged perivascular spaces,EPVS)、脑微出血(cerebral microbleed,CMB)和脑萎缩。随着CSVD负担逐渐加重,患者可出现认知障碍、运动障碍、情感障碍和二便障碍等症状^[1]。     

脑微出血与认知障碍情感障碍的研究进展

脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)属于脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD)范畴,和新发小的皮质下梗死、腔隙性脑梗死、脑白质疏松、扩大的周围间隙、脑萎缩共同组成CSVD[1]。CMBs是一种影像学概念,是脑部微小血管(200μm)病变所致的血液微量渗漏、含铁血黄素沉积的一种脑实质亚临床损害。本文就近年来国内外CMBs的流行病学现状、危险因素、CMBs部位及数量与认知障碍、CMBs与情感障碍的临床特点等方面进行综述,以期为临床早期发现高危人群的认知衰退及情感变化提供帮助。     

血管周围间隙在脑小血管病中的研究进展

血管周围间隙（perivascular spaces，PVS）是脑小血管周围充满液体的潜在腔隙。扩大的血 管周围间隙（enlarged perivascular spaces，ePVS）已成为脑小血管病（cerebral small vessel diseases，CSVD） 公认的影像标志物之一。PVS的量化依赖于MRI，难点在于ePVS与腔隙灶的鉴别。PVS被证明与年龄、 高血压、其他CSVD影像学标志物、认知功能损害、全身性炎症相关，但仍缺乏较为长期的、针对不同 人群的队列研究。研究ePVS与CSVD病程的关系，有助于临床上对CSVD的早期发现和风险预测。     

脑小血管病与慢性阻塞性肺疾病相关性进展

<正>脑小血管疾病(cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD)是一种多病因的累及小动脉、微动脉、毛细血管、微静脉的临床、影像和病理综合征。CSVD的临床表现除急性卒中外,还包括慢性CSVD如认知障碍、步态异常及自主神经功能障碍等。其中CSVD所致卒中约占全球卒中人数的五分之一,并且在导致认知障碍的病因中,CSVD所致的血管性痴呆仅次于阿尔茨海默症,位居第二^[1]。目前为止,CSVD的诊断多通过临床症状及头颅磁共振来进行影像层面的诊断,其影像学标志物包括近期皮层下小梗死、血管源性腔隙、血管源性脑白质高信号、血管周围间隙、脑微出血和脑萎缩^[2]。研究显示,我国CSVD所致的腔隙性梗死约占缺血性卒中的25%～50%^[3],     

血管周围间隙在脑小血管病中的研究进展

血管周围间隙（perivascular spaces,PVS）是脑小血管周围充满液体的潜在腔隙。扩大的血
管周围间隙（enlarged perivascular spaces,ePVS）已成为脑小血管病（cerebral small vessel diseases,CSVD）
公认的影像标志物之一。PVS的量化依赖于MRI,难点在于ePVS与腔隙灶的鉴别。PVS被证明与年龄、
高血压、其他CSVD影像学标志物、认知功能损害、全身性炎症相关,但仍缺乏较为长期的、针对不同
人群的队列研究。研究ePVS与CSVD病程的关系,有助于临床上对CSVD的早期发现和风险预测。     

Lacunar infarctions due to cholesterol emboli.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hypertension is commonly considered the major cause of lacunar infarctions. However, in some cases, it has been suggested that lacunes could be caused by cerebral emboli from cardiac or carotid sources. Cholesterol cerebral emboli have been rarely reported as a cause of lacunes. CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe a 79-year-old patient with a progressive multi-infarct dementia who developed transient motor aphasia and paresis of the right arm. Computed tomography showed lacunar infarcts in the right caudate nucleus, left thalamus, and left putamen, as well as an old right frontal infarction. Neuropathological examination demonstrated no prominent vascular hyalinosis, but did show multiple cholesterol emboli occluding small arteries around lacunar infarcts and leptomeningeal arteries near cortical infarcts. The cholesterol material presumably originated in the extended atheromatous changes along the aortic arch. CONCLUSIONS: Our report confirms that lacunes can be caused by cholesterol emboli in some patients. Small cerebral emboli should not be overlooked as a cause of lacunes.     

脑大动脉病变与脑白质高信号的相关性研究进展

脑大、小血管共同构成了脑的血管树,它们在结构和功能上有一定的相关性。近年来,脑 大血管病变与脑小血管病之间相关关系的研究逐渐受到重视。大动脉粥样硬化、动脉延长扩张及管 壁僵硬度增大从不同侧面反映了大血管病变的特点,脑白质高信号是脑小血管病重要的影像学表现。 本文对动脉粥样硬化、动脉延长扩张及僵硬度增大与脑白质高信号之间的相关性进行综述,以探讨 脑大血管病变与脑小血管病的关系。     

脑出血与脑小血管病亚型及总负荷的关系研究

目的 探讨自发性脑出血的严重程度与脑小血管病（cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD）各亚型及总 负荷之间的关系。 方法 回顾性分析2013年8月-2017年8月于河南科技大学第一附属医院就诊的发病24 h内住院的 脑出血患者的临床资料。根据患者入院24 h内、3～5 d、10～14 d头颅CT检查结果及头颅MRI检查结 果,计算不同时间段血肿及水肿体积,评估腔隙（lacune,LA）、白质高信号（white matter hyperintensity, WMH）、扩大的血管周围间隙（enlarged perivascular space,ePVS）、脑微出血（cerebral microbleed,CMB） 的严重程度并计算总CSVD评分,分析脑出血的严重程度与CSVD各亚型及总负荷的关系。 结果 最终共纳入85例脑出血患者,其中脑叶出血33例（38.82%）,深部出血52例（61.18%）。校正 年龄、平均动脉压、入院GCS评分、入院NIHSS评分后,在血肿体积的多元线性回归模型中,CMB数目与 不同时期血肿体积均正相关,WMH的Fazekas评分与不同时期血肿体积均负相关;校正年龄、平均动 脉压、入院GCS评分、入院NIHSS评分、血肿体积后,在水肿体积的多元线性回归模型中,ePVS与不同 时期水肿体积均呈负相关。CSVD总负荷与不同时期血肿体积均不相关,与入院24 h内水肿体积不相 关,与3～5 d、10～14 d水肿体积负相关。 结论 CMB数目越多,WMH的Fazekas评分越低,血肿体积越大。ePVS的存在可能是脑出血后水肿程 度较轻的标志;CSVD总负荷可以预测3～14 d脑水肿的严重程度。     

脑小血管病脑白质高信号与认知障碍的关系研究进展

脑小血管病（cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD）是临床上常见的一类与年龄相关的脑血管 疾病。脑白质高信号（white matter hypertensities,WMH）是CSVD的影像标志物之一。WMH患病率极高, 与认知障碍的发生发展密切相关,但其影像表现及临床症状的异质性为早期发现、早期诊断带来了 困难。本文从病理学、影像学及生物学3方面对WMH发生发展及其导致认知障碍的机制研究现况进 行综述,同时总结目前的治疗策略,提出了接下来的研究目标及方向：能够反映预后的标志物及预测 模型的研究,WMH发生发展的病理生理学机制研究,针对早期干预、药物开发的潜在靶点的研究等。     

Prestroke Statins,Progression of White Matter Hyperintensities,and Cognitive Decline in Stroke Patients with Confluent White Matter Hyperintensities

Cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMH) are a consequence of cerebral small vessel disease. Statins have been shown to reduce recurrent stroke among patients with various stroke subtypes, including lacunar stroke, which also arises from small vessel disease. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that prestroke statin use would reduce the progression of WMH and/or cognitive decline among stroke patients with confluent WMH. Patients (n?=?100) were participants of the VITAmins To Prevent Stroke magnetic resonance imaging substudy. All patients had confluent WMH on magnetic resonance imaging at baseline. Eighty-one patients completed the 2-year follow-up. We assessed general cognition and executive function using the mini-mental state examination and Mattis dementia rating scale–initiation/perseveration subscale, respectively. We compared the change in volume of WMH and cognition between prestroke statin use and prestroke nonstatin use groups. We also evaluated the effects of prestroke statin use on incident lacunes and microbleeds. The prestroke statin use group (n?=?51) had less WMH volume progression (1.54?±?4.52 cm³ vs 5.01?±?6.00 cm³, p?=?0.02) compared with the prestroke nonstatin use group (n?=?30). Multivariate linear regression modeling identified prestroke statin use as an independent predictor of WMH progression (β?=?–0.31, p?=?0.008). Prestroke statin use was also associated with less decline (Mattis dementia rating scale–initiation/perseveration subscale; β?=?0.47, p?=?0.001). No association was observed with changes in mini-mental state examination scores. There were no between group differences on incident lacunes or incident microbleeds. Prestroke statin use may reduce WMH progression and decline in executive function in stroke patients with confluent WMH.     

脑小血管病患者运动功能及影像特征与运动诱发电位的相关性研究

目的 探讨脑小血管病（cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD）患者运动功能及影像特征与经颅磁刺 激运动诱发电位（transcranial magnetic stimulation induced motor evoked potentials,TMS-MEP）的相关性。 方法 回顾性分析深圳市人民医院神经内科2018年1月-2019年8月住院的符合CSVD诊断标准且已 行TMS-MEP检查的患者。记录患者的性别、年龄和血管危险因素等临床资料及MEP相关电生理数据,包 括中枢运动传导时间（central motor conduction time,CMCT）和静息运动阈值（resting motor threshold, RMT）。评估并量化CSVD的影像学特征,包括近期皮质下小梗死（recent small subcortical infarct,RSSI）、 腔隙、扩大的血管周围间隙、脑白质高信号、脑微出血和脑萎缩。根据是否有肌力减退分为症状半球 组和非症状半球组。比较两组间的影像学特征及MEP特征,分析CSVD影像特征与MEP的相关性。 结果 研究共纳入202例CSVD患者,共404侧大脑半球。平均年龄64.0±10.6岁,男性135例（66.8%）。 症状半球组77侧（19.1%）,非症状半球组327侧（80.9%）。症状半球组中CMCT（P =0.005）和RMT （P＜0.001）高于非症状半球组。症状半球组RSSI数目多于非症状半球组（P＜0.001）。RSSI与CMCT （r =0.512,P =0.043）及RMT（r =0.730,P＜0.001）正相关。脑白质高信号、腔隙、扩大的血管周围间隙、 微出血及脑萎缩与CMCT、RMT均无相关性。 结论 RSSI与CMCT、RMT正相关,RSSI可能是导致CSVD相关运动障碍的主要影像学特征。     

脑小血管病脑白质损伤动物模型

脑小血管病是导致认知功能减退、步态情感障碍和痴呆的重要脑血管疾病,脑白质弥漫 性损伤是该病的重要影像学特征。结合国内外近年来相关研究内容,本文对不同的脑小血管病白质 损伤动物模型制作进行了系统性回顾,包括单一型动物模型如双侧颈总动脉狭窄模型、脑淀粉样血 管病模型、Notch3 转基因小鼠模型、自发性高血压大鼠模型、易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠模型,以 及由两个或两个以上单一型动物模型组合而成的复合型动物模型等。     

Recurrent lacunar infarction following a previous lacunar stroke: a clinical study of 122 patients

Objective

To determine clinical variables related to recurrent lacunar infarction following a previous lacunar stroke.

Methods

A total of 122 out of 733 consecutive patients with lacunar infarction collected from a hospital based registry between 1986 and 2004 were readmitted because of a recurrent lacunar infarction. In a subset of 59 patients, cognition was assessed using the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). Predictors of lacunar infarction recurrence were assessed by logistic regression analysis.

Results

First lacunar infarction recurrence occurred in 101 patients (83%) and multiple recurrences in 21. The mean time between first ever lacunar infarction and recurrent lacunes was 58.3 months (range 2–240). In the subset of 59 patients in whom cognition was studied, cognitive impairment, defined as an MMSE score <24, was detected in 16% (8/49) of patients with first lacunar infarction recurrence and in 40% (4/10) of those with multiple lacunar infarction recurrences. In the multivariate analysis, hypertension (odds ratio 2.01, 95% CI 1.23 to 3.30) and diabetes (odds ratio 1.62, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.46) were significant predictors of lacunar stroke recurrence, whereas hyperlipidaemia was inversely associated (odds ratio 0.52, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.90).

Conclusions

Hypertension and diabetes were significant factors related to recurrent lacunar infarction. Hyperlipidaemia appeared to have a protective role. Cognitive impairment was a frequent finding in patients with multiple lacunar infarction recurrences.Lacunar stroke accounts for more than 25% of brain infarcts.¹ Despite the frequency of lacunar strokes, clinical data of patients presenting with a recurrent lacunar infarction are scarce, and differential features between recurrent and first ever lacunar infarctions have been poorly studied.² Neurological deficit related to a first lacunar infarction is usually mild. In contrast, recurrent lacunar infarctions may be associated with a more severe clinical picture, including lacunar state and vascular dementia.³A clinical study was performed to provide further information on the salient features of patients with recurrent lacunes and to identify factors influencing the recurrence of a lacunar infarction. The objectives of the study were: (a) to compare demographic data, vascular risk factors, clinical and topographic characteristics, and prognosis between patients with recurrent lacunar infarction and patients with first ever lacunar infarction and (b) to determine predictors of recurrent lacunes. Moreover, cognitive status was assessed in a subset of patients with recurrent lacunar infarction.     

Impaired dynamic cerebral autoregulation is associated with the severity of neuroimaging features of cerebral small vessel disease

AimsCerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is characterized by functional and structural changes in small vessels. We aimed to elucidate the relationship between dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) and neuroimaging characteristics of CSVD.MethodsA case‐control study was performed. Cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) of bilateral middle cerebral arteries and spontaneous arterial blood pressure were simultaneously recorded. Transfer function analysis was used to calculate dCA parameters (phase, gain, and the rate of recovery of CBFV [RoRc]). Neuroimaging characteristics of CSVD patients were evaluated, including lacunes, white matter hyperintensities (WMH), cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), perivascular spaces (PVS), and the total CSVD burden.ResultsOverall, 113 patients and 83 controls were enrolled. Compared with the control group, the phase at low frequency and the RoRc in CSVD patients were lower, and the gain at very low and low frequencies were higher, indicating bilaterally impaired dCA. Total CSVD burden, WMH (total, periventricular and deep), severe PVS, and lobar CMBs were independently correlated with the phase at low frequency.ConclusionsOur findings suggested that dCA was compromised in CSVD patients, and some specific neuroimaging characteristics (the total CSVD burden, WMH, severe PVS and lobar CMBs) might indicate more severe dCA impairment in CSVD patients.     

White matter hyperintensities rather than lacunar infarcts are associated with depressive symptoms in older people: the LADIS study.

OBJECTIVE: Both white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and lacunar infarcts have been associated with the development of depression in older subjects, although the relative importance of the two and the influence of lesion location and concomitant vascular disease are unclear. This study investigates the relationship between location and burden of WMH and lacunes on depressive features in older people. METHOD: In a pan-European multicenter study of 626 older subjects, the authors examined the relationship between regional magnetic resonance imaging white matter hyperintensities, number of lacunar infarcts, depressive symptoms as assessed by the 15-item geriatric depression scale (GDS), cognitive status (Mini-Mental Status Examination), hypertension, and self-perceived health quality of life (QoL). RESULTS: The authors found depressive symptoms to be correlated with WMH rating in the frontal (N=626; Spearman's rho=0.161, p <0.001) and temporal (rho=0.14, p <0.001) but not occipitoparietal region (rho=0.07, p=0.07). Basal ganglia lacunes were only weakly correlated with GDS (rho=0.09, p=0.03), and lacunes in other regions showed no association. In a ordinal logistic regression model (controlling for QoL, Mini-Mental Status Examination, age, and with an interaction between WMH and hypertension), temporal WMH in the absence of hypertension independently predicted GDS, whereas neither history of stroke nor number of lacunar infarcts did. The authors compared left- versus right-sided WMH and found no effect of laterality on depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that in this population of nondisabled older people, WMH have a greater influence on depressive symptoms than infarcts.